Bacterial cell cycle bacterial cells cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

The extent to which functional differences between individual CDTs reflect the specific requirements for intoxicating cells and tissues within the diverse range of host microenvironments colonized by CDT-producing pathogenic bacteria remains to be experimentally explored. (illinois.edu)
In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
To test this theory, Pyenson and Marraffini investigated what happens to infected bacteria that are grown on a solid medium where cell movement is restricted. (elifesciences.org)
Further experiments showed that compared to bacteria grown in liquid culture, bacterial cells in the resistant colonies had often acquired multiple spacers and were able to fight off phages with other mutations ( Figure 1 , right). (elifesciences.org)
It seems that when bacteria are immobilized, individual cells within the colony must acquire more spacers to resist infection by the mutated phage ( Figure 1 , right). (elifesciences.org)
As such, targeting the molecular networks involved in coordinating cell cycle events in bacteria represents an attractive target for antibiotic development. (illinois.edu)
We are interested in figuring out how bacteria integrate information from the environment into the molecular networks that drive the forward progression of the cell cycle. (illinois.edu)
This is interesting because the molecular factors responsible for regulating cell size in bacteria and the mechanism that coordinate cell size regulation with the progression of the cell cycle remain unclear. (illinois.edu)
Our long-term goal is to build a model that incorporates the full repertoire of factors involved in orchestrating the progression of the cell cycle in bacteria. (illinois.edu)
A light-induced pH change in a cell suspension of rhodopsin-possessing bacteria was detected in the absence of exogenous retinal. (go.jp)
Her pioneering studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell shape and cell polarity in Caulobacter crescentus , says Errington, "have helped change the way people think about bacteria. (the-scientist.com)
Upon exhaustion of all prey resources Bdellovibrio's life cycle continues, with the bacteria differentiating back into as many as 15 motile cells, which seek out and attack new prey. (mpg.de)
Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell. (healthline.com)
Bacterial swarming is an important mechanism for flagellated bacteria to effectively cover large distances on soft surfaces, such as tissues. (aps.org)
Gram-negative bacteria produce acyl-homoserine lactone autoinducers that can passively diffuse through their thin cell wall. (asm.org)
Research by scientists from EMBL Hamburg reveals how enzymes from bacteriophages - viruses that infect and destroy bacteria, but do not affect other organisms - are triggered and released to degrade cell walls of the bacteria Clostridium difficile ( C. diff ). (embl.org)
These bacteria-infecting viruses were discovered as treatment for bacterial infections over 100 years ago but became less popular as antibiotics - which were easier to use and store - became available. (embl.org)
Once the cell wall begins to break down, the bacterial cell can no longer withstand its own internal pressure and explodes, releasing the new bacteriophages that go on to infect other bacteria. (embl.org)
If the immune system recognizes the peptides as foreign (such as viral or bacterial peptides), it triggers a response to attack the invading viruses or bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
The cell cycle and cellular differentiation in bacteria. (lu.se)
These bacteria were often absent from gram stain smears of patients with other bacterial morphotypes. (cdc.gov)
Overview of Bacteria Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)

