• Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In South Korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (H3N2) strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the H3N6 CIV showed increased mammalian adaptation ability compared to all the H3N2 strains in both in vitro and in vivo studies. (flu.org.cn)
  • In addition, immune sera neutralized seasonal and pandemic influenza strains (Group 1 and Group 2). (bvsalud.org)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • Avian influenza (bird flu) is a viral disease, and the high pathogenic strains can cause severe disease or death in some poultry and wild bird species. (epicscotland.org)
  • Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that evolve rapidly, hence the existence of various subtypes and strains. (epicscotland.org)
  • However, it is rare for strains of avian flu to be transmitted to mammals from birds. (epicscotland.org)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Influenza, as most of you know, is native to aquatic birds - but jumped species thousands of years ago and many strains have adapted to humans, pigs, and other species. (blogspot.com)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • Typically, horse strains of influenza A are H3N8 and H7N7, pigs and humans are susceptible to H1N1 and H3N2, and avian influenza encompasses H5 and H7 serotypes. (westernmorning.news)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Furthermore, over time, antigenic variation (antigenic drift) within a subtype may be so marked that infection or vaccination with one strain may not induce immunity to distantly related strains of the same subtype. (canada.ca)
  • RIDTs that provide results for influenza virus types (eg, influenza A or B) do not provide information on influenza A subtypes [eg, A(H1N1)pdm09 vs. A(H3N2)] or specific strains (eg, , similarity to the vaccine strain). (ezpoct.com)
  • For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
  • Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
  • Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • ABSTRACT Information on the prevalence of influenza, circulating virus subtypes and seasonality is essential for selecting strains for annual vaccines and for planning immunization programmes. (who.int)
  • The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. (health.gov.au)
  • The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
  • More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
  • New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
  • Two low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus strains, A/mallard/Hungary/19616/07 (H3N8) and A/mute swan/Hungary/5973/07 (H7N7), isolated as part of the National Surveillance Program in Hungary, were fully sequenced and characterized. (slu.se)
  • More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses include recent human infections with the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus, and in canine infections with the H3N8 subtype of equine influenza virus ( 3 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We report interspecies transmission of a complete avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs and the emergence of a new canine influenza virus associated with acute respiratory disease in South Korea, where avian influenza viruses (H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2) currently circulate or have been previously detected ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Methylated ß-lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. (hbsraevents.org)
  • The peptide vaccine induced cross-reactive antibodies that recognized influenza virus subtypes A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata. (bvsalud.org)
  • Insertion of an MBCS in the H3N2 virus resulted in cleavage of HA and efficient replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in the absence of exogenous trypsin in vitro, similar to HPAI H5N1 virus. (eur.nl)
  • During 2020, reassortment (gene-swapping) between poultry and wild bird viruses led to the emergence of HPAI H5N1 with the NA viruses with an N1 NA from wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • These wild bird-adapted HPAI H5N1 viruses were first identified in Europe during the fall of 2020 and spread across Europe and into Africa, the Middle East and Asia 24 . (cdc.gov)
  • In May 2021, HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in wild fox kits 51 at a rehabilitation center in the Netherlands, during an outbreak of HPAI in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2021, detections of HPAI H5N1 virus were also reported in wild foxes in Estonia 54 . (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2022, an HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection was reported in an asymptomatic 80-year-old man who raised ducks that became sick in England in late December 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • In February, Peru reported HPAI H5N1 virus infections in sea lions following deaths of hundreds of sea lions that began in January. (cdc.gov)
  • In January 2022, the first HPAI H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) infection in wild birds in the United States since 2016 was reported by USDA/APHIS . (cdc.gov)
  • In April 2022, the first human case of HPAI H5N1 virus was reported in the United States, though this detection may have been the result of contamination of the nasal passages with the virus rather than actual infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we summarize our findings in animal models in which we demonstrated that vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, otherwise induced by a prior infection with influenza A/H3N2 virus. (blogspot.com)
  • In animal models, H3N2-vaccination prevents heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1. (blogspot.com)
  • Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • A highly infectious strain of avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds across Scotland, in other parts of the UK, and internationally. (epicscotland.org)
