• Flu A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • In 1971, influenza viruses were first classified based on the antigenic properties of their structural and surface proteins: the nucleoprotein (NP) [type] and hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [subtype] proteins, as well as the species of origin. (cdc.gov)
  • One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
  • Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin[p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A has at least 18 different subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
  • The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
  • Ribbon diagram of the influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein bound by the F10 monoclonal antibody (red). (science20.com)
  • The hidden part of the influenza virus is in the neck below the peanut-shaped head of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. (science20.com)
  • The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
  • To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • The reagent was made by reproducing hemagglutinin (HA) protein fragments, which are expressed on the surface of H5 avian influenza virus, through gene recombination and by labeling fluorescent molecules to the fragments. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
  • The structure of the hemagglutinin, or HA, protein in the virus and the lack of reports of severe disease in poultry indicate that the virus exhibits characteristics of low pathogenicity in birds. (cdc.gov)
  • H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). (flu.org.cn)
  • They target and bind tightly to strain-specific regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins on the virus. (stjude.org)
  • These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (bcm.edu)
  • An H5 candidate vaccine virus (CVV) produced by CDC is identical or nearly identical to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of recently detected clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses in birds and mammals (including a 2022 H5 outbreak in mink in Spain) and could be used to produce a vaccine for people, if needed, and which would provide good protection. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper focuses on accurately predicting if an Influenza type A virus can infect specific hosts, and more specifically, Human, Avian and Swine hosts, using only the protein sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • TISF was also shown to increase antibody titers to hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in a mouse model. (justia.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes according to the combinations of different virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The impact of this study is viral HA (Hemagglutinin action) is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET-BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. (hbsraevents.org)
  • The objective of the present study was to identify putative T cell epitopes of the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of an H5 AIV in chickens. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. (mitokor.com)
  • H5N1 hemagglutinin interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. (mitokor.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • citation needed] A highly pathogenic avian flu virus of H5N1 type has been found to infect humans at a low rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Scientists have identified a small family of lab-made proteins that neutralize a broad range of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 avian virus, the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 flu viruses. (science20.com)
  • These human monoclonal antibodies, identical infection-fighting proteins derived from the same cell lineage, also were found to protect mice from illness caused by H5N1 and other influenza A viruses. (science20.com)
  • They scanned tens of billions of monoclonal antibodies produced in bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, and found 10 antibodies active against the four major strains of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. (science20.com)
  • Simultaneously, Dr. Marasco's group teamed up with Robert C. Liddington, Ph.D., professor and chair of the Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center at Burnham, to determine the atomic structure of one of their monoclonal antibodies bound to the H5N1 HA. (science20.com)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
  • The influenza A H5N1 avian pandemic strain has a mortality rate of nearly 60 percent. (stjude.org)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • CDC's existing influenza surveillance systems are well-equipped to rapidly detect cases of avian influenza A virus infection, including H5N1 virus, in people. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples include avian influenza \'bird flu\' virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) or swine influenza \'swine flu\' virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5N1 subtype have caused morbidity and mortality in humans. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Despite the importance of avian species in transmission of AIV H5N1 to humans, very little is known about host immune system interactions with this virus in these species. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Insertion of an MBCS in the H3N2 virus resulted in cleavage of HA and efficient replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in the absence of exogenous trypsin in vitro, similar to HPAI H5N1 virus. (eur.nl)
  • Dr. Tim Uyeki, Chief Medical Officer of the Influenza Division at CDC, answers common questions about highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, which have been detected in the United States in wild birds since late 2021 and commercial and backyard poultry since February 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Like much of the rest of the world, the United States continues to experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds and poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. (mitokor.com)
