• Type II is found in archaea, bacteria and plant plastids, and is characterized by the use of discrete, monofunctional enzymes for fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These enzymes are found in a variety of biosynthetic contexts, which include fatty-acid activating enzymes, type I or type III polyketide synthases, dialkylresorcinol-generating enzymes, monooxygenases or Rieske proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study also reveals that dimetal-carboxylate halogenases are among the most abundant types of halogenating enzymes in the phylum Cyanobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They assimilated ammonium via the glutamate cycle enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Finally, Abhd11 knockout led to the misexpression of key metabolic enzymes related to lipid synthesis, glycolysis, and amino acid metabolism, and ABHD11 contributed to the homeostasis of lipid metabolism. (inra.fr)
  • The action of antidiabetic plants of the Canadian James Bay Cree traditional pharmacopeia on key enzymes of hepatic glucose homeostasis ") report the antidiabetic action of seven Canadian plants as evidenced by glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen synthase, two key enzymes, respectively, involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, in an environment rich in amino acids, cells do not expend energy for making amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. (go.jp)
  • However, if the environment becomes depleted of amino acids (nutritional downshift), cells will be exposed to a lack of both the amino acid biosynthetic enzymes and the amino acids required to make these enzymes. (go.jp)
  • Once amino acid biosynthetic enzymes start to accumulate, the cell is able to produce its own amino acids, and a new growth phase begins. (go.jp)
  • Clb is a cofactor for only 2 enzymes in mammals, methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. (medscape.com)
  • To get bacteria to produce something that can replace these fossil fuel precursors, Chang and her team, including co-first authors Zhen Wang and Heng Song, former UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellows, searched databases for enzymes from other bacteria that can synthesize medium-chain hydrocarbons. (thescitech.com)
  • We identified new enzymes that could actually make these mid-size hydrocarbon chains and that were orthogonal, so separate from fatty acid biosynthesis by the bacteria. (thescitech.com)
  • Surprisingly, EchA6 interacts with selected enzymes of fatty acid synthase II (FAS-II) in bacterial two-hybrid assays, suggesting essentiality may be linked to feeding long-chain fatty acids to FAS-II. (diamond.ac.uk)
  • In mammals, FA elongation depends on a set of enzymes termed elongation of very long-chain fatty acid enzymes (ELOVLs) [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Two key focus areas of our research with outstanding relevance for human health are the mTOR kinase, the central regulator of cellular growth and proliferation, and fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. (unibas.ch)
  • Major downstream targets include fatty acid and lipid metabolism, protein and nucleotide biosynthesis. (unibas.ch)
  • A landmark example are giant eukaryotic fatty acid synthases (FASs), which comprise seven types of functional domains and carry out more than 40 reaction steps for the biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl- and malonyl-CoA. (unibas.ch)
  • Biosynthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B by the modular PKS 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase. (nature.com)
  • Mammalian Wax Biosynthesis II: Expression Cloning of Wax Synthase cDNAs Encoding a Member of the Acyltransferase Enzyme Family'', J Biol Chem. (wikidoc.org)
  • This study describes new gamma-lactam and related metabolites at the intersection of colibactin and fatty acid biosynthesis, establishing a new form of "cross-talk" between secondary polyketide and primary fatty acid pathways. (yale.edu)
  • Trottmann F, Fiedler J, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Little RF, Hertweck C (2023) Bacterial pathogen channels medium-sized fatty acids into malleicyprol biosynthesis. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Bredy F, Ishida K, Hertweck C (2022) A type III polyketide synthase specific for sporulating negativicutes is responsible for alkylpyrone biosynthesis. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Kim HJ, Ishida K, Hertweck C (2022) Thiotemplated biosynthesis of bacterial polyyne fatty acids by a designated desaturase triad. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Ishida K, Shabuer G, Schieferdecker S, Pidot SJ, Stinear TP, Knuepfer U, Cyrulies M, Hertweck C (2020) Oak-associated negativicute equipped with ancestral aromatic polyketide synthase produces antimycobacterial dendrubins. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The active metabolite of calcium glucarate, D-Glucaro-1,4-Lactone in vivo, is an inhibitor of beta-Glucuronidase, an enzyme found in certain bacteria reside in the human gut. (medindex.am)
  • AHL profiles were broader than previously reported, correlated with a reduction in the intracellular concentrations of several metabolites, and were more pronounced in the E. coli strain producing the LasI synthase than the RhlI enzyme. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Prostaglandins are hormone like compounds derived from essential fatty acid from prostaglandins synthase enzyme. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Methionine synthase that requires cofactor methyl-Clb is important for one carbon transfer and is a key enzyme in the methionine cycle. (medscape.com)
  • They also sought an enzyme that could add a special chemical group, carboxylic acid, at one end of the hydrocarbon, turning it into what's called a fatty acid. (thescitech.com)
  • This reaction is catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzyme PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), called crtB in bacteria ( Cunningham and Gantt, 1998 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Two genes in Allochromatium vinosum, phaE and phaC, respectively code for the two subunits of the enzyme complex, PHA synthase, which catalyzes the polymerization of precursors into PHA. (usda.gov)
