Axonal degeneration nerve degeneration. Medical search. Frequent questions

Both demyelination and axonal degeneration are noted. (medscape.com)
Pathologic findings in nerves consist of demyelination with remyelination, axonal degeneration, or both. (merckvetmanual.com)
Pathologic findings in peripheral nerves consist of demyelination or remyelination and axonal degeneration. (merckvetmanual.com)
5,6 Segmental demyelination and Wallerian degeneration are repair mechanisms that are relevant to traumatic nerve injury, whereas axonal degeneration is more characteristically seen in metabolic and toxic nerve disorders such as diabetes mellitus and renal failure. (uspharmacist.com)
The disease is characterized by inflammation within the brain and spinal cord, demyelination (loss of the insulating layer of myelin from around nerve fibres), and neuronal and axonal degeneration. (ucl.ac.uk)
This suggests that, in most cases, axonal damage is the root cause of the neuropathy, not demyelination. (medscape.com)
On the other hand, axonal damage can result in secondary demyelination. (medscape.com)
CMT type 3 (CMT3 - also known as Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy) is characterised by marked segmental demyelination, with thinning of the myelin around the nerve. (cmt.org.uk)

This massive process of neuronal death has been ascribed mainly to the interruption of a trophic factor supply from target structures rather than to the axonal damage per se. (nih.gov)
1 Because nerve trauma is the most common form of nervous system trauma encountered in clinical practice, neuronal death due to trauma is an important clinical issue. (uspharmacist.com)
3,4 Axonotmesis leads to Wallerian degeneration , a process whereby the part of the axon that is separated from the neuronal cell body disintegrates distal to the injury. (uspharmacist.com)
In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)
To address this challenge, the current program will systemically optimize the neuronal-axonal density (i.e., tune the "dose" of reestablished axonal inputs to the striatum) and the biomaterial encasement (i.e., more biodegradable and bioresorbable), ultimately towards the goal of consistent, sustained striatal dopamine levels and sustained amelioration of motor deficits. (michaeljfox.org)
He demonstrated increased expression of sodium channels in demyelinated axons ( Science , 1982), identified the channel isoforms responsible for this remarkable neuronal plasticity which supports remission in multiple sclerosis ( PNAS, 2004), and delineated the roles of sodium channels in axonal degeneration ( PNAS , 1993). (yale.edu)
Neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and ultrastructural changes at ventral spinal cord were also investigated. (hindawi.com)
Our results demonstrate that axonal degeneration proceeds by necroptosis, thus defining a novel mechanistic framework in the axonal degenerative cascade for therapeutic interventions in a wide variety of conditions that lead to neuronal loss and functional impairment. (lu.se)

Optic nerve section in the newborn rat results in a rapid apoptotic degeneration of most axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (nih.gov)
The present work was aimed at studying the ultra structural changes of the proximal (retinal) stump of the intracranially transected optic nerve of the rat for any possible regenerative ability. (nel.edu)
Recently published literature has provided evidence that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the development of retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
The scope of these studies encompassed diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, retinal detachment, light-induced retinal degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, and inherited retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
Subsequent studies investigating the role of individual UPR markers in retinal pathogenesis and examining the therapeutic potential of reprogramming the UPR as a method for modulating the rate of retinal degeneration have been initiated. (molvis.org)
Retinal degeneration is progressive deterioration of the retinal cells, eventually culminating in their death. (molvis.org)
Certain conditions can lead to an imbalance in the retinal microenviroment, which in turn could cause retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
These conditions include but are not limited to artery or vein occlusion in diabetic retinopathy, hypoxic retina in retinopathy of prematurity, aging in age-related macular degeneration, expression of mutant proteins in inherited retinal degeneration, traumatic injury leading to retinal detachment, and light sensitivity in the case of light-induced retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
The neuroinflammatory mechanisms associated with glaucoma are unique, given the focal localization of reactive astrocytes with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the optic nerve head, where the initial site of injury occurs. (brightfocus.org)
Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. (tcd.ie)
In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)
The axonal diameter correlates with the neurofilament (Nf) protein content, but there are no data on the retinal tissue concentration of Nfs. (lu.se)
The data suggest that up-regulation of Nf expression in the retinal ganglion cells precedes development of RNFL atrophy and plausibly explains the transient increase of axonal diameter and RNFL thickening. (lu.se)