  • Although it has been known that cleavage site and glycosylation patterns of the HA protein play important roles in determining the pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza viruses, it has only recently been shown that an additional glycosylation site within the globular head of the neuraminidase protein also contributes to the high virulence of the H5N1 virus. (mitokor.com)
  • Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species-jumping ability. (mitokor.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
  • Avian influenza A viruses are further classified into two categories: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses based on specific criteria (viral characteristics and mortality in experimentally infected chickens 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • While classification as an LPAI or HPAI virus refers to the severity of disease in infected poultry, both kinds of avian influenza A viruses have caused severe disease in infected humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
  • Pigs have been suggested to be the mixing vessel for avian and human influenza viruses because the porcine trachea contains binding receptors with preferences for human and avian influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • In the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human and swine influenza viruses is possible. (usda.gov)
  • Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses revealed that the HA segment is similar to an avian influenza virus (AIV) H2N3 isolated from mallards and the NA sequence is similar to an AIV H4N3 isolated from blue-winged teal. (usda.gov)
  • Here we characterize genetically similar reassortant H2N3 viruses isolated from pigs from two farms in the U.S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA, NA, and PA gene segments are similar to those of avian influenza viruses of the American lineage, whereas other segments are similar to those of contemporary swine influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • HA are homotrimeric glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza viruses. (scienceboard.net)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Dr. Marasco, Jianhua Sui, M.D., Ph.D., and other Dana-Farber colleagues began their study with avian flu viruses. (science20.com)
  • Influenza A viruses can include any one of the 16 known subtypes of HA proteins, which fall into two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. (science20.com)
  • Their monoclonal antibodies neutralized all testable viruses containing the 10 Group 1 HAs-which include the seasonal H1 viruses, the H1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic and the highly pathogenic avian H5 subtypes-but none of the viruses containing the six Group 2 HAs. (science20.com)
  • Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • Rapid initial response for a suspected infection and continuous surveillance are essential to mitigate the damage from highly pathogenic, transmittable pathogens such as avian influenza viruses. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
  • We find that the human H7 virus has significantly higher affinity for α-2,6-linked sialic acid analogues ('human receptor') than avian H7 while retaining the strong binding to α-2,3-linked sialic acid analogues ('avian receptor') characteristic of avian viruses. (flutrackers.com)
  • The human H7 virus does not, therefore, have the preference for human versus avian receptors characteristic of pandemic viruses. (flutrackers.com)
  • Human receptor bound to human H7 HA exits the binding site in a different direction to that seen in complexes formed by HAs from pandemic viruses and from an aerosol-transmissible H5 mutant. (flutrackers.com)
  • We conclude that the human H7 virus has acquired some of the receptor-binding characteristics that are typical of pandemic viruses, but its retained preference for avian receptor may restrict its further evolution towards a virus that could transmit efficiently between humans, perhaps by binding to avian-receptor-rich mucins in the human respiratory tract rather than to cellular receptors. (flutrackers.com)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • These studies also demonstrated the longer-term persistence of portions of these viruses within the North Atlantic avian community. (usgs.gov)
  • Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
  • The process hones their focus and primes them to target flu viruses based on the unique, rather than shared, surface proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Unlike antibodies, the T cells recognize flu viruses based on shared internal proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Virulence and transmission characteristics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses possessing different internal gene constellations. (qxmd.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans. (blackboardmasters.com)
  • Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The agency says avian flu viruses 'usually do not infect people,' though last spring, the CDC reported the infection of one person in Colorado who had been in contact with infected poultry. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Depending on the origin host, influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause severe disease in poultry and result in high death rates are called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause mild disease in poultry are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In many patients infected by A(H5) or A(H7N9) avian influenza viruses, the disease has an aggressive clinical course. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • For human infections with avian influenza A(H7N7) and A(H9N2) viruses, disease is typically mild or subclinical. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In terms of transmission, human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Substitution T401A in the novel N9 protein appears to functionally mimic the substitutions that are found in the 2(nd) SIA-binding site of NA proteins of avian-derived IAVs that became human pandemic viruses. (uu.nl)
