• Asian lineage H7N9 and highly pathogenic avian influenza Asian lineage H5N1 viruses have been responsible for most human illness from bird flu viruses worldwide to date, including the most serious illnesses and illness with the highest mortality. (cdc.gov)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • The complex changes required for airborne transmissibility in ferrets suggest that extensive evolution is needed for H5N1 transmissibility in humans. (nih.gov)
  • H3N8 viruses are a different influenza A virus subtype and unrelated to H5N1 viruses currently spreading among wild birds and poultry in the United States and globally. (cdc.gov)
  • Over the past two decades, H7N9 viruses have caused the highest number of human infections with bird flu viruses, and H5N1 viruses have caused the second highest number of human infections . (cdc.gov)
  • CDC has guidance for specific groups of people with exposure to poultry, including poultry workers and people responding to outbreaks of avian influenza A(H5N1) in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Starting in January, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) detected highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in wild birds in the United States followed by multiple detections in U.S. commercial poultry and backyard bird flocks [1,2]. (cdc.gov)
  • During January 13, 2022, through April 27, 2022, USDA APHIS reported more than 899 detections of wild birds infected with HPAI A(H5N1) virus in 33 states [1]. (cdc.gov)
  • On February 9, 2022, USDA APHIS confirmed the first outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) virus in a commercial turkey flock in Indiana [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • On April 20, 2022, an adult in Colorado developed fatigue following exposure to presumptive H5N1 virus-infected poultry while participating in poultry depopulation activities during April 18-22, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Ancestors of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses first emerged in southern China and led to large poultry outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997, which resulted in 18 human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • These poultry outbreaks were controlled, but HPAI A(H5N1) viruses were not eradicated in birds, and the virus reassorted and reemerged in 2003 to spread widely in birds throughout Asia, and later in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, causing sporadic human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The strain previously considered the greatest threat was H5N1, mostly because of the high associated mortality rate (up to 60%) in infected humans. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 is typically a highly pathogenic virus in birds, resulting in severe disease and death. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] A reassorted H5N1 virus has been reported in the United States among wild birds but is not considered a threat to humans. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 was first reported to cause severe human disease in 1997 in an outbreak among infected chickens on Hong Kong Island. (medscape.com)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The global spread of H5N1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. (wikipedia.org)
  • While other H5N1 influenza strains are known, they are significantly different on a genetic level from a recent, highly pathogenic, emergent strain of H5N1, which was able to achieve hitherto unprecedented global spread in 2008. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tens of millions of birds have died of H5N1 influenza and hundreds of millions of birds have been slaughtered and disposed of, to limit the spread of H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Surveillance of H5N1 in humans, poultry, wild birds, cats and other animals remains very weak in many parts of Asia and Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • So far, it is very difficult for humans to become infected with H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of highly pathogenic (deadly) H5N1 around the world in both birds in the wild (swans, magpies, ducks, geese, pigeons, eagles, etc.) and in chickens and turkeys on farms has been demonstrated in millions of cases with the virus isolate actually sequenced in hundreds of cases yielding definitive proof of the evolution of this strain of this subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (bird flu virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • According to Robert G. Webster: The epicenters of both the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957 and the Hong Kong influenza pandemic of 1968 were in Southeast Asia, and it is in this region that multiple clades of H5N1 influenza virus have already emerged. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Asian H5N1 virus was first detected in Guangdong Province, China, in 1996, when it killed some geese, but it received little attention until it spread through live-poultry markets in Hong Kong to humans in May 1997, killing 6 of 18 infected people. (wikipedia.org)
  • From 1997 to May 2005, H5N1 viruses were largely confined to Southeast Asia, but after they had infected wild birds in Qinghai Lake, China, they rapidly spread westward. (wikipedia.org)
  • The intermittent spread to humans will continue, and the virus will continue to evolve.Map On July 25, 2008, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) released an Avian Influenza Disease Emergency Situation Update, reporting that H5N1 pathogenicity was continuing to gradually rise in endemic areas but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds was being held in check by vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Confirmed human cases and mortality rate of avian influenza (H5N1) - 2003-2023 Source: World Health Organization Human Animal Interface · edit this table A highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 caused flu outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses in 1959 in Scotland in chickens and in 1991 in England in turkeys. (wikipedia.org)