  • Then, Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are coupled to the acyl-carrier protein domain of the rate-limiting enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Trottmann F, Ishida K, Ishida-Ito M, Kries H, Groll M, Hertweck C (2022) Pathogenic bacteria remodel central metabolic enzyme to build a cyclopropanol warhead. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic lipid and fatty acid metabolism remains a critical challenge for studies at the atomic, molecular and cellular scale: In contrast to simple prokaryotic systems, fatty acid metabolism in eukaryotes builds upon large multienzymes, which integrate multiple catalytic activities into giant proteins. (unibas.ch)
  • Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) were discovered in the 1990s in bacteria and thousands of these proteins have been identified since then. (nature.com)
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Henipavirus W proteins antagonize interferon (IFN) signaling through NTD-mediated binding to STAT1 and STAT4, and prevent type I IFN expression and production of chemokines. (sciencegate.app)
  • To solve this dilemma, cells must use their own proteins as sources of amino acids in response to the nutritional downshift. (go.jp)
  • In this review, we assess the potential role of putative gut microbiota products in the etiopathogeny of Parkinson's disease, with a special emphasis on functional bacterial amyloid proteins, bacterial biosurfactants, endotoxins and short-chain fatty acids. (techscience.com)
  • Extraction procedures are optimized to precipitate and remove proteins and nucleic acids while maximizing solubilization of GSLs along with other lipids. (springer.com)
  • Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Branched-chain amino acid transport system / permease component [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure. (lookformedical.com)
  • A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
  • Community-level differences in functional potential were driven by enrichment of genes associated with carbon and nitrogen fixation in non-disinfected systems and γ-aminobutyrate metabolism in disinfected systems likely associated with the recycling of amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Production of these QS signal molecules (QSSMs) requires precursors including fatty acids, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and aromatic amino acids. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • In Escherichia coli , amino acid starvation leads to the accumulation of an unusual molecule, polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of many hundreds of orthophosphate residues. (go.jp)
  • The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
  • Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Polyketide synthases use a similar mechanism and homologous domains to produce secondary metabolite lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, lipids (mainly keto-mycolic acids) are proposed to be the primary component of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the pellicle biofilm, whereas the leukocyte lysate-induced and thiol reductive stress-induced biofilms possess polysaccharides as the primary component of EPS. (microbialcell.com)
  • Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several classes of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of bioactivities (e.g. antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal) are known from different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus strains and are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and the fatty acid synthase (FAS)-related polyketide synthases (PKS) or even hybrids thereof. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Fabclavines are hybrid SMs derived from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and polyketide synthases (PKS). (beilstein-journals.org)
  • A central aim of our work is to improve our understanding of the regulation of fatty acid and lipid metabolism. (unibas.ch)
  • Although both compounds show antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria, XCN 1 is much more active and additionally shows good activity against different fungi. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Alternanthera sessilis red ethyl acetate fraction exhibits antidiabetic potential on obese type 2 diabetic rats ") report that, despite their inability to identify active compounds, they observed that ethyl acetate fraction of Alternanthera sessilis ameliorated T2D via increased insulin content and decreased insulin resistance. (hindawi.com)
  • The growing fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covalently to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and is released by the action of a thioesterase (TE) upon reaching a carbon chain length of 16 (palmitic acid). (wikipedia.org)
  • Site-directed mutagenesis of key catalytic residues in the QSSM synthases was performed to directly prove that the effects observed were due to the function of the synthases, and not the production of a heterologous protein. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Protein degradation in this bacterium appears to be triggered by the accumulation of polyP. (go.jp)
  • Here I propose to call the polyP-Lon complex the "stringent protease," and I discuss new insights of protein degradation control in bacteria. (go.jp)
  • Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
  • An intermediate arachidonic acid is created from diacylglycerol via phospholipase-A2, then brought to either the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxygenase pathway. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carboxylic acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. (lookformedical.com)
  • A new review article details how new structural insight regarding modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) helps us better understand the organization of catalytic events within a PKS module. (nature.com)