Surgery to repair the damaged nerve and maximize the number of axons that regenerate through the site of injury may be performed. (uspharmacist.com)
The most prominent sign of the degeneration was loss or lack of the healthy myelinated axons. (nel.edu)
Hind limb paralysis was noted in rats and mice receiving the highest dose of THPC, and axonal degeneration, characterized by swollen axon sheaths, missing or fragmented axons, and some proliferation of neurolemma cells, was observed in rats. (nih.gov)
To determine if Aβ accumulation is directly involved in degeneration of MAergic axons, we examined the effects of passive anti-Aβ antibody (7B6) administration on Aβ pathology and MAergic degeneration in AβPPswe/PS1dE9 mice. (umn.edu)
Overall, the present data suggest that acute repair of neonatal peripheral nerves with fibrin sealant results in neuroprotection and regeneration of motor and sensory axons. (hindawi.com)
Microfluidic devices will isolate RGC axons to study the effect of astrocyte reactivity, as well as the ability to modulate these astrocytes towards a neurosupportive profile, specifically upon the RGC axonal compartment in a system that more closely recapitulates the interactions between these cells in glaucoma. (brightfocus.org)
Pharmacological inhibition of the necroptotic kinase RIPK1 using necrostatin-1 strongly delayed axonal degeneration in the peripheral nervous system and CNS of wild-type mice of either sex and protected in vitro sensory axons from degeneration after mechanical and toxic insults. (lu.se)
Furthermore, electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that inhibition of necroptosis delays not only the morphological degeneration of axons, but also the loss of their electrophysiological function after nerve injury. (lu.se)
Neurotoxicology Toxic neuropathy characterized by degeneration in the distal segments of large-diameter axons (dis- tal axonopathy) is a common morphological reaction 24 of the peripheral nervous system to exogenous toxins (2, 3). (cdc.gov)

Although SF3B2 is involved in RNA splicing, how it links with molecular machinery that mediates distal axon degeneration in peripheral neuropathy is incompletely understood. (nature.com)

Occupational mechanical exposures may lead to increased pressure in the carpal tunnel and traction of the median nerve, which may initiate a series of changes such as ischemic microcirculation injury, edema, alterations in the blood-nerve barrier, thinning of myelin, altered ion channel dynamics and expression, and axonal degeneration ( 1 , 6 , 7 ). (sjweh.fi)
Through mechanisms that at present can only be speculated about, myelin disturbances result in axonal damage. (medscape.com)
This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)
In our earlier paper we demonstrated that opening of the blood-brain barrier with an osmotic insult induces brain oedema which represents a factor triggering axonal impairment accompanied with myelin disintegration. (nel.edu)
Axonal changes were recognized as signs of myelin disintegration (oedematous vesicles, varicosity, myelin fragmentation) at histological sections stained with Black Gold in hippocampal areas CA1 and CA3 and in the dentate gyrus at time intervals of 30 minutes (acute group) or one week (chronic group) after the blood-brain barrier opening. (nel.edu)
Impairment of the axonal integrity (changes of the myelin sheet integrity) was identified in all areas studied in both experimental groups. (nel.edu)

CMT type 2 (CMT2 - also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type II (HMSN-II)) is primarily an axonal disorder, not a demyelinating disorder. (cmt.org.uk)

Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
Histopathologic findings consist of degeneration of myelinated fibers in peripheral nerves and chromatolysis and loss of sensory neurons in spinal ganglia. (msdvetmanual.com)
His research has defined the ion channel architecture of nerve fibers, and demonstrated its importance for axonal conduction ( Science , 1985). (yale.edu)
Regarding axonal regeneration, coaptation allowed recovery of greater number of myelinated fibers, with improved morphometric parameters. (hindawi.com)
Electromyography may be of value in distinguishing a temporary conduction defect from a pathologic interruption in the continuity of nerve fibers. (krishnaherbals.com)
Nerve fibers outside the spinal cord join to form anterior (ventral) motor nerve roots and posterior (dorsal) sensory nerve roots. (msdmanuals.com)
Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers. (msdmanuals.com)

