• Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • A small number of sporadic human cases of A(H5N1) have been identified since 2022, despite the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Nearly all reported human cases since 2022 were associated with poultry exposures, and no cases of mammal-to-human or human-to-human transmission of HPAI A(H5N1) virus have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • In a few cases, the source of exposure to HPAI A(H5N1) virus was unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses currently circulating in birds and poultry, with spillover to mammals, and those that have caused human infections do not have the ability to easily bind to receptors that predominate in the human upper respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the current risk to the public from HPAI A(H5N1) viruses remains low. (cdc.gov)
  • However, because of the potential for influenza viruses to rapidly evolve and the wide global prevalence of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, continued sporadic human infections are anticipated. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC is actively working on the domestic situation with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in wild birds and poultry outbreaks, including conducting surveillance among people with relevant exposures and preparing for the possibility that contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses gain the ability for increased transmissibility to people. (cdc.gov)
  • H5 candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) produced by CDC are expected to provide good protection against current clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses in birds and mammals. (cdc.gov)
  • Because influenza viruses are constantly changing, CDC performs ongoing analyses of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses to identify changes that might allow for spread more easily to and between people, cause serious illness in people, reduce susceptibility to antivirals, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, or reduce neutralization of the virus by vaccine induced antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, few changes in HPAI A(H5N1) viruses of public health concern have been identified and such changes have differed between various HPAI A(H5N1) viruses circulating in wild birds and poultry worldwide or that have sporadically infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Comprehensive surveillance and readiness efforts are ongoing, and CDC continually takes preparedness measures to be ready in case the risk to people from HPAI A(H5N1) or other novel influenza A viruses changes. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2005, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses have undergone extensive genetic diversification including the formation of hundreds of genotypes following reassortment with other avian influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI A(H5N1) viruses emerged in 2020 and were introduced into North America in late 2021 [ 1,2 ] and have spread to Central and South America, resulting in wild bird infections (in terrestrial, seabird, shorebird, and migratory species) and poultry outbreaks in many countries [ 3-8 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Globally, this 2.3.4.4b clade of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses has become widespread causing record numbers of bird outbreaks in wild, backyard, village, and farm birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Over 17,000 animal outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were reported by 80 member countries to the World Organisation for Animal Health since January 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2020, global cases of avian influenza subtype H5N1 have been rising, with cases reported from every continent as of February 2023 except for Australia and Antarctica. (wikipedia.org)
  • The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, called H5N1 , is spreading in several countries across the world. (yahoo.com)
  • Belgium has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza , commonly called bird. (yahoo.com)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In recent weeks, a number of wild birds have been found dead with the H5N1 virus heightening fears that Hong Kong will soon record its first human victim. (medindia.net)
  • Bird flu in Brazil: Authorities are watching if the bird flu virus H5N1 is mutating into a form which can spread amongst humans. (medindia.net)
  • Bird flu outbreak: New mutation in avian influenza virus (H5N1) could be the next human pandemic, warn health experts. (medindia.net)
  • From the Interior, to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has identified high-pathogenic strains (HPAI) of H5N1 - the most deadly variety of avian influenza or "bird flu"- in 42 B.C. flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • If the H5N1 virus were to change and become easily transmissible from person to person while retaining its capacity to cause severe disease, the consequences for public health could be very serious. (prpeak.com)
  • Most cases tested in Poland (29 of 47) were positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus. (flu.org.cn)
  • HPAI H5N1 virus was detected in one poultry meat sample. (flu.org.cn)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses have evolved to infect birds, but the current H5N1 outbreak is also infecting a wide range of mammals. (createsend.com)