  • Avian influenza viruses have been around for a very long time, but the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus strain (H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) that has been circulating in birds across much of the globe since 2021 has been the most long-lasting, widespread and severe on record. (epicscotland.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • The H5N1 bird flu virus, which has been unusually promiscuous: showing up in cats ( including tigers ), dogs , martens , civets , and of course humans . (blogspot.com)
  • Researchers have successfully infected cattle with the H5N1 virus, along with ferrets and mice for testing. (blogspot.com)
  • The final module detects the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • The combination of H and N types (for example, H5N1, H1N1 or H3N2) defines the serotype. (westernmorning.news)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
  • In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza of subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 are classical examples of direct animal to human transmission. (rroij.com)
  • Avian influenza types (AI) A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H9N2), which originated in birds, and swine influenza A(H3N2)v, which originated in pigs, Human infections with swine flu A(H1N1v) and A(H3N2v) viruses have been reported from different regions, with maximum notified from North America and Europe. (rroij.com)
  • Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
  • We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009-2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
  • This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. (who.int)
  • 3 Although influenza vaccines that protect against A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza A(H5N1) are being developed in Viet Nam, they are currently only available through private market purchase. (who.int)
  • As an initial step in establishing a surveillance programme for antiviral resistance in northern Viet Nam, genetic analysis was conducted for both clinical specimens and isolates collected through sentinel sites and isolates of influenza A(H5N1). (who.int)
  • In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
  • During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
  • Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
  • The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examples include avian influenza \'bird flu\' virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) or swine influenza \'swine flu\' virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • An unconjugated composite peptide vaccine targeting multiple conserved influenza epitopes from hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix protein and formulated with a safe and highly potent adjuvant, Army Liposome formulation (ALFQ), generated broad and durable immune responses in outbred mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparable antibody responses to influenza viruses were observed with intramuscular and intradermal routes of vaccine administration. (bvsalud.org)
  • This composite multi-epitope peptide vaccine, formulated with ALFQ and administered via intramuscular and intradermal routes, provides a high-performance supra-seasonal vaccine that would be cost-effective and easily scalable, thus moving us closer to a viable strategy for a universal influenza vaccine and pandemic preparedness. (bvsalud.org)
  • then infected ferrets with influenza virus and found that the vaccinated ferrets came down with more severe disease, and had higher viral titres in the lungs, than ferrets who had not received 'appropriate' flu vaccine. (blogspot.com)
  • The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
  • Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The antigenic components of the influenza vaccine have been updated for the 2007-2008 season. (canada.ca)
  • This year, recommendations for routine influenza vaccine receipt have been expanded to include all pregnant women. (canada.ca)
  • In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
  • These tools would soon become critical instruments enabling doctors to administer the influenza vaccine. (jnj.com)
  • Influenza vaccine development-a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic-took a major step forward when researchers at the UK's Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans. (jnj.com)
  • The team dubbed it the "W.S." virus, and their discovery made it possible to develop a vaccine. (jnj.com)
  • Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 19 influenza A (H3) viruses (one from Europe, 12 from Latin America, three from Asia, two from Oceania, and one from the United States) that were characterized, 18 (95%) were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005, the H3N2 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas one (5%) had reduced titers to A/Wisconsin/67/2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine belongs to the B/Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • Ten (43%) of the B/Victoria-lineage viruses were similar to B/Ohio/01/2005, the B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas 13 (57%) had reduced titers to B/Ohio. (cdc.gov)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • The H3N2 isolates were antigenically similar to the reference strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. (health.gov.au)
  • The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • These efforts track currently circulating influenza viruses, identify novel influenza viruses of public health importance, monitor antiviral drug susceptibility, and characterize circulating seasonal viruses for guiding influenza vaccine virus selection. (cdc.gov)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, influenza infections were recently reported in species (canine, feline) that historically do not carry influenza virus ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, most directly transmitted infections of entire influenza viruses from a natural host species to a new host species do not result in sustained transmission in the new host species ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza virus infection in dogs follows a similar pattern to infections in other species. (cornell.edu)
  • While in the past CIV infections in and of themselves have not shown a significant mortality rate, CIV infections as well as other respiratory viruses compromise the normal defenses of the lung permitting secondary bacterial pneumonias. (cornell.edu)
