Avian hemagglutinin avian proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
citation needed] A highly pathogenic avian flu virus of H5N1 type has been found to infect humans at a low rate. (wikipedia.org)
The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to its ease of conversion to an active form by proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, these same mutations were required to render highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype transmissible via the air between ferrets -- a model organism for mammal influenza research. (upi.com)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
Research describing two mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza that spread between mammals is likely to be published in its entirety. (scientificamerican.com)
Two teams of scientists, led by Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, have created mutant strains of H5N1 avian influenza. (scientificamerican.com)
The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
Avian influenza viruses such as H5N1 or H7N9 have infected people, predominantly in Southeast Asia, but in these cases, the virus has been transmitted directly from infected birds to people, with no onward spread. (feedstuffs.com)
About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
CDC's existing influenza surveillance systems are well-equipped to rapidly detect cases of avian influenza A virus infection, including H5N1 virus, in people. (cdc.gov)
An H5 candidate vaccine virus (CVV) produced by CDC is identical or nearly identical to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of recently detected clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses in birds and mammals (including a 2022 H5 outbreak in mink in Spain) and could be used to produce a vaccine for people, if needed, and which would provide good protection. (cdc.gov)
A highly infectious strain of avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds across Scotland, in other parts of the UK, and internationally. (epicscotland.org)
Avian influenza viruses have been around for a very long time, but the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus strain (H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) that has been circulating in birds across much of the globe since 2021 has been the most long-lasting, widespread and severe on record. (epicscotland.org)
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses at the Animal-Human Interface in Vietnam, 2003-2010. (cdc.gov)
Scientists have identified a small family of lab-made proteins that neutralize a broad range of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 avian virus, the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 flu viruses. (science20.com)
These human monoclonal antibodies, identical infection-fighting proteins derived from the same cell lineage, also were found to protect mice from illness caused by H5N1 and other influenza A viruses. (science20.com)
They scanned tens of billions of monoclonal antibodies produced in bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, and found 10 antibodies active against the four major strains of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. (science20.com)
Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin[p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. (wikipedia.org)
Flu A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
In 1971, influenza viruses were first classified based on the antigenic properties of their structural and surface proteins: the nucleoprotein (NP) [type] and hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [subtype] proteins, as well as the species of origin. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza A viruses are further classified into two categories: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses based on specific criteria (viral characteristics and mortality in experimentally infected chickens 1 ). (cdc.gov)
While classification as an LPAI or HPAI virus refers to the severity of disease in infected poultry, both kinds of avian influenza A viruses have caused severe disease in infected humans. (cdc.gov)
A method to preserve, detect and sequence RNA from Avian Influenza Viruses was validated and extended using natural faecal samples from birds. (jove.com)
One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
These studies also demonstrated the longer-term persistence of portions of these viruses within the North Atlantic avian community. (usgs.gov)
The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
The H protein binds to cell receptors in order to initiate infection, while the N protein helps release new viruses from an infected cell, the institute explained. (feedstuffs.com)
Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses cause clinical signs such as mild breathing problems, decreased egg production and growth. (feedstuffs.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have severe and often fatal effects on some species of birds such as chickens, Pirbright noted, but some HPAI strains cause mild or no clinical signs of disease in wild birds and domestic waterfowl. (feedstuffs.com)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We find that the human H7 virus has significantly higher affinity for α-2,6-linked sialic acid analogues ('human receptor') than avian H7 while retaining the strong binding to α-2,3-linked sialic acid analogues ('avian receptor') characteristic of avian viruses. (flutrackers.com)
The human H7 virus does not, therefore, have the preference for human versus avian receptors characteristic of pandemic viruses. (flutrackers.com)
We conclude that the human H7 virus has acquired some of the receptor-binding characteristics that are typical of pandemic viruses, but its retained preference for avian receptor may restrict its further evolution towards a virus that could transmit efficiently between humans, perhaps by binding to avian-receptor-rich mucins in the human respiratory tract rather than to cellular receptors. (flutrackers.com)
Sometimes cats can get infected with avian viruses because they're eating infected bird meat, where they might be exposed to feces or even water that might be contaminated with feces from birds. (cdc.gov)
But in the United States, and especially in the Northeastern United States, back in the late 1990s and early 2000s, there were quite a bit of these avian influenza viruses, known as the H7N2 subtype. (cdc.gov)
Rapid initial response for a suspected infection and continuous surveillance are essential to mitigate the damage from highly pathogenic, transmittable pathogens such as avian influenza viruses. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
AI viruses are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins: hemagglutinin or "H" proteins, of which there are 16 (H1-H16), and neuraminidase or "N" proteins, of which there are 9 (N1-N9). (govdelivery.com)
In the Pacific flyway, the HPAI H5N8 virus has mixed with North American avian influenza viruses, creating new mixed-origin viruses. (govdelivery.com)
The N parts of these viruses came from North American low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (govdelivery.com)
Influenza viruses carry proteins on their surface. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Birds are the natural hosts for avian influenza viruses therefore infections in humans are uncommon. (epicscotland.org)
However, avian influenza viruses may occasionally infect humans: one human case has been reported in the UK since October 2021. (epicscotland.org)
The molecular characterizations of surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from recent H5Nx avian influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Virulence and transmission characteristics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses possessing different internal gene constellations. (qxmd.com)
A nosocomial cluster induced by co-infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) viruses occurred in 2 patients at a hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, in January 2014. (blogspot.com)
Dr. Marasco, Jianhua Sui, M.D., Ph.D., and other Dana-Farber colleagues began their study with avian flu viruses. (science20.com)
Influenza A viruses can include any one of the 16 known subtypes of HA proteins, which fall into two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. (science20.com)
Their monoclonal antibodies neutralized all testable viruses containing the 10 Group 1 HAs-which include the seasonal H1 viruses, the H1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic and the highly pathogenic avian H5 subtypes-but none of the viruses containing the six Group 2 HAs. (science20.com)
A multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A virus is a key determinant of pathogenicity in chickens, and distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI). (eur.nl)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
3.2.1.18) that are found, along with the sialic acid-binding protein Hemagglutinin, on the surface of influenza viruses that are pathogenic to mammalian or avian species. (cazypedia.org)
Viruses bind to the cell surface and enter via interaction of the hemagglutinin with cell surface sialic acids. (cazypedia.org)
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)

Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
WASHINGTON, April 6, 2015 -- The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza (HPAI) in a third commercial turkey flock in Stearns County, Minnesota. (govdelivery.com)
The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in two non-commercial backyard flocks (non-poultry) in Yavapai County, Arizona and Beaufort County, South Carolina. (provisioneronline.com)
All cases in commercial and backyard flocks will be listed on the APHIS website at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/2022-hpai . (provisioneronline.com)
In 2015, the last case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was at this time confirmed in a commercial flock, ending the 2014-15 record-setting outbreak. (foodsafetynews.com)

such mutation products may contain hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase proteins that are unrecognizable to the immune systems of mammals. (medscape.com)
Drug Susceptibility Evaluation of an Influenza A(H7N9) Virus by Analyzing Recombinant Neuraminidase Proteins. (cdc.gov)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
Within each subtype, multiple hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) lineages or clades cocirculate. (cdc.gov)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)

Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A has at least 18 different subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)

[ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
The haemagglutinin (HA) segments of A(H1N1)pdm09 from both real-time RT-PCR positive and negative samples were isolated and sequenced. (who.int)
Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)

Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)

The first description of avian influenza (bird flu) dates to 1878 in northern Italy, when it was described as a contagious disease of poultry associated with high mortality, referred to as "fowl plague. (cdc.gov)
Avian influenza , commonly known as 'bird flu,' is a disease caused by multiple strains of influenza virus. (feedstuffs.com)
Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
Avian influenza (bird flu) is a viral disease, and the high pathogenic strains can cause severe disease or death in some poultry and wild bird species. (epicscotland.org)

This paper focuses on accurately predicting if an Influenza type A virus can infect specific hosts, and more specifically, Human, Avian and Swine hosts, using only the protein sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. (bcu.ac.uk)
Specifically, complete and unique HA protein sequences were used for avian, human and swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
The data obtained for this work was 17999 human-host proteins, 17667 avian-host proteins and 9278 swine-host proteins. (bcu.ac.uk)
As the results show, the proposed model can distinguish HA protein sequences with high accuracy whenever the virus under investigation can infect Human, Avian or Swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
these processes resulted in multiple genotypes with gene segments of swine, avian, and human origin. (cdc.gov)
Two IDV lineages, D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 and D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (D/660), have been identified in swine and cattle in Europe on the basis of the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF). (cdc.gov)