  • Last month, the USDA announced that it will take emergency action to protect the critically endangered California condor from the bird flu, and not just any bird flu, but a specific strain of the highly pathogenic avian influenza, the H5N1, that has left millions of birds dead, mostly poultry. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Let's take a step back and look at the big picture at the avian flu, specifically called highly pathogenic H5N1. (sciencefriday.com)
  • H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)
  • The phenomenon became more widely known after the 2005 outbreak of the avian H5N1 influenza virus, also known as " bird flu ", when the high fatality rate was linked to an out-of-control cytokine response. (newscientist.com)
  • But there is an urgent need for vigorously stepping up and extending current H5N1 control campaigns in order to prevent the virus becoming widely entrenched. (un.org)
  • It is a new avian Influenza virus which may bring a "bird-Flu" H5N1. (amhe.org)
  • In 2003, outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had a major negative impact on the global poultry industry. (usda.gov)
  • In 2006, the world poultry industry was again under pressure due to HPAI H5N1 outbreaks, this time in Europe. (usda.gov)
  • Focusing on the avian flu virus strain H5N1, research published in the journal PLOS ONE identifies key stages in the poultry trade chain which lead to its transmission to other birds, animals and humans. (poultryworld.net)
  • The H5N1 avian flu strain has been responsible for the deaths of millions of poultry, as well as 375 confirmed human deaths. (poultryworld.net)
  • We identified poultry transportation, slaughter, preparation and consumption as critical control points in response to HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Vietnam. (poultryworld.net)
  • Contemporary H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have been circulating widely globally for years but gaining ground in North American birds and poultry beginning in May of 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • As of March 10, 2023, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses have been detected in 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • The first human infection with these H5N1 viruses in South America occurred in Ecuador in January 2023. (cdc.gov)
  • In February, Peru reported H5N1 virus infections in sea lions and pelicans following deaths of hundreds of these animals. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC's existing influenza surveillance systems are well-equipped to rapidly detect cases of avian influenza A virus infection, including H5N1 virus, in people. (cdc.gov)
  • An H5 candidate vaccine virus (CVV) produced by CDC is identical or nearly identical to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of recently detected clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses in birds and mammals (including a 2022 H5 outbreak in mink in Spain) and could be used to produce a vaccine for people, if needed, and which would provide good protection. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, public health departments have monitored more than 6,300 people in more than 50 jurisdictions who were exposed to birds/poultry infected with H5N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Experiences from outbreaks of A(H5N1) in Europe demonstrated that early detection to control HPAIV in poultry has proven pivotal to minimise the risk of zoonotic transmission and prevention of human cases. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Pathobiological features were consistent with HPAI virus infection, although the delayed appearance of lesions, longer mean death times, and reduced replication in endothelial cells differed from features of most other Eurasian H5N1 HPAI viruses. (usda.gov)
  • A strain of H5N1 avian influenza (Clade 2.3.4.4b) highly capable of causing disease in birds has been identified in wild and domestic birds in Illinois in 2022. (illinois.gov)
  • The current strain of avian H5N1 circulating 2021-2022 is different than strains circulating in previous H5N1 outbreaks. (illinois.gov)
  • So far, the current H5N1 avian influenza virus does not seem to infect people easily or cause severe illness in people. (illinois.gov)
  • Only one human infection with the current H5N1 strain has occurred, an individual in the United Kingdom who raised birds infected with the virus. (illinois.gov)
  • This H5N1 avian influenza virus is primarily a bird health issue. (illinois.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
  • Those viruses were discovered in wild waterfowl along with a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus that remained unseen in commercial and domesticated flocks, according to information from the Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (avma.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain . (bvsalud.org)
  • pandemic is a great public health concern, Of the 15 avian influenza virus subtypes, and for this reason our study set out to H5N1 is of particular concern for several answer some important questions related reasons: it mutates rapidly and has a docu- to present knowledge and concerns about mented propensity to acquire genes from avian influenza in one city in Saudi Arabia. (who.int)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Der handelsübliche Influenza A-Schnelltest erfasst das H5N1-Vogelgrippevirus nicht. (medscape.com)
  • The federal government says the H5N1 virus has been found in commercial and backyard birds in 29 states and in wild birds in 34 states since the first cases were detected in late 2021. (medscape.com)
  • A newly developed influenza vaccine against the H5N1 subunit of the avian influenza virus, which has pandemic potential, has been shown to be highly immunogenic in younger and older adults . (medscape.com)
  • Relative number of deaths among wild birds during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N8, the Netherlands, November 2016-January 2017. (cdc.gov)