  • 7 days should be tested for CIV by an antibody test as the virus itself is often undetectable in later stages of illness, as is true for most respiratory viral infections. (cornell.edu)
  • Influenza viruses trigger influenza and respiratory infections respectively. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Infections can be triggered by seasonal and zoonotic influenza viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Zoonotic infections, for example avian or swine flu, are caused by influenza A viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In the early 1970s there was considerable speculation about the way in which the influenza virus escaped immune responses and continued to cause repeated infections year after year. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Infections in poultry and mass mortalities of wild birds have now (as of February 2023) been reported in several South American countries, including Argentina, which raises further conservation concerns if the virus reaches Antarctica, which could be devastating to the huge seabird colonies there. (epicscotland.org)
  • Birds are the natural hosts for avian influenza viruses therefore infections in humans are uncommon. (epicscotland.org)
  • In general, human influenza viruses have little capacity to infect animal species and vice versa, but sporadic infections can sometimes occur between species. (westernmorning.news)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Infections may also occur by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • The signs and symptoms of zoonotic influenza infections in human beings can range from eye infections (conjunctivitis) or influenza-like infection (e.g. fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe breathing disorder (e.g. pneumonia, acute breathing distress, viral pneumonia). (rroij.com)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
  • The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
  • Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
  • By contrast, HAs of LPAIVs are cleaved only by trypsin-like proteases which are expressed in the cells lining the respiratory or intestinal tracts, so that the viruses cause only localized infections, resulting in mild or asymptomatic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The case fatality rate for A(H5) and A(H7N9) subtype virus infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • For human infections with avian influenza A(H7N7) and A(H9N2) viruses, disease is typically mild or subclinical. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • For human infections with swine influenza viruses, most cases have been mild with a few cases hospitalized and very few reports of deaths resulting from infection. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In terms of transmission, human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Human infections are primarily acquired through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, but do not result in efficient transmission of these viruses between people. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the N6 neuraminidase (NA) genes were clustered with the H5N6 AIV, there is a high possibility that these H3N6 CIVs were generated from a H3N2 CIVs and H5N6 AIVs reassortment case. (flu.org.cn)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A serotypes are designated based on two proteins found on the virus's surface called neuraminidase (N) and haemagglutinin (H), each of which come in several different types. (westernmorning.news)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors are again recommended as the first-line antiviral agents for the prevention of influenza rather than amantadine. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values for all influenza A and B isolates. (who.int)
  • The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
  • Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)
  • Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
  • The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
  • Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes according to the combinations of different virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • So far there are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A virus, a member of the genus Orthomyxovirus, is an economically important virus that causes disease in humans, pigs, horses, and fowl ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • So far, the avian and porcine subtypes of the influenza A viruses have not well adapted to humans. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • An additional study was performed in humans, in which we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from annually vaccinated children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched unvaccinated healthy control children to study the virus-specific T cell response. (blogspot.com)
  • The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • However, avian influenza viruses may occasionally infect humans: one human case has been reported in the UK since October 2021. (epicscotland.org)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is caused by the influenza A virus which can lead to disease in many hosts including humans. (westernmorning.news)
  • Generally, the risk of transmission of avian influenza to humans is low. (westernmorning.news)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918/19 claimed over 40 million lives, and was almost certainly caused by adaptation of an avian H1N1 strain to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normally the Swine flu virus does not infect humans. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza viruses are influenza virus type A which might be transmitted from animals to humans and seldom transmitted from human to human. (rroij.com)
  • In such instances, infection with avian or swine influenza can be deadly to humans. (rroij.com)
  • There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
  • The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
  • Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • All of these animal influenza type A viruses are distinct from human influenza viruses and do not easily transmit among humans. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • In Europe, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of swine influenza virus currently have a high prevalence in commercial farms. (vetres.org)