  • A multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A virus is a key determinant of pathogenicity in chickens, and distinguishes highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI). (eur.nl)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • 2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)
  • Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
  • As noted above, another epitope must still be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the 6 other HA types. (virology.ws)
  • Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. (edu.au)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
  • The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neuraminidase (NA) has 11 known subtypes, hence influenza virus is named as H1N1, H5N2 etc., depending on the combinations of HA and NA. (wikipedia.org)
  • HA and neuraminidase are the two main surface proteins on the influenza virus. (science20.com)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors act directly on the viral proteins, decreasing the virulence of infection. (medscape.com)
  • Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • We have examined the receptor-binding properties of this H7N9 virus and compared them with those of an avian H7N3 virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • Recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HA segment of the H7N9 subtype is closely related to a strain that was isolated from domestic ducks in Zhejiang, China, in 2011. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1988, the HA- and NA-producing genes of avian influenza subtype H7N9 have been deposited in GenBank 12 times, mainly representing isolates collected from wild bird hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • to α2,3-linked sialic acids (SIAs) compared to a closely related avian H7N9 virus from 2008. (uu.nl)
  • Different HA/NA combinations allow AIV subtype discrimination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • In this technique, recombinant HA protein (the H5 subtype) was used to bind bacteriophage particles that bear on their surfaces variable chains of human antibodies. (virology.ws)
  • The first description of avian influenza (bird flu) dates to 1878 in northern Italy, when it was described as a contagious disease of poultry associated with high mortality, referred to as "fowl plague. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza is a poultry disease caused by influenza A virus infection. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
  • March 14, 2023 - With avian influenza A H5 outbreaks in wild birds and poultry spreading to Latin America and the Caribbean, public health and animal experts are gathering in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil this week to talk about improving the region's capacity to detect and respond to these outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the avian flu began circulating last year, there have been outbreaks at poultry operations in 47 states. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The avian virus is an Influenza-A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)
  • Lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome more vulnerable to infectious diseases, especial y epi- virus (SARS), avian influenza, Middle East respiratory demic- and pandemic-prone SARI, owing to the lack of syndrome (MERS) and novel H1N1 pandemic influenza preparedness required for critical care services, including posed significant threats to humans, particularly in Asia. (who.int)
  • Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • When used together as a host tropism prediction system, zoonotic strains could potentially be identified based on different protein prediction results. (springer.com)
  • Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • These strains were isolated and guarded by an officially certified laboratory to issue reports for control and eradication of avian influenza in Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The findings highlight a novel way to generate antibodies that recognize and target proteins shared by most influenza A strains rather than those unique to each strain. (stjude.org)
  • Flu virus surface proteins (HA and NA) can change in two ways. (cdc.gov)
  • All internal genes except PA were similar to influenza virus gene segments found in contemporary triple reassortant (human, swine, avian) SIVs in the United States. (usda.gov)
  • Discover related pathways, diseases and genes to TRIM50C Recombinant Protein (H00378108-P01). (novusbio.com)
  • All H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated in early winter and had HA genes belonging to the G2a group. (flu.org.cn)
  • Structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (p450inhibitors.com)
  • Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (edu.au)
  • In this study, we characterized HA and NA genes and proteins of 5 Iranian isolate which have been isolated from Commercial broiler chicken in the Iran between 2008 and 2009. (scialert.net)
  • The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
  • When they surveyed more than 6,000 available HA genetic sequences of the 16 HA subtypes, they found the pockets to be very similar within each Group but to be significantly different between the two Groups. (science20.com)