Briefly, cells that are pre-labeled with fluorescence dye, antibodies conjugated to fluorophores, or expressing fluorescence proteins, are loaded into a stream. (bgu.ac.il)
Some attach to bacterial outer membrane proteins, while others attach to appendages such as pili or flagella. (virology.ws)
The Scholars of the Podcast reveal ribosomal proteins encoded in viral genomes, and a protein cell receptor for bat influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
By using a lytic cocktail that is capable of degrading lipids, proteins and carbohydrate molecules, Bdellovibrio then generates an opening in the cell wall of the prey. (mpg.de)
In H. pylori , we have been investigating the geometric localization of the proteins and metabolic probes of cell wall growth. (aps.org)
Consistent with these labels, two of the proteins associated with cell wall homeostasis show geometric localization. (aps.org)
It was found that the C . crescentus genome encodes for more two-component signal transduction proteins that assist in cell cycle progression than any other bacterial genome sequenced so far. (kenyon.edu)
Several two-component signal transduction proteins are involved in the cell cycle progression by accumulating at one or both poles "in a spatial and temporal pattern that is reproduced during each cycle" (Jacobs-Wagner 2003). (kenyon.edu)
Throughout the cell cycle, the chromosome progressively goes from being fully methylated to hemimethylated during DNA replication - this results in differential binding of regulatory proteins to activate or repress transcription. (kenyon.edu)
MHC class II genes provide instructions for making proteins that are present on the surface of certain immune system cells. (medlineplus.gov)
These proteins attach to protein fragments (peptides) outside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Biochemical processes within the living cell occur in a highly crowded environment, where macromolecules, first of all proteins and nucleic acids, occupy up to 30% of the volume. (bvsalud.org)

When growing in a liquid environment (left), individual bacterial cells usually acquire a single spacer that targets just one region of the wild-type (WT) phage (shown in grey). (elifesciences.org)
Our computational imaging framework allows us to extract 3D shapes of individual bacterial cells from fluorescence microscopy images. (aps.org)
They wanted to figure out how these "whimsical" individual bacterial cells - or, as a more typical physicist might say, these stochastic cells - manage to exquisitely coordinate DNA replication with growth and division, so that overall events happen in the right sequence despite the "noisiness" of each process. (scitechdaily.com)

Thus the theme encloses expertise within bioinformatics, biophysics, biochemistry, molecular cell biology and genetics. (ki.se)
We combine bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and high-resolution imaging in order to examine the progression of the cell cycle at the molecular and cellular level. (illinois.edu)
The characteristics of fungal cell structure, genetics and metabolism will be presented, and fungal reproduction and sporulation processes discussed with reference to the life cycles of representative forms. (uoguelph.ca)
Working with experts in protein chemistry, genetics, beta-lactamase biochemistry, cell wall synthesis, and medical microbiology - in Belgium, France, the United States, and Sweden - Jacobs-Wagner discovered a regulatory protein that can sense the peptidoglycans that accumulate when antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, and then activate transcription of beta-lactamase, the enzyme that disarms the drugs. (the-scientist.com)

We found that ParA:ParB ratios fluctuate between predation stages, their balance being critical for cell cycle progression. (jic.ac.uk)
Alphaproteobacteria are organisms with different life stages from free living to substrate associated, some of them are intracellular pathogens of plants, animal and even human, in those groups the CcrMs must have an important role in cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
Our work is exposing the complex and multidirectional communicative systems involved in coordinating the progression of the cell cycle. (illinois.edu)
The first is a stochastic model of the progression of cell cycle states, which is applied to experimental data for two synchronized isogenic MMR + and MMR − colon cancer cell lines treated with and without IUdR. (aacrjournals.org)
Ultimately, IFNGR1 mediated signaling regulates several biological processes including innate and acquired immune response, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (rndsystems.com)
So in December 1996, she joined the lab of Lucy Shapiro at Stanford University, where she spent four productive years exploring how Caulobacter coordinates its developmental program with cell-cycle progression. (the-scientist.com)
Caulobacter also uses DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism in cell cycle progression. (kenyon.edu)

Recently, data have begun to emerge suggesting differences in the molecular basis by which individual CDTs interact with and enter host cells, suggesting the possibility that CDTs possess properties reflecting the specific niches idiosyncratic to those CDT bacterial pathogens that produce them. (illinois.edu)
Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of autophagy manipulation in improving therapeutics and vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Members of the family Anaplasmataceae have complex life cycles involving vertebrate hosts and hematophagous ticks, many of which have emerged as human pathogens. (cdc.gov)
It is the body's first-line defense against many bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)
Most bacterial and viral infections are contagious, and different types of pathogens may lead to symptoms of varying severity. (healthline.com)