  • Most commonly, Swine Flu is of the H1N1 Influenza subtype, although they can sometimes come from H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. (projectswole.com)
  • Presently there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Sampai saat ini sudah berhasil diisolasi sebanyak 4 sub-type A: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (web.id)
  • From late 2021 to 2022, the predominant HPAI H5 virus causing poultry outbreaks worldwide was the wild-bird adapted HPAI H5N1virus, according to WHOA (formally known as OIE [610 KB, 6 pages] ). (cdc.gov)
  • 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • Above the usual measures put in place for the prevention, surveillance, and reporting of avian influenza, additional investigations are being conducted in wild and domestic bird populations to identify why this outbreak has been more severe than previous outbreaks. (epicscotland.org)
  • Normally in the UK we see a number of localised bird flu outbreaks each winter, but the levels of the current virus - identified in more than 300 UK poultry farms in the past two years - is unprecedented in modern times. (westernmorning.news)
  • RIDT can be used to identify influenza virus infection as the cause of respiratory outbreaks in any setting, especially in institutions (i.e., nursing homes, chronic care facilities, and hospitals), cruise ships, summer camps, schools, etc. (ezpoct.com)
  • Positive RIDT results from one or more suspected influenza patients can support decisions to implement timely infection prevention and control measures for influenza outbreaks. (ezpoct.com)
  • However, because of the limited sensitivity of these tests, a negative RIDT result does not exclude influenza virus infection as the cause of respiratory outbreaks. (ezpoct.com)
  • Swine influenza (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by a type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pig populations. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Natural medicines have had an excellent track record in the treatment of influenza in general, but also pandemic outbreaks in particular, such as the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, which was responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people worldwide. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • however those are the activities that cause global influenza outbreaks or pandemics. (rroij.com)
  • Influenza outbreaks usually occur during winter months in temperate climates (peaking between December and March in the Northern Hemisphere and June and September in the Southern Hemisphere), but may occur throughout the year in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the avian flu began circulating last year, there have been outbreaks at poultry operations in 47 states. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the presence or absence of host species-specific influenza virus binding receptors in the upper and lower respiratory tracts serves to prevent such cross-species or zoonotic transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • We investigated pathogenicity of the isolated virus in experimental dogs and evaluated localization of SAα 2,6-gal and SAα 2,3-gal linkages in upper and lower canine respiratory tracts. (cdc.gov)
  • As is the case with all influenza viruses, there is the opportunity for changes in the virus that could affect transmission rates and increase or decrease the ability of the virus to cause respiratory illness. (cornell.edu)
  • In addition to the Influenza Virus Matrix PCR test that will detect any influenza variant currently circulating that may infect dogs or other species, the AHDC offers a more broadly diagnostic Canine Respiratory PCR Panel. (cornell.edu)
  • This panel includes canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine pneumovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Mycoplasma cynos along with Influenza Virus Matrix PCR. (cornell.edu)
  • As with all respiratory viruses, it is critical to take samples for agent detection within a day or two of the onset of clinical signs which include runny nose, low grade fevers, and coughing. (cornell.edu)
  • Samples from dogs with respiratory disease will be tested for both H3N8 and H3N2-specific antibodies. (cornell.edu)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • It gives an account of actions taken by the Secretariat within the framework of the Regulations regarding the international response in 2015, and to date in 2016, to public health events and emergencies - in particular, Ebola virus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), poliomyelitis, avian influenza and Zika virus infection, with associated microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. (who.int)
  • Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
  • In the last 4 years, incidences of endemic or epidemic respiratory diseases associated with canine influenza H3N2 virus in Asian dogs have been reported in countries such as South Korea and China. (blogspot.com)
  • However, at the beginning of 2010, influenza-like respiratory signs, such as dyspnea, were also observed among cats as well as in dogs in an animal shelter located at Seoul, South Korea. (blogspot.com)
  • We were able to isolate a virus from the lung specimen of a dead cat that had suffered from the respiratory disease, in embryonated chicken eggs. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Both are respiratory illnesses caused by viruses, and they share many symptoms. (everydayhealth.com)
  • These viruses can be spread through the air, personal contact, and respiratory secretions - encounters such as a handshake, touching contaminated objects, and exposure to an infected person's sneezes or coughs, notes the Mayo Clinic. (everydayhealth.com)
  • a herd size of minimum 800 sows to ensure enough gilts for sampling in each unit, freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or PRRSV-stability (no clinical signs), presence of minimum one quarantine unit and purchase of gilts from an outside source. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
  • Person-to-person transmission of influenza virus occurs through droplets from the respiratory tract that are spread by direct contact, through coughing or sneezing, or by hands contaminated with respiratory secretions. (canada.ca)