  • That final step to create a medium-chain fatty acid primed the product for easy conversion by catalytic reaction to olefins, which are precursors to polymers and lubricants. (thescitech.com)
  • Through removing the genes encoding the AHL synthases, RhlI and LasI from the complex hierarchical system of P. aeruginosa by expressing them in the heterologous host, Escherichia coli, this study has measured the influence of AHL production upon bacterial metabolism. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Aside from blood glucose, this fraction reduced blood triglyceride and free fatty acids. (hindawi.com)
  • A team of chemists from the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Minnesota has now engineered microbes to make hydrocarbon chains that can be deoxygenated more easily and using less energy - basically just the sugar glucose that the bacteria eat, plus a little heat. (thescitech.com)
  • All told, the researchers inserted five separate genes into E. coli bacteria, forcing the bacteria to ferment glucose and produce the desired medium-chain fatty acid. (thescitech.com)
  • PHA polymers produced using glucose or glucose plus oleic acid as substrates were analyzed by GC/MS to determine their repeat-unit compositions. (usda.gov)
  • It did, however, cause a marked shift of repeat-unit distribution to the longer-chain fatty acids when glucose and oleic acid were simultaneously used as growth substrates. (usda.gov)
  • Three models of Mtb biofilm formation have been proposed to study the factors regulating biofilm formation, the physiology of the resident bacteria, and the nature of the biomaterial that holds these bacterial masses together. (microbialcell.com)
  • There are many advantages of studying bacteria in the planktonic cultures such as development of a homogenous population of bacterial cells having similar transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profile etc. (microbialcell.com)
  • That allows us to run it separately, and it uses less energy than it would if you use the native synthase pathway," Chang said. (thescitech.com)
  • However, this pathway has only one known product, lipoic acid, which functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • To obtain fluorescent Gb 3 derivatives, either fatty acid labelled Gb 3 molecules or head group labelled ones were synthesized. (springer.com)
  • FAS I in animals is thought to have arisen through modification of PKS I in fungi, whereas FAS I in fungi and the CMN group of bacteria seem to have arisen separately through the fusion of FAS II genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Type I fatty acid synthase system is also found in the CMN group of bacteria (corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia). (wikipedia.org)
  • For mycobacteria such as Myco- understood, partly because no molecular typing method bacterium tuberculosis and M. ulcerans , low intraspecies with suffi ciently high resolution for microepidemiologic diversity limits the use of genetic fi ngerprinting techniques analyses is available. (cdc.gov)
  • THPP inhibitors compete with CoA-binding, suppress mycolic acid synthesis, and are bactericidal in a mouse model of chronic tuberculosis infection. (diamond.ac.uk)
  • Impaired lipid and fatty acid metabolism plays a considerable role in the pathogenesis of major threats to human health, including type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis and cancer. (unibas.ch)
  • Moreover, complete profiling of P. aeruginosa PA01 AHL synthase mutants is unravelling the interrelationship between metabolism and cell-to-cell communication in P. aeruginosa. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • A fungus ( C. neoformans ) grown in three conditions: untreated, treated with a sub-lethal dose of the fatty acid synthase inhibitor NPD6433, and treated with a fluconazole. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Further experiments showed that NPD6433 and cerulenin, another fatty acid synthase inhibitor, were able to kill numerous yeast species in the culture. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Through screening the RIKEN natural product depository (NPDepo) and identifying a specific compound, NPD6433, that inhibits fatty acid synthase, they found this approach reduced fatalities in infected laboratory worms by about 50% and may offer a promising alternative to current treatments that are becoming less effective due to increasing drug resistance. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids by ester linkages is called a triacylglyceride. (wikipedia.org)
  • The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. (lookformedical.com)
  • A small flavone-type molecule, swertisin, found in Enicostemma littorale was tested for its ability to promote the generation of pancreatic islets. (hindawi.com)
  • L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase requires cofactor 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, a key component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Type I systems utilise a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both animals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and animal syntheses differ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria know how to make all these complex molecules that have all these functional groups sticking out from them, like all natural products, but making petrochemicals that we're used to using as precursors for the chemical industry is a bit of a challenge for them. (thescitech.com)
  • Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are the major types of glial cells in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Genome-level analyses for a subset of phylogenetically-related microorganisms suggests that disinfection selects for microorganisms capable of using fatty acids, presumably from microbial decay products, via the glyoxylate cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Carotenoids are well-known isoprenoid pigments naturally produced by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as by several heterotrophic microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Different kinds of microorganisms express different PAMPs, including mainly lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), phosphoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and other structures that usually do not exist in the host. (frontiersin.org)