Through detailed characterization of fundamental molecular mechanisms of normal and perturbed cells, the theme strives to unravel information that increases the understanding of various diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. (ki.se)
The stem cell and developmental biology program at CMB is engaged in a broad range of basic research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying diverse aspects of embryonic development and tissue regeneration. (ki.se)
Basic genetic and molecular biology methodologies are combined with complementary bioinformatic and genome-wide approaches, allowing investigation global molecular changes in cells in various differentiation processes. (ki.se)
We are currently working out the molecular network that links cell shape regulation and ability to resist toxic compounds. (illinois.edu)
Using Bdellovibrio's genomic information the life cycle of this unique bacterium can now be studied for the first time on a molecular level. (mpg.de)
Molecular biologists aim to understand the actual events within individual living cells, not just the behavior of the mythical "average" cell. (scitechdaily.com)

The cycling of elements (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur) within ecosystems involves the contributions of diverse microorganisms. (uoguelph.ca)

In Caulobacter crescentus Ccrm is produced at the end of the replication cycle when Ccrm recognition sites are hemimethylated, rapidly methylating the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
CcrM role have been characterized in the marine model organism Caulobacter crescentus, which is suitable for the study of cell cycle and epigenetics as it asymmetrically divides generating different progeny, a stalked and a swarmer cell, with different phenotypes and gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
The dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is a model organism for studying the bacterial cell cycle. (csun.edu)
p)ppGpp modulates cell size and the initiation of DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus in response to a block in lipid biosynthesis. (csun.edu)
2012. The Caulobacter crescentus ctrA P1 promoter is essential for the coordination of cell cycle events that prevent the overinitiation of DNA replication. (csun.edu)
In order to best accomplish our goals, we use the genetically tractable bacterium Caulobacter crescentus whose cell cycle can be easily synchronized to enable fine temporal resolution of each cell cycle event. (illinois.edu)
When Caulobacter divides, it does so asymmetrically, producing daughter cells that have different fates. (the-scientist.com)
Caption to fig.1A:) 'Temporally coordinated events of the Caulobacter cell cycle. (harvard.edu)
Caulobacter crescentus dividing into a stalk daughter cell (top) and a motile daughter cell with a flagellum (bottom). (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter crescentus is a single-celled, small bacterium that divides asymmetrically producing cells that differ in structure and function - it is an ideal model system for the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and has been studied thoroughly. (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter are Gram-negative, rod-like cells that can be flagellated in a polar manner or have a stalk. (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter asymmetrically divides to produce two types of daughter cells that are functionally and structurally different. (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter asymmetrically divides to produce a motile swarmer cell and a stalk cell. (kenyon.edu)
The cell cycle of Caulobacter showing the two daughter cells, one with a stalk and one with a flagellum, that are different in function and structure. (kenyon.edu)
In order to analyze the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms and other mechanisms of Caulobacter , many mutant strains have been made and studied. (kenyon.edu)

The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. (illinois.edu)
The key interests lie within the field of genome integrity and variation, cell division, regulation of gene expression, protein turnover and signal transduction. (ki.se)
We have identified a novel protein that looks structurally like a DNA repair protein and yet this protein has the capability of making cells resistant to antibiotics that intercalate DNA. (illinois.edu)
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. (rndsystems.com)
Massive-scale transient expression in Chinese language Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells offers a fast protein manufacturing methodology with a possible start-to-end alignment benefit for biotherapeutics drug discovery. (molvisindex.org)
This was studied by using the CtrA gene, which encodes for an important cell cycle regulatory protein. (kenyon.edu)
The investigators found that the resultant transfected cells showed defects in ATP2A2 protein expression (15 mutants), ATP hydrolysis (29 mutants), calcium transport (4 mutants), and calcium binding and kinetics (3 mutants). (medscape.com)
In a different study, in which researchers systematically analyzed mutations identical to those found in patients with Darier disease, mutant SERCA2 protein aggregates were found to cause stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, subsequently inducing cell apoptosis. (medscape.com)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells. (medscape.com)