  • Continued comprehensive surveillance of these viruses in wild birds, poultry, mammals, and people worldwide, and frequent reassessments are critical to determine the public health risk, along with ongoing preparedness efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, USDA APHIS monitors for avian influenza viruses in wild, commercial, and backyard birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
  • Researchers monitored the continuing avian flu pandemic to gauge its evolving risk to both humans and birds. (medindia.net)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • Christmas dinner in British Columbia could look a little different this year as nearly two dozen farms across the province slaughter hundreds of thousands of birds in an attempt to contain the avian influenza virus. (prpeak.com)
  • As of Wednesday afternoon, 23 outbreaks were ongoing and 275,800 birds had been slaughtered in an effort to contain the pathogen. (prpeak.com)
  • The outbreaks in Chilliwack and Abbotsford come out of step with the seasonal migration of wild birds, which have been found to carry and pass on the virus to domestic flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • The virus this year is different than we've ever seen in the past and it is behaving differently in both wild birds and domestic birds,' said Brittain. (prpeak.com)
  • In the same way that many humans pull through an annual bout of the flu, many strains of the avian varieties rarely cause more than the sniffles, lethargy or fever in birds. (prpeak.com)
  • CFIA says there have been no cases of wild birds passing the virus to humans in Canada, but transmission from pet birds to humans is still a risk. (prpeak.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses of the H5 and H7 HA subtypes have been isolated occasionally from free-living birds. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Nearly 5 million chicken, turkeys and ducks have been slaughtered this year because of a persistent bird flu outbreak that began in 2022, but as big as that number may sound, it's far less than the number of birds killed last year and that means consumers generally aren't seeing as much impact on poultry and egg prices. (yahoo.com)
  • The 4.6 million birds killed this year compares to the nearly 58 million birds the U.S. Department of Agriculture said were slaughtered last year in the first year of the outbreak. (yahoo.com)
  • The key problem with bird flu is that the highly contagious virus is spread easily by wild birds through droppings and nasal discharges, and it mutates over time. (yahoo.com)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infect both wild birds and domestic poultry, resulting in economically costly outbreaks that have the potential to impact public health. (usgs.gov)
  • Avian influenza has been circulating for decades among wild birds, but the US is now experiencing the worst outbreak in its history. (sciencefriday.com)
  • That's because of a specific strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which has left aroun d 60 millions birds - mostly poultry-dead. (sciencefriday.com)
  • He talks with Dr. Kristy Pabilonia, professor and director of the Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratories at Colorado State University, and Dr. Richard Webby, director of the WHO's Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds and a researcher at St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Dr. Richard Webby is Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds and a researcher in the department of Infectious Diseases at St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. (sciencefriday.com)
  • So here to talk about all things bird flu are my guests Dr. Kristy Pabilonia, professor and director of the Veterinary Diagnostic Lab at Colorado State University- that's in Fort Collins- Dr. Richard Webby, director of the WHO's Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds and researcher at St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital based in Memphis, Tennessee. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
  • The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
  • Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
  • The outbreak was successfully contained with the slaughter of the entire local chicken population (around 1.5 million birds). (medscape.com)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Diseases which originate in birds and mammals such as SARS and bird flu represent 60% of outbreaks. (poultryworld.net)
  • March 14, 2023 - With avian influenza A H5 outbreaks in wild birds and poultry spreading to Latin America and the Caribbean, public health and animal experts are gathering in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil this week to talk about improving the region's capacity to detect and respond to these outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Infected birds were detected in over 20 states and over 48 million birds died or were euthanized to control the outbreak. (usda.gov)
  • This manuscript describes the experimental inoculation of two early representative viruses in chickens to understand more about how the virus makes birds sick and how easily the virus transmits from bird to bird. (usda.gov)
  • The results show that the virus was deadly in the birds that it infected, but it took a large amount of virus to infect each chicken. (usda.gov)
  • This data supports the idea that the virus was present in wild birds and these wild birds could on some occasions transmit the virus to both backyard and commercial poultry. (usda.gov)
  • In 2014-2015, the U.S. experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, initially affecting mainly wild birds and few backyard and commercial poultry premises. (usda.gov)