  • The precursor of the H5N1 influenza virus that spread to humans in 1997 was first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996, when it caused a moderate number of deaths in geese and attracted very little attention. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1, H5N8 and H7N9) can infect humans with lethal consequences (up to 60% mortality) and are potential pandemic threats for humanity if they develop human-to-human transmissability 2 . (nature.com)
  • Human ANP32A ( h ANP32A) lacks an insertion of 33 disordered residues compared to av ANP32A, restricting av H5N1 polymerase activity in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • Most bird flu viruses don't infect humans, but some strains - particularly H5N1 and H7N9 - can, in rare cases, spread to humans and cause serious illnesses. (everydayhealth.com)
  • There have been a few cases of H5N1 in humans who've eaten food made with raw, contaminated poultry blood, but there's no evidence that people have been infected with bird flu from eating properly cooked poultry. (everydayhealth.com)
  • But the H7N9 and H5N1 viruses have become resistant to the antiviral drugs amantadine (Gocovri) and rimantadine (Flumadine) . (everydayhealth.com)
  • On March 2, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) confirmed a bald eagle found dead in British Columbia, Canada tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) Eurasian strain H5N1. (govdelivery.com)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • From the Interior, to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has identified high-pathogenic strains (HPAI) of H5N1 - the most deadly variety of avian influenza or "bird flu"- in 42 B.C. flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • H5N1 infection in humans can cause severe disease and has a high mortality rate," states the WHO. (prpeak.com)
  • If the H5N1 virus were to change and become easily transmissible from person to person while retaining its capacity to cause severe disease, the consequences for public health could be very serious. (prpeak.com)
  • A study headed by a University of Wisconsin-Madison virologist claims that a new compound could be extremely effectual against the pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, counting a few drug-resistant strains. (healthjockey.com)
  • Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
  • While working with mice, the experts apparently discovered that a single intranasal dose of CS-8958 given two hours following infection with H5N1 influenza virus supposedly led to elevated survival rate and lower virus levels as compared to a usual five-day course of oseltamivir. (healthjockey.com)
  • CS-8958 was also believed to be effectual against extremely pathogenic and oseltamivir-resistant strains of H5N1 virus. (healthjockey.com)
  • Apart from its therapeutic use, CS-8958 also apparently shielded mice against deadly H5N1 infection when given seven days prior to infection with the virus. (healthjockey.com)
  • CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
  • Bird flu (avian influenza/avian flu) is a disease caused by an influenza virus (H5N1) that primarily affects birds but can infect humans also. (medindia.net)
  • The H5N1 strain of the bird flu virus has killed more than 400 people worldwide since it first appeared in 2003, most of them in southeast Asia. (medindia.net)
  • Bird flu in Brazil: Authorities are watching if the bird flu virus H5N1 is mutating into a form which can spread amongst humans. (medindia.net)
  • Bird flu outbreak: New mutation in avian influenza virus (H5N1) could be the next human pandemic, warn health experts. (medindia.net)
  • The test can accurately detect and identify all commonly circulating human influenza viruses as well as avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The government does have a supply of a vaccine for one type of H5N1 bird flu virus and could distribute it if there was an outbreak that spread easily from person to person. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza has low-pathogenic (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) strains. (medscape.com)
  • This strain has drawn more attention than other HPAI strains because of ongoing reports of bird-to-human transmissions that result in severe disease in the human host. (medscape.com)
  • In 2004, an outbreak of an HPAI H7N3 in Canada resulted in mild human disease. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • For more information about HPAI, symptoms, biosecurity and how you can protect your flock please visit ODA's avian influenza webpage in English at https://oda.direct/AI and in Spanish at https://oda.direct/IA . (govdelivery.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (LPMWs) and local community residents (CRs) to face the challenges of LPAI and HPAI is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Illness in humans from bird flu virus infections have ranged in severity from no symptoms or mild illness to severe disease that resulted in death. (cdc.gov)
  • Infected birds shed bird flu virus through their saliva, mucous and feces. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infections with bird flu viruses can happen when virus gets into a person's eyes, nose or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred most often after unprotected contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated with bird flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The spread of bird flu viruses from one infected person to a close contact is very rare , and when it has happened, it has only spread to a few people. (cdc.gov)
  • However, because of the possibility that bird flu viruses could change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person spread is extremely important for public health. (cdc.gov)