To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
The reagent was made by reproducing hemagglutinin (HA) protein fragments, which are expressed on the surface of H5 avian influenza virus, through gene recombination and by labeling fluorescent molecules to the fragments. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
The US11 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a (+) to express His-tagged US11 protein in Escherichia coli. (biomedcentral.com)
The full-length US11 gene, which is composed of 459 bp (base pairs) and predicted to encode a protein of 152 amino acids, was amplified successfully from the HSV-1 (strain F) genome (Figure 1 , lane 1). (biomedcentral.com)
The Haemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus can be a target for antiviral drug development realised through accurate identification of its sub-types and possible the targeted hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)
Avian influenza is a poultry disease caused by influenza A virus infection. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
Avian influenza (AI) is caused by an influenza type A virus which can infect poultry (such as chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, domestic ducks, geese and guinea fowl) and is carried by free flying waterfowl such as ducks, geese and shorebirds. (govdelivery.com)
March 14, 2023 - With avian influenza A H5 outbreaks in wild birds and poultry spreading to Latin America and the Caribbean, public health and animal experts are gathering in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil this week to talk about improving the region's capacity to detect and respond to these outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
The latest figures are available for cases in poultry in Scotland , wild birds in GB and non-avian wildlife in GB . (epicscotland.org)

Specifically, the HA1 domain of the protein binds to the monosaccharide sialic acid which is present on the surface of its target cells, allowing attachment of viral particle to the host cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
The group also developed a reagent to detect anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody, a fluorescein-labeled protein that binds only with the antibody. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)

Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), used originally as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has recently been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for generation of recombinant vaccines that deliver protective antigens of other avian pathogens. (mdpi.com)

Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)

Depending on the damage caused to avian species, AIVs are categorized as either high or low pathogenicity (HP and LP, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)

Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)
In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
X-ray crystallography of the receptor-binding protein, haemagglutinin (HA), in complex with receptor analogues indicates that both human and avian receptors adopt different conformations when bound to human H7 HA than they do when bound to avian H7 HA. (flutrackers.com)

We have examined the receptor-binding properties of this H7N9 virus and compared them with those of an avian H7N3 virus. (flutrackers.com)
As of January 4, 2016, a novel avian influenza A virus, A(H7N9), first identified in China in March 2013 ( 1 ), had caused 676 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza in humans and 275 influenza-associated deaths in mainland China (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, unpub. (blogspot.com)

The mucin - type protein was used as a probe to analyze the O - glycosylation capacity of the se cell lines, which today are used for the commercial production of recombinant proteins and vaccine co mponents. (avhandlingar.se)
After purification by nickel affinity chromatography and refolding, the recombinant protein was used to raise the anti-US11 polyclonal antibody. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we obtained a high-level expression of the recombinant US11 protein as well as high titers of rabbit polyclonal antibody specially against US11 protein in HSV-1 infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. (qxmd.com)

We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)

Carbohydrate - protein inte ractions in nature are often mediated via multivalent binding where the combined strength of multiple receptor - ligand interactions results in a binding that is highly specific and strong. (avhandlingar.se)
The US11 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a small, highly basic phosphoprotein expressed at late times during infection. (biomedcentral.com)

As part of existing avian influenza response plans, Federal and State partners are working jointly on additional surveillance and testing in the nearby area. (govdelivery.com)
A workshop organized jointly by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA), will help participants hone their work in surveillance, early detection, and response to animal-human spread of flu, especially avian flu. (cdc.gov)
The introduction of avian flu poses a threat to the region, requiring both animal and human health sectors to be involved in surveillance and response preparations. (cdc.gov)
Internationally, CDC has been actively working in avian flu surveillance and prevention for some time, helping to coordinate efforts with public health officials to proactively prepare for and respond to H5 infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
Above the usual measures put in place for the prevention, surveillance, and reporting of avian influenza, additional investigations are being conducted in wild and domestic bird populations to identify why this outbreak has been more severe than previous outbreaks. (epicscotland.org)
The United States has the most robust avian influenza surveillance program in the world. (foodsafetynews.com)

P - selectin glycoprotein ligand - 1 (PSGL - 1) is a mucin - type protein that is heavily substituted with O - glycans. (avhandlingar.se)

The flock of 76,000 turkeys is located within the Mississippi flyway where this strain of avian influenza has previously been identified. (govdelivery.com)