Autophagy is a well-conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays key roles in bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
[ 16 ] After antibiotic treatment, only persister cells may survive, creating the reservoirs of surviving cells that may regrow to cause a relapsing chronic infection, which has been clearly described for cystic fibrosis-associated lung infections caused by P. aeruginosa [ 17 ] and for candidiasis by C. albicans . (medscape.com)
These potential complications have been illustrated in a recent article in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Serious Bacterial Infections Acquired During Treatment of Patients Given a Diagnosis of Chronic Lyme Disease . (scienceblogs.com)
compared to some bacterial immunities, it is of relatively long duration, but this may be the result of infection-i. rather than being peculiar to virus infection per se, since it occurs also in bacterial i. after infections such as typhoid fever. (theodora.com)
Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: What's the Difference? (healthline.com)
In this article, we take a look at the primary differences between bacterial and viral infections. (healthline.com)
In some cases, bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics. (healthline.com)
How are bacterial and viral infections transmitted? (healthline.com)
Many bacterial infections are contagious, meaning that they can be transmitted from person to person. (healthline.com)
In addition to being transmitted from person to person, bacterial infections can also be transmitted through the bite of an infected insect. (healthline.com)
Like bacterial infections, many viral infections are also contagious. (healthline.com)
Also, similarly to bacterial infections, viral infections can be transmitted by the bite of an infected insect or through consuming food or water that has been contaminated. (healthline.com)
Other genetic and environmental factors, for example certain bacterial and viral infections, also affect the chances of developing this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
If it is severe, the risk and severity of bacterial and fungal infections increase. (msdmanuals.com)
Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is used to stimulate neutrophil production and prevent bacterial infections after cancer chemotherapy and with severe chronic neutropenia. (msdmanuals.com)
the most common bacterial causes are coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus , but other gram-positive and gram-negative infections also occur. (msdmanuals.com)
Patients with prolonged neutropenia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy and patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics and high doses of corticosteroids are predisposed to fungal infections. (msdmanuals.com)

CMB is comprised of more than 30 independent research groups organized in three themes: Cell Biology, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology and Infection and Cancer. (ki.se)
When genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to infection, stress or trauma, cutaneous dendritic cells are activated to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-23, which subsequently stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of proinflammatory T cells. (nature.com)
0.2 × 10 9 /L), the inflammatory response may be muted, and the usual inflammatory findings of leukocytosis or white blood cells in the urine or at the site of infection may not occur. (msdmanuals.com)
Otitis Media (Acute) Acute otitis media is a bacterial or viral infection of the middle ear, usually accompanying an upper respiratory infection. (msdmanuals.com)

Most previous studies on bacterial lipid metabolism have focused on E. coli , a gamma-proteobacteria. (csun.edu)
It is unknown how environmental factors such as nutrient limitation shape phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism and whether this allows cells to respond to nutrient fluctuations. (nature.com)
Here, we show that substrate limitation increases phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism, and this heterogeneity allows cells to cope with substrate fluctuations. (nature.com)
In contrast to standard implementations of flux balance modeling, we made use of forced influx of carbon and light into the cell, to recapitulate overflow metabolism due to the decoupling of photosynthesis and carbon fixation from growth during nutrient limitation. (biorxiv.org)

Surface-sensing precedes the establishment of many types of bacterial colonies on surfaces. (aps.org)

Over the past 10 years that success has played out in a handful of papers in Cell, Science, and other high-impact journals, where Jacobs-Wagner, now at Yale University, has showcased her award-winning work on bacterial physiology and development. (the-scientist.com)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)
We speculate that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to affect T-lymphocyte and myeloid cell physiology coupled with age-related maladaptive biological phenomena explain the strong association between advanced age and increased risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. (ersjournals.com)
Historically, researchers have used population-level methods to study bacterial physiology. (scitechdaily.com)