  • Avian influenza, first identified in Italy more than 100 years ago, affects birds. (illinois.gov)
  • Although there have been no human cases of this type of avian influenza in the U.S., there is concern it could occasionally spread to individuals who have very close contact with infected live or dead birds. (illinois.gov)
  • The influenza viruses that killed 50 million chickens and turkeys during 2014 and 2015 have disappeared from wild birds, according to a recent scientific article. (avma.org)
  • Their disappearance, along with an absence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in samples collected from wild birds over previous decades, could indicate the viruses are ill-suited to perpetuating in the wild. (avma.org)
  • After tests on 46,000 wild birds between July 2015 and June 2016, animal health authorities found H5 influenza viruses in only two mallards in Utah and Oregon, according to APHIS. (avma.org)
  • Avian influenza surveillance in North America over the 43 years before the outbreak also found zero highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among more than 100,000 birds tested, according to the article. (avma.org)
  • The authors indicate that those findings support a premise that "unresolved mechanisms" prevent wild birds from perpetuating highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, abbreviated in the article as HPAIVs. (avma.org)
  • The article concludes that the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses may be ill-fitted to persistence in wild waterfowl and likely to disappear without an endemic poultry source, infections from which could spill over into wild birds and other host species. (avma.org)
  • As a result, the eradication efforts in North America may have combined with natural resistances among wild birds to prevent the highly pathogenic viruses from becoming incorporated into the pool of circulating avian influenzas. (avma.org)
  • Studies at the ge- form of a pandemic among birds, many netic level further determined that the virus countries have been affected and there is had been transmitted directly from birds to some evidence of alarm and panic affecting humans. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It presents information on the spread of avian influenza (bird flu) viruses among birds and the outbreaks in poultry. (bvs.br)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • From the first case of H5 avian influenza in humans in the United States to reports of ongoing, widespread disease in birds , the potential of a possible pandemic variant has many keeping a watchful eye on the disease. (medscape.com)
  • In Poland, this genotype was responsible for several poultry outbreaks between December 2022 and January 2023 and has been identified only sporadically since February 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
  • 4- Genetic analysis of the virus has shown a resemblance to the coronaviruses found in bats particularly in a species known as the "horseshoe bat" such as the pangolins before any possible transmission to the humans. (amhe.org)
  • Researchers are expecting that some mutations of this new flu virus could gain the ability to spread to humans, once the virus is able to swap some of its gene segments. (amhe.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • However the way that the virus transmits from poultry to humans has been poorly understood. (poultryworld.net)
  • Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. (who.int)
  • An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. (who.int)
  • 2,3 However, since September 2016, not only has the fifth outbreak started earlier than usual, but a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus has also been observed, causing domestic and international concern. (who.int)
  • Humans or other potential viral hosts are constantly exposed to viruses, yet most viral exposure has no effect. (opednews.com)
  • Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • In March 2013, the first cases of avian influenza virus infections in humans were reported by the authorities of the PR of China to the World Health Organization. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Genomic signature and protein sequence analysis of a novel influenza A (H7N9) virus that causes an outbreak in humans in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Pandemic influenza, and primarily avian influenza, is a serious concern for Egypt. (who.int)
  • The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
  • WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
  • The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
  • WHO has taken several steps toward by the same strain, in Hong Kong's poultry global pandemic influenza planning, includ- population [ 2,5 ]. (who.int)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Our recent memory teems with more frequent and broader outbreaks: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2012, the H7N9 avian influenza outbreak in 2013, the Ebola outbreak in 2014, and the Zika outbreak in 2015. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Studies have shown that the demographic, epidemiologic and virologic characteristics of H7N9 cases from these epidemics remained unchanged while, the epidemic curve illustrated a decline in the magnitude of outbreaks over time, particularly in the third and fourth seasons in 2015 and 2016. (who.int)
  • In addition, suspected H7N9 cases with mild or moderate illness are identified from the Chinese sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI). (who.int)
  • Each clinically diagnosed H7N9 case is confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), conventional RT-PCR, virus isolation, or a four-fold rise in H7N9 antibody titres in serology using laboratory methods and procedures as previously described. (who.int)