Nerve regeneration. (omicsonline.org)
Ultra structural evidence of axonal regeneration following intracranial transection of optic nerve. (nel.edu)
Therefore, this study evaluated neuroprotection and regeneration after neonatal peripheral nerve coaptation with fibrin sealant. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, exogenous treatment with neurotrophins transiently rescues a significant number of neurons, leading to the possibility of axonal regrowth and regeneration [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Evidence of denervation after 10 days indicates that there has been axonal degeneration and that there will be a long delay before regeneration occurs and that it may be incomplete. (krishnaherbals.com)

Peripheral nerves respond to injury or disease in one or more of the following ways: segmental remyelination, Wallerian degeneration, and axonal degeneration. (uspharmacist.com)

NCV = conduction distance / (proximal latency-distal latency) Many times, Needle EMG is also performed on subjects at the same time as other NCS procedures because they aid in detecting whether muscles are functioning properly in response to stimuli sent via their connecting nerves. (wikipedia.org)
3 The axon's continuity is retained, and although conduction across the nerve injury is inhibited, conduction within the nerve both proximal and distal to the lesion remains intact. (uspharmacist.com)
To investigate the potential role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in the observed effects of EQ, we measured total mtDNA deletion burden in the distal sciatic nerve. (nature.com)
The term peripheral nerve refers to the part of a spinal nerve distal to the root and plexus. (msdmanuals.com)

Traditionally, CMT pathophysiology has been categorized into 2 processes: a predominant demyelinating process resulting in low conduction velocities (CMT1) and a predominant axonal process resulting in low potential amplitudes (CMT2). (medscape.com)
38 m/s) and reduced action potential amplitudes in axonal degeneration with CMT2. (cmt.org.uk)

Diagnosis is clinical, with nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography performed to identify which nerves are affected. (amboss.com)
Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) can be useful in revealing axonal nerve involvement and identifying asymmetry in nerve involvement. (medscape.com)

Associated cranial or autonomic nerves are not involved. (medscape.com)
Cranial and autonomic nerves are not affected in POEMS syndrome. (dermnetnz.org)

A severe decremental response of the CMAP was detected with repetitive nerve stimulation (45.5% at the third ulnar nerve). (avma.org)

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an impairment of the median nerve at the wrist with symptoms including numbness, tingling, and pain in the radial part of the hand ( 1 ). (sjweh.fi)
Little is known about the time relation between entry into a job that entails high mechanical exposures to the wrist and the development and course of median nerve impairment. (sjweh.fi)
To the extent that an impairment of nerve function is reversible in initial phases, early identification may be important to prevent chronicity. (sjweh.fi)
Methylprednisolone reduces axonal impairment in the experimental model of brain oedema. (nel.edu)
The aim of the present study was to find whether methylprednisolone can reduce such axonal impairment in our model of brain oedema. (nel.edu)
Time-dependent axonal impairment in experimental model of brain oedema. (nel.edu)
We wondered whether the brain oedema (without ischemia brain injury) can induce structural axonal impairment. (nel.edu)
Kozler P, Riljak V, Pokorny J. Time-dependent axonal impairment in experimental model of brain oedema. (nel.edu)
Axonal degeneration, which contributes to functional impairment in several disorders of the nervous system, is an important target for neuroprotection. (lu.se)

The intercostal nerves are segmental. (msdmanuals.com)

The weakness may progress over hours to days to involve the arms, truncal muscles, cranial nerves, and muscles of respiration. (medscape.com)
It includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves from their origin to their end. (msdmanuals.com)

More recently, it has been shown that the pathophysiology of axonal subtypes is characterised besides axonal degeneration by reversible conduction failure and that AMAN and AMSAN which share a common immunological profile and electrophysiological features represent a continuum in the axonal GBS spectrum. (bmj.com)