This system protects the bacterial cell by taking a short length of DNA from the phage and inserting this 'spacer' into its own genome. (elifesciences.org)

The helical-rod shape of Helicobacter pylori, a human stomach pathogen, is important for its pathogenesis and is an ideal model system for studying complex bacterial cell shapes. (aps.org)

Circles and "theta" structures in the cells represent quiescent and replicating chromosomes, respectively. (harvard.edu)

Its asymmetric cell division results in one swarmer and one stalked cell progeny. (csun.edu)

Now, in eLife, Nora Pyenson and Luciano Marraffini from the Rockefeller University report that the number of spacers each bacterial cell acquires depends on its local environment ( Pyenson and Marraffini, 2020 ). (elifesciences.org)

Bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally? (illinois.edu)
The central aim of the research within the Cell Biology theme is to gain a deeper understanding of the biology of the eukaryotic cell. (ki.se)

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) is a method for analysis and sorting of cells and other biological particles (e.g. exosomes) based on light scattering and fluorescence characterizations. (bgu.ac.il)
a ) Examples of Shape index maps (SI) calculated from Phase Contrast, Bright Field and Fluorescence images of the same field of Myxococcus xanthus cells. (elifesciences.org)
The obtained Jaccard score curves are the average of analyses conducted over three biological replicates and n = 763, 811, 799 total cells for Fluorescence, Phase Contrast and Bright Field, respectively (bands are the maximum range, the solid line is the median). (elifesciences.org)

Moreover, the parS chromosomal context in non-replicative cells, combined with ParB depletion at cell division, critically contribute to the unique cell cycle-dependent organization of the centromere in this bacterium, highlighting new levels of complexity in chromosome segregation and cell cycle control. (jic.ac.uk)
We subjected the N 2 -fixing bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca to different levels of substrate limitation and substrate shifts, and obtained time-resolved single-cell measurements of metabolic activities using nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). (nature.com)
artificial active i. acquired i.. artificial passive i. acquired i.. bacteriophage i. the state induced in a bacterium by lysogenization, the lysogenic bacterium being insusceptible to further lysogenization or to a lytic cycle by a superinfecting bacteriophage, in contradistinction to bacteriophage resistance. (theodora.com)
Life cycle of the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (yellow). (mpg.de)
Life cycle of the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. (mpg.de)
During their reproductive cycle, individual bacterium synthesize autoinducers. (asm.org)

E. coli does not have cell cycle checkpoints like eukaryotic cells do. (scitechdaily.com)

2 Psoriasis is a disease with innate and adaptive immune system disorder and dendritic cells, neutrophils, keratinocytes and T cells play major roles in the pathogenesis. (nature.com)
Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)
Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)
Other cellular components of the innate immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. (medscape.com)

This course provides an introduction to the immune response of the vertebrate host, the cells and tissues of the lymphoid system, humoral and cell-mediated immunity, the concept of immunity to diseases and current techniques in immunology. (uoguelph.ca)

[ 18 ] The strategy of triggering cells to enter into persister cell fate is to overproduce the toxins that inhibit cellular processes and growth, which is mediated by toxin-antitoxin modules. (medscape.com)

Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)

[ 10 ] Multiple biofilm-specific mechanisms are operated simultaneously in a reversible and transient manner contributing to the high levels of antibiotic resistance of biofilms, and these are distinct from the well-characterized intrinsic resistance mechanisms (e.g., expression of antibiotic-degrading enzymes, inducible decrease in antibiotic influx, inducible increase in antibiotic efflux and alteration in antibiotic target sites) employed by planktonic cells. (medscape.com)
Disrupting the bacterial communication structure is an exciting innovation and practical response to the sharp rise of antibiotic resistance across bacterial species. (asm.org)