  • We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent work we developed the first bioinformatic representation of protein dynamics, and are currently using this tool, in combination with earlier studies of the static physical properties of amino acid sequences, to elucidate basic mechanisms of protein folding. (rochester.edu)
  • We have extended our studies to encompass intrinsically disordered proteins, and are using the sequences of those proteins as an added resource in the study of folding and stability in proteins. (rochester.edu)
  • In earlier work, we have applied novel bioinformatic methods to the comparison of protein sequences and protein structures, and used the resulting data to address problems at the foundations of bioinformatics. (rochester.edu)
  • Global informatics and physical property selection in protein sequences. (rochester.edu)
  • Homolog detection using global sequence properties suggests an alternate view of structural encoding in protein sequences. (rochester.edu)
  • Beyond supersecondary structure: the global properties of protein sequences. (rochester.edu)
  • Eight of the complete HA and NA genetic sequences are attributed to wild birds, 3 are attributed to domestic birds, and 1 is attributed to a bird that could not be identified as wild or domestic because insufficient information was available. (cdc.gov)
  • We therefore construct a web server named Fluctrl that implements a pipeline whereby human influenza HA viral sequences were downloaded from the NCBI database and analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drift of avian flu sequences? (cdc.gov)
  • In more detail, we propose encoding the protein sequences into numerical signals using the Hydrophobicity Index and subsequently utilising a Convolutional Neural Network-based predictive model. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • The Influenza HA protein sequences used in the proposed work are obtained from the Influenza Research Database (IRD). (bcu.ac.uk)
  • Specifically, complete and unique HA protein sequences were used for avian, human and swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • As the results show, the proposed model can distinguish HA protein sequences with high accuracy whenever the virus under investigation can infect Human, Avian or Swine hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • The application only requires the viral protein sequences from both the animal and human host populations as input datasets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis of five representative isolates confirmed that all isolates possessed one type of amino acid motif (R-S-S-R/GL) at cleavage site of HA, Deduced amino acid sequences showed the presence of L226 (234 in H9 numbering) in all five Iranian isolates which indicates a preference to binding of α (2-6) sialic acid receptors. (scialert.net)
  • HA and NA sequences each in the analysis. (who.int)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • The data obtained for this work was 17999 human-host proteins, 17667 avian-host proteins and 9278 swine-host proteins. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • X-ray crystallography of the receptor-binding protein, haemagglutinin (HA), in complex with receptor analogues indicates that both human and avian receptors adopt different conformations when bound to human H7 HA than they do when bound to avian H7 HA. (flutrackers.com)
  • The Haemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virus can be a target for antiviral drug development realised through accurate identification of its sub-types and possible the targeted hosts. (bcu.ac.uk)
  • Depending on the damage caused to avian species, AIVs are categorized as either high or low pathogenicity (HP and LP, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we estimate the sample size necessary to detect this low pathogenicity strain of avian influenza virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • However, studies in ferrets demonstrated that insertion of the MBCS into HA did not result in increased virus shedding, cellular host range, systemic replication or pathogenicity, as compared with wild-type virus. (eur.nl)
  • This study also demonstrates that molecular drifts in the HA gene lineages follow a yearly trend, suggesting gradually cumulative sequence mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The resultant recombinant baculovirus (BV-G-HA) mediated gene delivery and HA expression efficiently in mammalian cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The latest CDC data shows the avian flu has been detected in a range of species, including black vultures and geese. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Screening of animal IAVs to monitor their potential to cross the host species barrier should therefore not only focus on the HA protein, but also on the functional properties of NA. (uu.nl)
  • The objectives of this workshop are to identify aspects of preventing, detecting, and responding to zoonotic flu, particularly avian flu, that participating groups should focus on strengthening. (cdc.gov)
  • Nevertheless, 13 years after the use of the vaccination started and more than 2 billion doses were used in the Mexican avian industry [ 4 ], an increase in respiratory signs of disease has been observed in vaccinated, field challenged birds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All AIVs were obtained from vaccinated birds showing clinical signs of avian influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 254 Increase in Human Infections with Avian Influenza that their parents might find out. (cdc.gov)
  • The workshop will also review the experiences of countries that have already had avian flu infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Internationally, CDC has been actively working in avian flu surveillance and prevention for some time, helping to coordinate efforts with public health officials to proactively prepare for and respond to H5 infections in people and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • Our phylogenetic analyses show that substitution T401A occurred prior to substitutions in HA causing the altered receptor-binding properties mentioned above. (uu.nl)