  • The Easysweet Influenza A+B Rapid Test is an immunoassay that identifies the presence of influenza A and B virus nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory samples and displays the results in a qualitative manner (positive vs. negative). (ezpoct.com)
  • The reference standard for laboratory confirmation of influenza virus infection in respiratory samples is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture. (ezpoct.com)
  • The RIDT does not include rapid molecular tests that are more sensitive than the RIDT for detecting influenza virus in respiratory specimens. (ezpoct.com)
  • Therefore, antiviral treatment should not be discontinued in patients with suspected influenza if clinically indicated, even if they have a negative RIDT test result, and further testing of respiratory samples by molecular testing for influenza may be warranted. (ezpoct.com)
  • Public health authorities should be notified immediately of any suspected institutional outbreak, and respiratory specimens (whether RIDT positive or negative) should be collected from patients and sent to public health laboratories for more accurate influenza testing by molecular assays and viral culture. (ezpoct.com)
  • Influenza is an acute, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We identified 5 virologic surveillance tiers in which specimens were collected or tested: outpatient care settings (tier 1), inpatient care settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state and local public health laboratories and health departments (tier 3), laboratories at CDC-sponsored National Influenza Reference Centers (NIRCs) (tier 4), and laboratories within the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Influenza Division (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • Consistent with histologic observation of lung lesions, large amounts of avian influenza virus binding receptor (SAα 2,3-gal) were identified in canine tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, which suggests potential for direct transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) from poultry to dogs. (cdc.gov)
  • The avian virus is an Influenza-A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. (hbsraevents.org)
  • During 2020, LPAI H9N2 virus infection in one child with moderate illness after possible indirect exposure to backyard poultry was reported from Hong Kong in February 2020. (cdc.gov)
  • Senegal reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a child with mild illness after backyard poultry exposure that occurred in February 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported seven cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection following poultry exposures, with severe or critical illness, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • The latest figures are available for cases in poultry in Scotland , wild birds in GB and non-avian wildlife in GB . (epicscotland.org)
  • A nine-year-old girl from Ecuador who contracted the virus was reported to be in contact with backyard poultry. (westernmorning.news)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The agency says avian flu viruses 'usually do not infect people,' though last spring, the CDC reported the infection of one person in Colorado who had been in contact with infected poultry. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause severe disease in poultry and result in high death rates are called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause mild disease in poultry are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Testing for antibodies specific for influenza virus is generally done using the standard influenza virus test of hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (cornell.edu)
  • The ADHC at Cornell offers serologic assays that detect antibodies to the H3N2 virus and to the H3N8 virus. (cornell.edu)
  • The antibodies recognized specific epitopes in influenza peptides and several human, avian, and swine influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
  • Exposure to the Swine flu virus will cause ones immune system to form antibodies against it however, starting with IgM and later IgG. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
  • A multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A virus is a key determinant of pathogenicity in chickens, and distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI). (eur.nl)
  • More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • We compared over 3,000 PB2 protein sequences of human-transmissible and avian isolates, to produce a catalogue of sites involved in adaptation to human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority (92%) of these isolates were tested from mid-May through late June, when 3.6% of specimens tested were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 26 influenza B isolates collected during May 21--September 9 and characterized at CDC, 23 belonged to the B/Victoria lineage (one from Europe, five from Latin America, six from Asia, and 11 from the United States). (cdc.gov)
  • The matrix gene nucleotide sequence of each Hungarian virus showed close relationship with contemporaneous Czech H3N8 mallard isolates, which belonged to distinct phylogenetic branches. (slu.se)
  • The surface glycoprotein genes of the H3N8 isolate showed a close phylogenetic relationship and high nucleotide identities to H3N8 subtype isolates from Northern Europe collected in 2003-2006, and to an H3N2 isolate in Italy in 2006, extending the perceptions of this HA subtype across Northern and Southern Europe close to this period. (slu.se)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • To detect viruses, swabs can be placed into a red-top blood collection tube with a few drops of sterile saline or viral transport media if available. (cornell.edu)
  • Severe influenza can cause primary viral pneumonia. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The 8 viral genes isolated were almost identical to those of the canine influenza H3N2 virus suggesting interspecies transmission of canine influenza H3N2 virus to the cat. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A virus can cause infection in many mammalian and avian species and exists in multiple subtypes. (cornell.edu)
  • Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. (flu.org.cn)
  • Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
  • H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • All bird keepers are legally required to follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent avian influenza infection in their birds. (epicscotland.org)
  • Cat viruses tend to attack felines, and not birds. (blogspot.com)
  • The origins of all influenza A serotypes are thought to be in aquatic birds such as ducks, geese, gulls and wading birds. (westernmorning.news)
  • And while avian flu has traditionally been a problem primarily for chickens and other domestic birds, this outbreak has been unusual in its capacity to cause disease and death in wild birds too. (westernmorning.news)
  • A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • Human infection with avian influenza type A viruses are unusual and particularly result from indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. (rroij.com)
  • This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
  • Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
  • Aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir for most subtypes of influenza A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Most cause asymptomatic or mild infection in birds, where the range of symptoms depends on the virus properties. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • These findings provide further data to the diversity of influenza viruses found in wild migratory birds and present useful information for large scale studies on influenza virus evolution. (slu.se)
  • measures to counteract their spread are vital for preventing influenza epidemics and pandemics. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses of the A and B genera may elicit epidemics and pandemics periodically. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • Re-collection creates most beneficial situations for influenza pandemics just like the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic that took place in 2009-2010. (rroij.com)
  • There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
  • Influenza pandemics occur every 10 to 30 years. (health.gov.au)
  • During these pandemics, a quarter or more of the global population may be affected within a short period and the rates of illness and death from influenza can increase dramatically. (health.gov.au)
  • The Asian and Hong Kong pandemics in 1957 and 1968 introduced the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes respectively, in each case replacing the previously circulating subtype of influenza A. There have been no major 'antigenic shifts' causing pandemics of influenza since 1968, however, the H1N1 subtype reappeared in the human population in 1977 and did not replace the H3N2 subtype. (health.gov.au)
  • Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th Century. (cdc.gov)
  • however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
  • However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
  • The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
  • Therefore when influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can swap genes and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Pigs are perfect applicants for re-collection or mutation of influenza viruses. (rroij.com)
  • The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was initially caused by new re-assortant virus, this is the aggregate of swine-avianhuman influenza viruses, arising from pigs which later mutated to efficiently become transmissible among human beings. (rroij.com)
  • The H7N7 Hungarian virus and some H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from Korean pigs appeared to have their basic polymerase gene 1 from a relatively recent common ancestor. (slu.se)
  • Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
  • However, currently used seasonal vaccines provide only limited protection against (potentially) pandemic influenza viruses. (blogspot.com)
  • An age-related increase of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was observed in unvaccinated children that was absent in vaccinated children with CF. These findings highlight the importance of the development of vaccines that provide protection against influenza A viruses of all subtypes. (blogspot.com)
  • This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
  • However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
  • The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses and therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu will not provide protection from Swine flu viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • This virus is a genetic variant of the H3N8 equine influenza virus that gained the ability to infect dogs. (cornell.edu)
  • Because of the differences in the time dogs may shed virus, the quarantine of 7 days is recommended for dogs with H3N8 influenza, while a 21 day quarantine is recommended for dogs with H3N2 influenza. (cornell.edu)
  • Veterinarians and pet owners should submit acute and convalescent serum samples and request Canine Influenza Virus HI H3N8 - (CIVHI). (cornell.edu)
  • Also in April 2022, the first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H3N8 virus was reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • H3N8 Canine influenza , which only showed up in dogs in 2004, had been known to infect horses for the past 40 years. (blogspot.com)
  • The canine H3N2 virus only just appeared in Korea in 2007, and unlike the canine H3N8 virus seen in the United States, appears to have jumped directly from an avian source . (blogspot.com)
  • Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (H7N7 61, 63 , H4N5 62 , H4N6 60 , H3N3 60 and H10N7 59 ) have caused epidemics in seals. (cdc.gov)
  • Again in 2003 bird flu virus A (H7N7) infected 80 people in Netherlands killing one. (vetcos.com)
  • The non-structural protein genes belonged to different alleles, rendering a peculiar characteristic to the H7N7 isolate compared to the so far analyzed Eurasian H7 viruses. (slu.se)
  • The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix genes (reassortment) and create a new virus if influenza A viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal at the same time. (cdc.gov)