Now there's a whole new field of people who are working on bacterial cell biology using the same sorts of approaches used to study eukaryotes. (the-scientist.com)
Petra Levin, the George William and Irene Koechig Freiberg Professor of Biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University, an author of the new paper, has a keen interest in single-cell biology. (scitechdaily.com)
The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology. (lu.se)

Methylations are epigenetic modification that, in eukaryotes, regulates processes as cell differentiation, and embryogenesis, while in prokaryotes can have a role in self recognition, protecting the DNA from being cleaved by the restriction endonuclease system, or for gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
In this process CtrA regulates the expression of CcrM and more than 1000 genes in the pre-divisional state, and SciP prevents the activation of CcrM transcription in non replicative cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cell-matrix adhesion regulates membrane trafficking controlling anchorage-dependent signaling. (molvisindex.org)
I will conclude with a brief note on how mechanically-stimulated regulatory events influence a host of important processes such as bacterial competence, which regulates the uptake of extracellular DNA. (aps.org)

In order to develop and engineer effective bacteriophage therapies, a clear understanding of the viruses' life cycle is needed - in particular, how the bacterial cell wall is destroyed. (embl.org)
While it is known that the enzymes involved, called endolysins, are produced at the end of the bacteriophage life cycle directly before the break-up of the cell, just how these enzymes are activated remains a crucial missing part of the puzzle. (embl.org)
One was retrieved from a bacteriophage that infects C. diff , and the other digests the cell wall of a Clostridium species that impairs cheese fermentation. (embl.org)

This seems feasible, as Bdellovibrio is not capable of infecting eukaryotic cells, in particular mammalian cells. (mpg.de)
Beta globin is common to all mammalian cells and it is reasonable to expect that some human cells will be present in the sample. (cdc.gov)

In order to stay protected, some bacterial cells within the colony acquire multiple spacers (multi-colored bacterial cells) and can fight off various mutant phages. (elifesciences.org)

Bacterial photosynthesis. (lu.se)

Motile swarmer cells can not undergo DNA replication until they differentiate into stationary stalked cells. (csun.edu)
Swarmer cells from wild-type C. crescentus were isolated and allowed to proceed synchronously through their 150-min cell cycle (Fig. 1A). (harvard.edu)
Motile, piliated swarmer cells differentiate into stalked cells at the G1-S transition by shedding their polar flagellum, growing a stalk at that site, losing the polar pili, and initiating DNA replication. (harvard.edu)

To answer the question, the authors carefully looked at single-cell growth data from the model organism Escherichia coli collected by the Jun laboratory at the University of California, San Diego. (scitechdaily.com)

Cell-to-cell interactions set off a cascade of events that may result in T- or B-cell activation and, ultimately, host defense. (medscape.com)

This fast methylation plays an important role in the transcriptional control of several genes and controls the cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
This research aims at characterizing molecules and signals involved in controlling the undifferentiated state and self-renewal capacity of stem cells, and to develop methods to direct the differentiation of stem cells into clinically relevant cell types. (ki.se)

The stacked cell enters immediately in S-phase, while the swarmer cell stays in G1-phase and will differentiate to a stacked cell before entering the S-phase again. (wikipedia.org)
Each swarmer cell will eventually differentiate into a stalk cell and begin the cycle again. (the-scientist.com)

Although the CDTs are generally considered to all function as bacterial genotoxins, the extent to which individual members of the CDTs employ similar mechanisms of cell surface binding, uptake, and trafficking within sensitive cells is poorly understood. (illinois.edu)
We reasoned that individual cells engage in mixed-substrate uptake of N 2 and NH 4 + when NH 4 + supply is limited and that the simultaneous uptake of both N sources shapes the heterogeneity in N 2 fixation. (nature.com)

Thus, the mechanism generating metabolic connectivity of the chromatophore fundamentally differs from the one for mitochondria and plastids, but likely rather resembles the poorly understood mechanism in various bacterial endosymbionts in plants and insects. (frontiersin.org)