  • in Jordan, we performed a phylogenetic analyser (Applied Biosystems, Foster analysis and genetic analysis of the HA City, CA, USA). (who.int)
  • Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)
  • The HA/NA proteins play a key role during cellular infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G3BP1/2 are paralogous proteins that promote stress granule formation in response to cellular stresses, including viral infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), used originally as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has recently been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for generation of recombinant vaccines that deliver protective antigens of other avian pathogens. (mdpi.com)
  • There are no publications for TRIM50C Recombinant Protein (H00378108-P01). (novusbio.com)
  • Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. (qxmd.com)
  • Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
  • Inhibiting mTOR disrupted generation of the antibodies that target specific regions of the HA proteins that are unique to each flu strain. (stjude.org)
  • Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes, causing as a result the internalization of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, the HA1 domain of the protein binds to the monosaccharide sialic acid which is present on the surface of its target cells, allowing attachment of viral particle to the host cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that their N9 protein displays reduced binding to and lower enzymatic activity against multivalent substrates, resulting from mutation of the 2(nd) sialic acid-binding site. (uu.nl)
  • Amino acid substitutions of the HA were deemed to be positively selected to reduce antibody binding and therefore were supposed to be responsible for driving antigenic drift. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)
  • We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
  • Mice immunized with 1 x 10(9)PFU of BV-G-HA developed significantly higher levels of H5-specific antibodies and cellular immunity than those that received 100 microg of DNA vaccines expressing HA, and were completely protected from lethal challenge with HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • By reproducing fragments of spike proteins expressed in the novel coronavirus, and using them as the reagent, the analyzer should be able to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
  • This study also advanced understanding of the role a protein named mTOR plays in generating the highly specific antibodies. (stjude.org)
  • If another epitope can be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against group 2 HA subtypes, then a universal vaccine that confers life-long protection might be feasible. (virology.ws)
  • When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
  • Resolution of the X-ray structure of one of the monclonal antibodies bound the the H5 HA protein revealed that the antibody binding site is a hydrophobic pocket on the stem of the HA molecule. (virology.ws)
  • The authors circumvented this problem by selecting antibodies using a soluble form of the HA protein, which is not subject to such steric constraints. (virology.ws)
  • Additional screening of human antibodies with soluble HA protein will presumably address this issue. (virology.ws)
  • Different vaccination doses were further tested in chickens, and these experiments demonstrated that 1 x 10(8)PFU of BV-G-HA offered complete protection from challenge with 100 LD(50) of HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Using an overlapping peptide library covering the HA protein, we identified a 15-mer peptide, H5(246-260), within the HA1 domain which induced activation of T cells in chickens immunized against the HA antigen of an H5 virus. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The group also developed a reagent to detect anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody, a fluorescein-labeled protein that binds only with the antibody. (medicaldesignbriefs.com)
  • Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
  • That approach requires developing and administering a new flu vaccine each year to keep up with changes in those unique and highly variable HA and NA proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
  • Sequence determinants of protein architecture. (rochester.edu)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The introduction of avian flu poses a threat to the region, requiring both animal and human health sectors to be involved in surveillance and response preparations. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence-specific dynamic information in proteins. (rochester.edu)
  • Sequence-, structure-, and dynamics-based comparisons of structurally homologous CheY-like proteins. (rochester.edu)
  • We have constructed a web server, named Fluctrl, and implemented a pipeline whereby HA sequence data is downloaded from the Influenza Virus Resource at NCBI along with their isolation information including isolation year and location, which are parsed and managed in MySQL database. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its protein sequence has not been determined, but methods for its isolation and purification are disclosed in U.S. Pat. (justia.com)
  • December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
  • To redirect immune responses from the head to the stalk, researchers from Mount Sinai have developed a sequential chimeric HA (cHA) vaccine. (scienceboard.net)
  • The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
  • The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
  • Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
  • If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
  • Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)