  • The Asian H3N2 virus is derived from an avian strain that also gained the ability to infect dogs and be transmitted from dog to dog. (cornell.edu)
  • Bird viruses usually only infect avian species. (blogspot.com)
  • The species that a virus will infect is known as its host range . (blogspot.com)
  • Rabies is a good example of a virus that can infect an extraordinarily wide range of species. (blogspot.com)
  • All of which serves as prelude to a report that appears in the latest edition of the Journal of General Virology , that finds a recently emerged canine H3N2 influenza virus common in Korea has now adapted to infect domestic cats. (blogspot.com)
  • However, its ability to infect and transmit to different hosts depends on which subtype or serotype of influenza A is involved. (westernmorning.news)
  • Zoonotic influenza like other influenza causes mild to severe illness in the patients they infect. (rroij.com)
  • Now Dutch researchers provide evidence in both human and animal models that the immunity generated by natural infection provides significant cross-immunity to related flu viruses, which is lacking from vaccination. (blogspot.com)
  • Furthermore, we recently hypothesized that annual vaccination may hamper the development of cross-reactive immunity against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes, that would otherwise be induced by natural infection. (blogspot.com)
  • Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for the prevention of influenza infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Les informations sur la prévalence de la grippe, les sous-types circulants du virus et la saisonnalité sont essentielles pour la sélection des souches destinées aux vaccins annuels, ainsi que pour la planification des programmes de vaccination. (who.int)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During 2020, China reported five cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in four children and one adult who experienced mild illness and were detected through ILI surveillance. (cdc.gov)
  • This report provides an analysis of influenza surveillance data in Australia during 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2006, 3,130 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which was one-third lower than in 2005. (health.gov.au)
  • This will lead to more efficient testing, with cost savings for the federal government and for state and local public health agencies," said Dr. Cox, who is also Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Targeted surveillance for influenza A(H7N9) identified 21 cases of infection with this virus in Guangzhou, China, during April 1, 2013?March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • In response to the influenza A(H7N9) outbreak, PUE surveillance was enhanced in April 2013 by implementing laboratory testing specific for influenza A(H7N9) virus ( 3 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
  • 1 National influenza surveillance was initiated in Viet Nam in 2006, and the data collected so far have shown that influenza viruses circulate year-round with similar peaks and subtypes observed across all surveillance regions. (who.int)
  • Data from the National Influenza Surveillance System in Viet Nam were also analysed for the period 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • This article published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 26, No 2, June 2002 contains the annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme for 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
  • A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)
  • We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response. (cdc.gov)
  • The data and specimens used for influenza virologic surveillance originate from ambulatory patient care facilities, academic and community hospital laboratories, public health laboratories, and commercial laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • As a first step in this process, we explored existing influenza testing practices and constructed a comprehensive overview of the US virologic surveillance landscape. (cdc.gov)
  • To characterize the specimen and data flow used to inform influenza virologic surveillance, we conducted open-ended interviews with clinicians, state public health laboratory (PHL) directors, epidemiologists, and laboratorians from CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) staff, asking them to share their understanding of all aspects of the data and specimen flow with which they were familiar. (cdc.gov)
  • In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Flu symptoms are easy to spot, but figuring out which strain of influenza is at work is often a complex and time consuming task. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
  • In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
  • Such a scenario raises a public health concern, as the possibility of the emergence of new recombinant feline or canine influenza viruses in companion animals with the potential to act as zoonotic infection cannot be excluded. (blogspot.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza when human beings are exposed and infected with influenza viruses circulating in animals. (rroij.com)
  • All subtypes of influenza kind A virus have zoonotic potential. (rroij.com)
  • Several zoonotic influenza viruses have these days caused sporadic human contamination. (rroij.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza is also called as non-seasonal influenza as it may be transmitted at any time of the year when people are exposed to animal influenza viruses. (rroij.com)
  • It isn't possible to differentiate clinical symptoms and signs of seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza can be suspected based totally on occupational exposure or live bird market visits. (rroij.com)
  • Laboratory research of typeA influenza cases and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses assist additionally to diagnose each seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • A crucial feature in the ecology and epidemiology of influenza virus is interspecies transmission ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To monitor the epidemiology of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Liaoning, China, we performed three surveillances in November 2018, March 2019, and April 2019. (flu.org.cn)