Chromosome replication and cell division of Escherichia coli are coordinated with growth such that wild-type cells divide once and only once after each replication cycle. (nih.gov)
To investigate the nature of this coordination, the effects of inhibiting replication on Z-ring formation and cell division were tested in both synchronized and exponentially growing cells with only one replicating chromosome. (nih.gov)
DNA cross-linking by mitomycin C delayed segregation, and the accumulation of about two chromosome equivalents at mid-cell also blocked Z-ring formation and cell division. (nih.gov)
We propose that the presence of a compact, incompletely replicated nucleoid or unsegregated chromosome masses at the normal mid-cell division site inhibits Z-ring formation and that the SOS system, SlmA, and MinC are not required for this inhibition. (nih.gov)
This maintenance is accomplished through major cell cycle events such as chromosome replication, segregation, and proper timing of cytokinesis. (illinois.edu)
We have found that cell size regulation and timing of chromosome replication are interconnected, a connection that is influenced by nutrient availability. (illinois.edu)
however, chromosome replication begins immediately in the daughter cell with the stalk and when the swarmer loses its tail (Stanford). (kenyon.edu)

In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. (ersjournals.com)

Screening of yeast or bacterial display systems. (bgu.ac.il)

After UMSC transplantation (UMSCT), the frequencies of Tregs and CD4 + memory T cells were significantly increased, and the frequencies of T helper (Th) 17 and CD4 + naive T cells were significantly decreased in peripheral blood (PB) of psoriasis patients. (nature.com)

PSA levels are usually elevated in men with acute bacterial prostatitis. (medscape.com)

I will discuss how motile cells discriminate between random forces arising due to Brownian motion and those arising due to surface contact. (aps.org)

Only by further elucidating the control mechanisms of bacterial cell division can we advance the development of new antimicrobial compounds. (csun.edu)

Bacterial communication relies on versatile chemical signaling molecules called autoinducers, which regulate bacterial gene expression in a process known as quorum sensing. (asm.org)

The other daughter, the stalk cell, attaches itself to a rock. (the-scientist.com)
That stalk cell will grow and at some point divide to produce another swarmer. (the-scientist.com)
The cylindrical body of a stalk cell is approximately 0.7 micrometers in diameter and 2-3 micrometers in length. (kenyon.edu)
The swarmer cell, which has a flagellum, swims for about 30-45 minutes before shedding the flagellum and differentiating into a stalk cell. (kenyon.edu)

CtrA is present in the shaded cells, where it represses DNA replication initiation and is cleared by proteolysis during the swarmer cell-stalked cell (G1-S) transition. (harvard.edu)
Bars below indicate timing of cell cycle functions (gray indicates a function controlled by CtrA). (harvard.edu)

Viruses that infect eukaryotic cells typically bind to a plasma membrane receptor to initiate the reproduction cycle. (virology.ws)
Viruses feed off of healthy cells in the body, sometimes killing their host cells as they multiply. (healthline.com)
Viruses can invade the cells of your body, using the components of your cells to grow and multiply. (healthline.com)
Some viruses even kill host cells as part of their life cycle. (healthline.com)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Scientists show how bacteriophages destroy Clostridium difficile cells, opening up new possibilities for using viruses as an alternative to antibiotics. (embl.org)

Cell division yields distinct progeny, a swarmer cell and a stalked cell. (harvard.edu)

They found that most cells died, but those that acquired resistance formed separate colonies. (elifesciences.org)
Cells in these resistant colonies arranged themselves into unusually shaped sectors, with the number and type of spacers present varying between cells in each sector. (elifesciences.org)

In particular, hypocretins regulate the daily sleep-wake cycle. (medlineplus.gov)

Fluorescent, metabolic probes incorporated into the cell wall show enrichment of growth at both the outer and inner axes. (aps.org)