To distinguish between these two possibilities, we induced a reversible axonal transport blockade in the developing optic nerve by topical application of a local anesthetic (lidocaine). (nih.gov)
Another perspective is that if a short induction period is followed by a reversible phase, surveillance of nerve conduction may be a responsive here-and-now assessment tool to guide workplace interventions to reach safe exposure intensities. (sjweh.fi)

Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
The diagnosis of GBS is clinical but may be aided by electrophysiology which is also important to characterise the two main electrophysiological subtypes: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), which is sensory and motor and displays demyelinating changes on nerve conduction studies, and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), which is primarily axonal and thought to be purely motor. (bmj.com)

Moreover, establishing microfluidic platforms that mimic the compartmentalized nature of RGC axonal degeneration in glaucoma will allow for the study of other mechanisms involved in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. (brightfocus.org)

Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory evidence of diabetes mellitus, and nerve biopsy. (merckvetmanual.com)

The classic motor deficits of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons, resulting in the loss of part of the neurons called axonal projections that modulate a cluster of nerve cells called the striatum. (michaeljfox.org)
To investigate how A1 reactive astrocytes modulate the RGC axonal compartment, RGCs will be grown in microfluidic devices and cultured with astrocytes within the axonal compartment (Aim 2). (brightfocus.org)

RIPK1 inhibition prevented mitochondrial fragmentation in vitro and in vivo, a typical feature of necrotic death, and inhibition of mitochondrial fission by Mdivi also resulted in reduced axonal loss in damaged nerves. (lu.se)

Decreased nerve conduction velocities as well as somatosensory, motor, brainstem, and visual evoked potentials all relate to peripheral neuropathy. (medscape.com)
Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Horses Laryngeal hemiplegia is a progressive neuropathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leading to atrophy and dysfunction of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, an important abductor for the. (merckvetmanual.com)
Peripheral neuropathy (disorder of peripheral nerves ) is often prominent, causing weakness in the feet and later in the arms. (dermnetnz.org)
Conditions linked to CMT with comparable symptoms include: HNPP - Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies, GAN - Giant Axonal Neuropathy. (cmt.org.uk)
CMT2 results in peripheral neuropathy through direct axonal death. (cmt.org.uk)
Primary peripheral axonal neuropathy (CMT2 or HMSN-II) with onset usually in the second decade, but may not appear until later. (cmt.org.uk)
38 m/s in upper limb motor nerves) in peripheral demyelinating neuropathy such as CMT1 and CMT4. (cmt.org.uk)
There are also axonal forms with sensory involvement described as acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). (bmj.com)

Experimentally, a well-accepted model to mimic axotomy injury retrograde repercussion to spinal neurons is the neonatal peripheral nerve axotomy [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)

Autosomal recessive forms can be also divided into demyelinating (CMT4 or AR-CMT1) and axonal forms (AR-CMT2). (medscape.com)

The bacilli infect the host body and spread progressively through the respiratory path, developing an affinity for the peripheral nerve cells and preferentially attacking the Schwann cells. (ceufast.com)

A sural nerve biopsy specimen revealed prominent axonal degeneration. (jamanetwork.com)
EMG/NCS can be used to guide a nerve biopsy, if necessary. (medscape.com)
The most accessible tissue sites for biopsy include the skin, sural nerve, testes, and skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT: Nerve injuries cause considerable loss of function in many individuals. (uspharmacist.com)

We found that axonal transport blockade induced only a limited number of pyknotic RGCs. (nih.gov)
We conclude that the rapid degeneration of RGCs after axotomy can be ascribed only partly to the loss of retrogradely transported trophic factors. (nih.gov)
To explore if modulation of A1 astrocytes results in protective effects upon RGCs, RGCs will be grown with C3 shRNA-transduced astrocytes within the axonal compartment (Aim 3). (brightfocus.org)

These lesions were found in the sciatic nerve, dorsal roots of the caudal spinal nerves, and the tracts of the spinal cord, particularly in the dorsal column of the lumbar cord. (nih.gov)
The spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via an intervertebral foramen. (msdmanuals.com)
Just beyond the intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves branch into several parts. (msdmanuals.com)