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
  • This statement contains new information on human and avian influenza epidemiology. (canada.ca)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
  • In the book "The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control" it reported that the West Nile Virus, discovered in Uganda in 1937, was transported to American soil in 1999 by planes that carried their vectors (mosquitos). (dnx.news)
  • These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)
  • Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • During 2021, 24 cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection were identified in China, including 19 mild cases in children, two mild cases in adults, and three severe cases requiring hospitalization in adults, including one death. (cdc.gov)
  • During January through April 2022, China reported four cases of LPAI H9N2 virus infection, three in children and one in an adult, all with mild illness. (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2022, Cambodia reported a case of LPAI H9N2 virus infection in a young child who was hospitalized for one day. (cdc.gov)
  • It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and the 1968 'Hong Kong Flu' A(H3N2). (health.gov.au)
  • Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
  • Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The development of the virus concept as reflected in corpora of studies on individual pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • Depending on the origin host, influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Not all patients with influenza symptoms and signs require testing to make antiviral treatment decisions. (ezpoct.com)
  • 7,11 The limitations of other antiviral drugs, as well as the risk of oseltamivir resistance, have raised concerns about the efficacy of oseltamivir for influenza infection treatment. (who.int)
  • Influenza A viruses that typically are endemic in one animal species sometimes can cause illness in another species. (cdc.gov)
  • If this new influenza A virus causes illness in people and is transmitted easily from person to person in a sustained manner, an influenza pandemic can occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Reports of influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioners showed a slow but steady increase throughout the first half of the year to peak in late August. (health.gov.au)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • If a patient has influenza, test samples collected within 3-4 days of illness onset (when influenza virus shedding is highest) are more likely to yield positive RIDT results. (ezpoct.com)
  • bug" or "bugs" are an informal noun for harmful microorganism (bacteria or virus)/or an illness caused by such. (dnx.news)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently ( n = 215). (who.int)
  • Recently, a number of countries in the region (please see the table) have reported increasing trend of severe influenza cases caused by influenza A(H1N1) pdm09. (who.int)
  • 849 (171), 20.2%] # associated with this influenza virus- in- fluenza A(H1N1)pdm09. (who.int)
  • The first human infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A H10N3 virus was reported in China in June 2021 49, 50 . (cdc.gov)
  • One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • [8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • An Avian Influenza Prevention Zone (AIPZ) was declared in October 2022 and is still in place as of February 2023 in Scotland and across Great Britain. (epicscotland.org)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • Yet despite these disease overlaps, viruses generally adapt to a fairly narrow range of species. (blogspot.com)
  • We know that every once in awhile, viruses will suddenly jump to a new species. (blogspot.com)
  • Canine species were considered to be the new natural hosts for this virus. (blogspot.com)
  • Our study for the first time shows that cats are susceptible to canine influenza H3N2 infection, suggesting that cats may play an intermediate host role in transmitting the H3N2 virus among feline and canine species, which could lead to the endemic establishment of the virus in companion animals. (blogspot.com)
  • A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
  • As many geese and duck species can carry the virus and shed it in their droppings without becoming ill they can easily transmit virus to other bird species. (westernmorning.news)
  • As part of their life cycle, influenza viruses in all species invade cells, rearrange their genes and emerge slightly different than they were initially. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
  • Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • The latest CDC data shows the avian flu has been detected in a range of species, including black vultures and geese. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • 318 (2%) were positive for influenza ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since July 1, of specimens tested, 0.6% were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • When shifts happen, most people have little or no immunity against the new virus. (cdc.gov)
  • So immunity that extends to a large number of flu viruses, including potentially much more virulent viruses, is what is desired. (blogspot.com)
  • The reduction of heterosubtypic immunity correlated with reduced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (blogspot.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the absence of immunity to these new viruses, there is rapid spread of influenza with dramatically increased rates of morbidity and mortality. (health.gov.au)
  • During 2020, five human cases of HPAI H5N6 virus infection were reported in China. (cdc.gov)
  • In October-November 2020, HPAI H5N8 virus was detected in several swans, seals, and a fox in the United Kingdom 64 . (cdc.gov)
  • In March 2021, there were reports of HPAI H5N8 virus in seals in the United Kingdom, Germany 58 , and Denmark. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2021, China reported 36 cases of human infection with HPAI H5N6 virus with 18 deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • Our data provide evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission and spread of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)