Cell cycle-dependent organization of a bacterial centromere through multi-layered regulation of the ParABS system. (jic.ac.uk)
Our study reveals the subcellular dynamics and multi-layered regulation of the ParABS system, coupled to the cell cycle of B. bacteriovorus. (jic.ac.uk)
Evidence suggests that surface-sensing triggers transcriptional regulation as well as post-translational signaling that promote a variety of interesting cell phenotypes. (aps.org)

In turn, the N 2 fixation rate of single cells during NH 4 + limitation correlates positively with their growth rate after a shift to NH 4 + depletion, experimentally demonstrating the benefit of heterogeneity. (nature.com)
thereby, the slow growth rates of biofilm-growing cells will render them less susceptible to antibiotics. (medscape.com)
The development of such a model has the potential to be transformative in our ability to control bacterial growth. (illinois.edu)
In this study, we showed that a group of bacterial endophytes taken from Palmer's agave exhibit growth-promoting effects in a variety of crops. (mdpi.com)
Researchers have utilized single-cell data to develop a revised framework for comprehending the link between cell growth, DNA replication, and division in bacterial systems. (scitechdaily.com)
These methods characterize the behavior of an idealized "average" cell and form the basis of current models for bacterial growth. (scitechdaily.com)
In her research work, Levin has made seminal contributions to our understanding of bacterial cell growth. (scitechdaily.com)

The proinflammatory T cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17, which affect keratinocytes and other leukocytes that forms an amplified immune response. (nature.com)
CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). (theodora.com)
The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)

Key areas of investigation are the identification and functional characterization of stem cell niches in developing tissues and adult organs. (ki.se)

The switch from one state to the other triggers the release of the active enzyme, which then begins to degrade the cell wall. (embl.org)

Christine Jacobs-Wagner's studies of a bacterial species have changed how scientists think about cell shape and polarity. (the-scientist.com)
Some bacterial species can interpret many different signals , while others respond to a select few. (asm.org)
Quorum sensing between different bacterial species occurs as well. (asm.org)

Biofilms contain a small reversible subpopulation of so-called persister cells that adopt a slow- or nongrowing lifestyle through the emergence of small colony variants and are highly tolerant to extracellular stresses, such as antibiotic treatment. (medscape.com)

The swarmer cell has a single flagellum and polar pili and is characterized by its mobility, while the stacked cell has a stalk and is fixed to the substrate. (wikipedia.org)
More than half a century ago, Heukelekian and Heller [6] showed that at low nutrient concentrations substrate plays an important role in bacterial multiplication. (who.int)

For reproduction it depends on a bacterial prey cell (blue). (mpg.de)

These results are anticipated to help estimate the magnitude of mechanical forces necessary to initiate the transition of a bacterial cell to the swarmer state. (aps.org)

a bacterial induced inflammation of the lining of the heart and its valves. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy17

Organisms15

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs89

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes69

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Bacteria22

Proteins12

Individual bacterial cells3

Genetics4

Progression7

Pathogens6

Molecular6

Microorganisms1

Caulobacter15

Protein9

Infections17

Infection4

Metabolism4

Types of bacterial1

Physiology4

Genome1

Complex bacterial1

Chromosomes1

Asymmetric cell div1

20201

Eukaryotic cell2

Fluorescence3

Bacterium6

Checkpoints1

Innate5

Humoral and cell-mediated1

Toxins1

Immunity1

Antibiotic resistance2

Biology3

Regulates4

Bacteriophage3

Mammalian2

Phages1

Photosynthesis1

Swarmer cells3

Model organism1

Defense1

Differentiation2

Differentiate2

Uptake2

Mechanism1

Chromosome7

Replication cycle1

Yeast1

Frequencies1

Acute1

Motile cells1

Mechanisms1

Gene1

Stalk cell4

CtrA2

Viruses6

Progeny1

Colonies2

Regulate1

Metabolic1

Regulation3

Growth7

Immune4

Niches1

Triggers1

Species3

Extracellular1

Substrate2

Depends1

Initiate1

Inflammation1