Through pharmacological and genetic approaches, we tested whether necroptosis, a regulated cell-death mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, is involved in axonal degeneration. (lu.se)

Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory, Median motor, and Ulnar sensory nerves. (wikipedia.org)
It involves both motor and sensory nerves, begins distally, and has a progressive proximal spread. (medscape.com)

Typical symptoms of relapses may be referable to demyelinating pathology involving the optic nerves (e.g. optic neuritis), brainstem (e.g. internuclear ophthalmoplegia) or spinal cord (e.g. partial myelitis), although non-specific symptoms referable to the cerebral hemispheres or other brain regions can also occur (Katz Sand and Lublin, 2013). (medscape.com)

The ventral and dorsal roots combine to form a spinal nerve. (msdmanuals.com)

After a 7 week treatment period, 12-week-old db/db-vehicle, db/+ -vehicle and db/db-EQ treated animals were evaluated by nerve conduction, paw withdrawal against a hotplate, and fiber density in hindlimb footpads. (nature.com)
Protection of spatial vision is sustained over time in both sexes and is accompanied by increased RGC survival and additionally preservation of axonal density in optic nerves of Sarm1−/− mice insulted with rotenone. (tcd.ie)

The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be. (wikipedia.org)
Neurotmesis , the most severe form of nerve injury, is associated with complete nerve division and disruption of the endoneurium. (uspharmacist.com)

The signs of degeneration were more marked in the central zone than in the peripheral zone and they were more prominent in the 1 wpo group than in the 4 wpo group. (nel.edu)

4 The prognosis for an injured nerve at this stage is good, and recovery occurs within weeks to months. (uspharmacist.com)
2 The prognosis for nerves at this stage is fair, and recovery may require months. (uspharmacist.com)
2 As with axonotmesis, neurotmesis initiates Wallerian degeneration, but the prognosis for nerves is poor. (uspharmacist.com)

Affected cats often have unilateral or bilateral tibial nerve dysfunction, evident as a plantigrade stance. (merckvetmanual.com)
Electrodiagnostic testing revealed subtle spontaneous activity localized to pelvic limb interosseous muscles, unremarkable motor nerve conduction velocities, and lower than typical compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude for tibial nerve stimulation only. (avma.org)

To date, neonatal peripheral nerve repair following neurotmesis is largely limited due to technical drawbacks. (hindawi.com)

Seddon proposed a three-tiered model for nerve injury: neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis, in order of increasing severity. (uspharmacist.com)

Because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column, the more caudal the spinal nerve, the further the foramen is from the corresponding cord segment. (msdmanuals.com)

Mononeuropathies Single mononeuropathies are characterized by sensory disturbances and weakness in the distribution of the affected peripheral nerve. (msdmanuals.com)

However, even for CMT1 a heated debate has focused on the relative contribution of axonal versus demyelinative damage to the disease manifestations and progression. (medscape.com)

In neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. (wikipedia.org)

Nerve conduction velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study (NCS). (wikipedia.org)
The few autopsied cases of this disease have shown only non descript changes in the facial nerve and not inflammatory changes as is commonly presumed. (krishnaherbals.com)

Anatomy51

Organisms6

Diseases42

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations1

Demyelination8

Neuronal8

Retinal13

Axons9

Axon degeneration1

Myelin6

Hereditary motor and1

Fibers7

Regeneration5

Remyelination1

Distal4

Potential amplitudes2

Electromyography2

Autonomic2

Ulnar nerve1

Impairment9

Segmental1

Cranial nerves2

Pathophysiology1

Reversible2

Subtypes2

Mechanisms1

Diabetes mellitus1

Modulate2

Mitochondrial1

Neuropathy8

Neurons2

CMT21

Schwann1

Biopsy3

Abstract1

RGCs3

Spinal nerves3

Neurodegenerative1

Sensory nerves2

Pathology1

Dorsal roots1

Density2

Severe2

Prominent1

Prognosis3

Tibial nerve2

Neonatal1

Neurotmesis1

Caudal1

Disturbances1

CMT11

Neuroscience1

Commonly2