  • Researchers have discovered a new way to combat fungal infections by blocking their ability to make fatty acids, potentially affecting a broad range of fungal species. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Our research indicates that targeting fatty acid synthesis is a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for fungal infections and one which might not require tailor-made solutions for individual species. (scitechdaily.com)
  • nov., a new species of restricted facultatively methylotrophic bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • New species of narrowly methylotrophic bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In these bacteria, the FAS I system produces palmitic acid, and cooperates with the FAS II system to produce a greater diversity of lipid products. (wikipedia.org)
  • The elongation of the chain occurs by repeating the condensation cycle until a 16-carbon palmitic acid (16:0) is generated. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Next, palmitic acid is further elongated and desaturated to generate complex fatty acids. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Long chain saturated FAs (LCSFA) and unsaturated FAs of ω9 and ω7 can be synthesized from palmitic acid (PA, C16:0) produced by the de novo FA synthesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A number of components of the mycobacterial cell wall such as glycopeptidolipids, short chain mycolic acids, monomeromycolyl diacylglycerol, etc. have been shown to play an important role in formation of pellicle biofilms. (microbialcell.com)
  • Methyl-Clb is the cofactor for methionine synthase, and 5'-deoxyladenosyl-Clb is the cofactor for L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. (medscape.com)
  • One of the key processes in which human body eliminates toxic chemicals as well as hormones (such as estrogen) is by attaching glucuronic acid to them in the liver and then excreting the complex in the bile. (medindex.am)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatocyte ballooning in the liver and increased hepatic mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase were observed in the MSG-treated mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • Hepatic encephalopathy is classified into 3 types based on the disease state of the liver. (medscape.com)
  • In cases of chronic liver disease, type C hepatic encephalopathy can be episodic or persistent. (medscape.com)
  • Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)
  • While bacteria were the most abundant domain, archaea and eukaryota were more abundant in non-disinfected and disinfected systems, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yeast FAS has a highly efficient rigid barrel-like structure with 6 reaction chambers which synthesize fatty acids independently, while the mammalian FAS has an open flexible structure with only two reaction chambers. (wikipedia.org)
  • But other fungal infections are more serious, and the Candida , Cryptococcus , and Aspergillus types of fungus are responsible for millions of deaths every year. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This result meant that NPD6433 likely works by inhibiting fatty acid synthase and thus prevents fatty acids from being made inside fungal cells. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Type C: Hepatic encephalopathy associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension or portal-systemic shunts. (medscape.com)
  • The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
  • The bacteria were engineered to make hydrocarbon chains of medium length, which has not been achieved before, though others have developed microbial processes for making shorter and longer chains, up to about 20 carbons. (thescitech.com)
  • The cellular fatty acid profiles of the two strains were dominated by C 16 : 0 , C 16 : 1 ω7 c and C 16 : 0 2-OH. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Possible uses in: atherosclerosis, cancer, gallbladder disease (curcumin increases bile acid output over 100%, and greatly increases the solubility of bile - may prevent and treat gall stones), rheumatoid arthritis, general inflammation. (chineseherbinfo.com)
  • For M. tuberculosis , M. bovis , and the various cus sequence typing, restriction fragment length polymor- bacillus Calmette-Guérin daughter strains, genome-wide phism, and fi ngerprinting using variable number of tandem microarray analyses have identifi ed large sequence poly- repeats have shown an apparent lack of genetic diversity of morphisms ( 4 , 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Detailed studies for the understanding of the regulation system in the tripartial mutualism-pathogenesis relationship between the bacteria, the nematode and the infected host have shown that secondary metabolites produced by the bacteria are either involved in the pathogenesis against numerous insect larvae or play an important role in the symbiosis towards the nematode. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we used both genome mining and PCR-based screening to explore the genetic diversity of CylC homologs and their distribution in bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the ganglio GSL series, gangliosides are synthesized, where sialic acids are linked to the glycan structure to produce negatively charged GSLs. (springer.com)
  • After separation by TLC, 10 -12 -10 -9 mol quantities of GSL can be chemically detected with orcinol, a reagent for hexoses and with resorcinol-HCl, a reagent for sialic acid. (springer.com)
  • In contrast, Larix laricina and A. balsamifera increased glycogen synthase activity. (hindawi.com)
  • Diminished activity of methionine synthase or decreased tetrahydrofolate can cause defective DNA maturation and megaloblastic changes. (medscape.com)