  • The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) verified with the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) no new human case of avian influenza A (H7N9) in the Mainland today (May 4). (flutrackers.com)
  • No human case of avian influenza A (H7N9) has been identified so far in Hong Kong,' the spokesman reiterated. (flutrackers.com)
  • We would like to reassure the public that the Government will be as transparent as possible in the dissemination of information on human cases of avian influenza A (H7N9). (flutrackers.com)
  • Seit März 2013 wurden aus der VR China die ersten Fälle einer aviären Influenza-Infektion beim Menschen durch Influenza A(H7N9) der Weltgesundheitsorganisation gemeldet. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Schon bei Verdacht auf eine Influenza A(H7N9)-Infektion sollte eine Therapie mit Neuraminidase-Inhibitoren eingeleitet werden, selbst wenn schon mehr als 48 h seit Symptombeginn vergangen sind. (thieme-connect.de)
  • This influenza A(H7N9) virus comprises genes of at least four different avian influenza viruses, some segments mimicking human-like influenza-signatures. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The detection of influenza A(H7N9) is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (thieme-connect.de)
  • Number of confirmed cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) reported to WHO. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Preliminary report: epidemiology of the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Origin and diversity of novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical and characterisation of viral genome. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Global concerns regarding novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Throughout the H5N8 outbreak period, fatal cases were regularly reported along with a description of pre-mortal disease signs that were readily identified by the (usually lay) observer. (cdc.gov)
  • It should also be noted that, although all above cases occurred during the H5N8 outbreak period, infection with H5N8 was generally not tested for these specific individuals. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the beginning of November 2014, nine outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N8) in poultry have been detected in four European countries. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • To better model the outbreak, the pathogenesis and transmission dynamics of representative Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses detected early in the North American outbreak were investigated in chickens. (usda.gov)
  • A highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus killed most of those chickens and turkeys in the U.S., and a highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza virus killed about 200,000. (avma.org)
  • The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
  • The most recent 2009 H1N1 outbreak was a result of an antigenic shift and re-assortment between human, avian, and swine viruses. (opednews.com)
  • Antiviral therapy and outcomes of patients with pneumonia caused by influenza A pandemic (H1N1) virus. (thieme-connect.de)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
  • WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • A workshop organized jointly by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), will help participants hone their work in surveillance, early detection, and response to animal-human spread of flu, especially avian flu. (cdc.gov)
  • The introduction of avian flu poses a threat to the region, requiring both animal and human health sectors to be involved in surveillance and response preparations. (cdc.gov)
  • Internationally, CDC has been actively working in avian flu surveillance and prevention for some time, helping to coordinate efforts with public health officials to proactively prepare for and respond to H5 infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Sampling influenza viruses with ESwab challenges influenza surveillance by strongly limiting the possibility of antigenic characterisation. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
  • While that decline is welcome news, the fact that infections continue is a worrisome indication that unlike earlier outbreaks, the current virus has found a way to survive through the summers , and poultry will likely always be at risk of the disease. (yahoo.com)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Do prescribing practices predict the number of resistant infections and outbreaks a facility will face? (thehealthcareblog.com)
  • The workshop will also review the experiences of countries that have already had avian flu infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • The article is " The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl . (avma.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe . (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)
  • Previously there was another avian influenza strain whose outbreak threatened the world and of course SARS and, more distantly, the ebola virus and the threat of bioterrorism . (thehealthcareblog.com)
  • The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
  • From the first human cases of the current bird flu strain to preparations for a potential pandemic, avian influenza news garnered great interest this week, becoming the top trending clinical topic. (medscape.com)
  • There has been ongoing 'highly pathogenic avian influenza' (HPAI) or 'bird flu' outbreak in South Africa, of the strains HPAI H5 and H7, over the last few months. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