However, it is rare for strains of avian flu to be transmitted to mammals from birds. (epicscotland.org)

The study suggests avian flu can regularly and repeatedly acquire mutations that make them more transmissible among mammals. (upi.com)
These findings suggest that the mutations the avian virus underwent once it took hold within the seal population have allowed it to become transmissible via the air between mammals. (upi.com)

Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)

The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface. (wikipedia.org)
Flu virus surface proteins (HA and NA) can change in two ways. (cdc.gov)
Ribbon diagram of the influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein bound by the F10 monoclonal antibody (red). (science20.com)
HA and neuraminidase are the two main surface proteins on the influenza virus. (science20.com)

Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)

The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
The HA/NA proteins play a key role during cellular infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The US11 protein expresses at late times during HSV-1 infection and is one of the late genes of HSV-1 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, it is clear that US11 is a multifunctional protein involved in HSV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
All bird keepers are legally required to follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent avian influenza infection in their birds. (epicscotland.org)

Avian influenza viral nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin proteins induce chicken CD8 + memory T lymphocytes. (southernbiotech.com)
The rapid test developed detected the lowest concentration of nucleocapsid protein at 0.1 μg/mL. (ugm.ac.id)

Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus, which has 8 RNA segments. (medscape.com)

By reproducing fragments of spike proteins expressed in the novel coronavirus, and using them as the reagent, the analyzer should be able to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)

An Avian Influenza Prevention Zone (AIPZ) was declared in October 2022 and is still in place as of February 2023 in Scotland and across Great Britain. (epicscotland.org)

Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Scientists have identified the genetic mutations that allowed an avian flu strain to adapt to mammalian transmission, triggering an outbreak among European seals. (upi.com)

It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)

Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
PSGL - 1 genetically fused to mouse IgG 2b Fc forms a dimeric PSGL - 1/mIgG 2b mucin - type fusion protein. (avhandlingar.se)

I also directed the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (2000-2016) that pioneers new high throughput methodologies and technologies for protein production, structure determination and functional analysis in order to investigate the Expanding Protein Universe and the human gut microbiome and other high-value targets in the regulation of stem cells and T cells. (scripps.edu)
There is some evidence that avian influenza can be passed from person to person, and while there are no records of efficient or sustained human transmission, there is a constant risk that one of the new strains may spread easily among people, which could result in a new influenza virus pandemic, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)

Our study revealed 100% specificity against negative COVID‐19 saliva and no cross‐reaction with avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. (ugm.ac.id)

The system can detect anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody with only 2 microliters of serum sample and within 20 minutes. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)

These findings might explain the increasing incidence of LP H5N2 AIV isolated from commercial avian farms. (biomedcentral.com)

Researchers have succeeded in detecting anti-avian influenza virus antibody in blood serum within 20 minutes, using a portable analyzer they have developed to conduct rapid on-site bio tests. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
To further investigate the function of the US11 protein, this study was undertaken to express the US11 protein and raise a polyclonal antibody. (biomedcentral.com)
Western blot analysis demonstrated that the US11 protein was specifically recognized by the polyclonal antibody, and immunofluorescent assay also showed that the antibody was able to probe the US11 protein in the cells infected with HSV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
This special polyclonal antibody provides a good tool for further studying structural and functional characterization of HSV-1 US11 protein. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequently, a polyclonal antibody was raised against the purified His-tagged US11 protein in rabbits. (biomedcentral.com)
Their detailed picture shows one arm of the antibody inserted into a genetically stable pocket in the neck of the HA protein, an interaction that blocks the shape change required for membrane fusion and virus entry into the cell. (science20.com)

Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
The workshop will also review the experiences of countries that have already had avian flu infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy14

Organisms41

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs55

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes39

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Health Care4

H5N125

Viruses57

HPAI6

Neuraminidase proteins2

Subtype3

Subtypes6

H1N15

LPAI1

Bird Flu4

Swine6

Gene6

Poultry10

Binds4

Antigens2

Sialic1

Species1

Receptors4

H7N92

Recombinant4

Vaccine5

Highly2

Surveillance6

Glycoprotein1

Strain of avian1

Strains of avian1

Mammals2

Humans2

Surface4

Antigenic1

Infection5

Nucleocapsid2

Caused by influenza A vir1

Antibodies1

20221

Mammalian1

Genetic1

Fusion Protein2

Human4

Specificity1

Detect1

Findings1

Antibody6

Infections2