  • A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • KRISTY PABILONIA: There was a large outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus similar to this virus, same lineage, back in 2014, 2015. (sciencefriday.com)
  • In 2014-2015 the United States experienced the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza that it had ever experienced. (usda.gov)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • The cause is a virus, Orthomyxovirus type A, its pathogenicity is variable, and isolates are designated sero-type/ species/location/reference number/year/subtype designation(H/N). Highly pathogenic forms are usually of the H groups 5 and 7 and may now be identified (if H5 or H7) by the presence of a sequence at the haemagglutinin cleavage site that codes for multiple basic amino acids. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • H5 viruses of low pathogenicity may become highly pathogenic usually after circulating in poultry flocks for a time (Pennsylvania, Italy). (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Risk awareness depends on high or low pathogenicity of AIVs, working in LPMs, levels of education, age, and proximity to the sites of severe AI outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Using attenuated, live viruses as vaccines is a promising strategy to reduce the impact of viral infectious diseases, such as influenza. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Two for one: Repeated seasonal influenza vaccines also provide kids better protection against future flu pandemics, researchers find. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
  • For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Outbreaks of the deadly and highly virulent avian flu virus have been detected at two Sonoma County. (yahoo.com)
  • The severity of the disease is variable, and the highly pathogenic form can rapidly kill numerous avian species. (usda.gov)
  • The viruses are fragile and highly susceptible to disinfectants, are rapidly and easily destroyed by ordinary chlorinated tap water, and are also inactivated by heat. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
  • There's always a potential for low-pathogenic avian flu viruses to evolve into highly pathogenic viruses. (prpeak.com)
  • Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Because flu viruses are constantly changing, CDC continually analyses viruses to identify genetic changes that suggest these viruses might spread more easily to and between people, and cause serious illness in people, or for changes that suggest reduced susceptibility to antivirals, as well as changes in the virus that might mean a new vaccine virus should be developed. (cdc.gov)
  • Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
  • [ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Thus far, news coverage of the outbreak has mainly focused on keeping track of the looming threat, recording the insufferable human cost, and, above all, evaluating the Chinese government's responsibility and response to this public health crisis. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • With many of the approximately 40 000 poultry farms in Egypt lacking biosecure production systems, and a high prevalence of backyard farming, there is a threat of a major outbreak in the country's poultry production system. (who.int)
  • Hong Kong has had no human cases of bird flu in the current outbreak, but CHP director Leung Pak-yin warned that the threat was increasing. (medindia.net)
  • Bangladesh has already prepared a National Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Preparedness Plan and an Emergency Operational Plan to meet the threat of bird flu and is implementing these plans to control the disease," Mr. Domenech said, while adding, "The situation remains of serious concern and will require further national engagement and coordinated international support. (un.org)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We sampled 46 cats, and 25 tested positive for avian influenza virus. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In late April, a state prison inmate who worked on a commercial poultry farm in Colorado tested positive for avian influenza A(H5) (see Infographic). (medscape.com)
  • CDC's influenza virus tests, which can detect both seasonal and novel influenza A viruses, are used in all 50 U.S states and globally. (cdc.gov)
  • The two-stage survey (before and after HPAI H5N2 outbreaks) was conducted from 2007 to 2012, including: (1) 430 LPMWs and 418 CRs at LPMs from different geographical areas of Taiwan after the government announced outbreaks of LPAI H5N2 during 2007-2009, and (2) 73 LPMWs and 152 CRs at two LPMs in central Taiwan after the HPAI H5N2 outbreaks in 2012. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The virus continued to spread further, infecting additional species of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • How serious the virus is varies enormously between different bird species, and whilst the spread of the virus seems to be occurring due to migratory bird species, the current outbreak is being driven mostly be commercial bird farming. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
  • The outbreak was the first known instance of the virus jumping the species barrier. (medindia.net)
  • The study reports documented cases of A (H3N8) avian influenza viruses crossing species boundaries and affecting a range of mammals, including dogs and horses. (medindia.net)
  • Scientists have isolated variants of the influenza virus in more than 100 wild bird species worldwide, from waterfowl like geese, swans, ducks and gulls to shoreline species like sandpipers, plovers and storks. (prpeak.com)
  • These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
  • Viruses by species are the most numerous of any biological entity on earth. (opednews.com)
  • Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
  • Badry A, Krone O , Jaspers VLB, Mateo R, García-Fernández A, Leivits M, Shore RF (2020): Towards harmonisation of chemical monitoring using avian apex predators: Identification of key species for pan-European biomonitoring. (izw-berlin.de)
  • Before HPAI-H5N2 outbreaks, higher educated respondents demonstrated greater risk awareness and concerns regarding AI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
  • But that outbreak was mostly detected in commercial poultry and the states and the USDA were able to respond and stamp out or eradicate that virus situation at that time. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Once the virus got onto a large commercial poultry farm, the virus did seem to adapt to become more infectious for chickens. (usda.gov)
  • Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (thieme-connect.de)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but [additional genes] from the avian virus. (opednews.com)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • Avian influenza , a deadly virus that can decimate poultry flocks, has been found in Arkansas and. (yahoo.com)
  • Egg-laying hens can no longer roam as freely, as farmers are temporarily keeping flocks inside during lethal outbreaks of bird flu. (medscape.com)
  • The virus then spread across Europe, detected there in autumn, before spreading to Africa and Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • South Africa has put in place biosecurity measures in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus, however relying on South Africa's measures will not minimise the risk and St Helena needs to put into place its own measures to prevent the introduction of the virus into the territory. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
  • Frozen chicken meat is generally processed well in advance, and it is likely that for the vast majority of Voyage 5 imports this will have preceded the spread of the outbreaks in South Africa. (sainthelena.gov.sh)
  • Since the first officially announced avian influenza outbreak in Bangladesh in February, the virus has spread to eleven out of 64 districts. (un.org)
  • Initially 28 countries united with a mandate to share information on animal disease outbreaks to allow the Member Countries to take the appropriate control measures to protect themselves and to prevent further spread of the disease. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
  • Available at https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/interregional-spread-influenza-through-united-states-described-virus-type-size-population-commuting-rates-distance . (netce.com)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If these strains acquire the ability to spread efficiently from person to person, an influenza pandemic could result. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
  • 5. Mao L, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Yang Y. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on U.S. counties: spatial heterogeneity and patterns. (netce.com)
  • 9. Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C. Seasonal incidence of symptomatic influenza in the United States. (netce.com)
  • The virus replicates mainly in respiratory tissues of chickens and turkeys but in the intestinal tract of clinically normal waterfowl. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Numerous studies have shown that climate change is a major factor that modifies the geographic and temporal distribution of zoonotic virus animal hosts, characteristics of the virus's animal host life cycle, dispersal pattern of the virus, and animal-to-human viral spill-over efficiency. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The objectives of this workshop are to identify aspects of preventing, detecting, and responding to zoonotic flu, particularly avian flu, that participating groups should focus on strengthening. (cdc.gov)
  • In response to recent outbreaks, the government and veterinary authorities have applied immediate control and containment measures in affected areas," said Joseph Domenech, FAO 's Chief Veterinary Officer. (un.org)
  • A step forward in the treatment of influenza. (netce.com)
  • Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
  • Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
  • Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It is approved for treatment of influenza A or B in children aged 2 weeks or older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. (medscape.com)
  • Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
  • This is a test in which the virus is inoculated into susceptible chickens that are then kept under observation. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Although these initial U.S. H5 HPAI viruses had reduced adaptation and transmissibility in chickens, multi-generational passage in poultry could generate poultry adapted viruses with higher infectivity and transmissibility. (usda.gov)
  • Exposure to live or dead poultry contaminated with avian influenza A virus results in the increase of human cases of avian influenza infection. (medindia.net)
  • Badry A, Schenke D, Treu G, Krone O (2021): Linking landscape composition and biological factors with exposure levels of rodenticides and agrochemicals in avian apex predators from Germany. (izw-berlin.de)
  • Because of this, zanamivir was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Oseltamivir is approved for use in children older than 1 year, for prevention of influenza following exposure. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 167 countries now form part of the OIE, and providing a mechanism for prompt reporting of disease outbreaks and occurrences is still one of the OIE's primary roles. (nationalacademies.org)