  • The reported signs and symptoms of bird flu virus infections in humans have ranged from no symptoms or mild illness [such as eye redness (conjunctivitis) or mild flu-like upper respiratory symptoms], to severe (such as pneumonia requiring hospitalization) and included fever (temperature of 100ºF [37.8ºC] or greater) or feeling feverish*, cough, sore throat, runny or stuff nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu virus infection is usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the upper respiratory tract (nose or throat) of the sick person. (cdc.gov)
  • For critically ill patients, collection and testing of lower respiratory tract specimens also may lead to diagnosis of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • However, for some patients who are no longer very sick or who have fully recovered, it may be difficult to detect bird flu virus in a specimen. (cdc.gov)
  • April 14, 2023 - The National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China reported a confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H3N8) virus "H3N8 bird flu" on March 27, 2023. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the third human infection with H3N8 bird flu virus and first fatality ever reported. (cdc.gov)
  • Sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred with different bird flu virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, CDC does not recommend against travel to any countries due to bird flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • A person has tested positive for avian influenza A(H5) virus (H5 bird flu) in the U.S., as confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and reported by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment on April 28, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Bird flu, or avian flu, is a type of infection that occurs mainly in birds. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Bird flu is transmitted to humans when these viruses, which are part of a group called avian influenza A viruses, travel from the saliva, mucus , or droppings of an infected bird into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The symptoms of bird flu typically begin within two to five days after catching the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional will take a swab from a person's nose or throat and send the sample to a lab, which can use a molecular test to detect the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Bird flu in humans can be treated with antiviral drugs, which can hamper the viruses' ability to replicate and help people recover from the illness. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, is an infectious viral disease of birds. (who.int)
  • Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • No human cases of bird flu were recorded. (medindia.net)
  • A newly detected variant of bird flu virus has been associated with serious lung infection, ultimately resulting in death. (medindia.net)
  • Canadian woman who recently returned from a trip to China is the first human case of H7N9 bird flu in North America, said health officials on Monday. (medindia.net)
  • Bird flu viruses infect birds, including chickens, other poultry, and wild birds such as ducks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Usually bird flu viruses only infect other birds. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is rare for people to get infected with bird flu viruses, but it can happen. (medlineplus.gov)
  • H3N8 viruses have been sporadically detected in poultry in China and some have been found to be genetically closely related to the human cases reported in 2022 [ 3 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have resulted from direct contact with, or close exposure to, infected birds/poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • According to a statement from the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , the third human infection with H3N8 virus occurred in an adult in China who reportedly had a history of exposure to live poultry and wild birds (which had been observed around the home). (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of A(H5) virus in one person who was involved in culling of poultry does not change the human health risk assessment, which remains low for the general public. (cdc.gov)
  • 9 LBMs have been the primary site where avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has been detected in poultry and environmental samples in the affected areas, 9 although age- and sex-specific LBM visit patterns are unknown.Elderly Chinese men are well-known to be hobbyists of "walking" ornamental pet songbirds and take frequent and extended walks with their caged birds, congregating together in parks. (who.int)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
  • In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
  • On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)
  • Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
  • Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • A highly pathogenic avian influenza confirmed in four states can be very deadly for birds, but a Kansas State University poultry expert says humans don't need to worry about their own health or contaminated poultry products. (medicalxpress.com)
  • These H5N2 variants have never been known to cause any transmission between humans and poultry," said Scott Beyer, associate professor of animal sciences and industry and K-State Research and Extension state poultry specialist. (medicalxpress.com)
  • However, it is important to verify that these phenomena remain sporadic and that the viruses that have acquired this ability to cross into mammals are not detected on poultry farms. (anses.fr)
  • 3) Eating undercooked poultry has also been associated with infections other than influenza, including salmonella (1). (everydayhealth.com)
  • A large dependence on poultry as the main form of animal protein consumption in the normal diet means that highly pathogenic avian influenza also poses a significant threat to food security. (who.int)
  • WHO works with the MoHP to provide seasonal influenza vaccines to vulnerable groups, including health workers in fever and chest hospitals, people working in poultry farms, rapid response teams, veterinarians and pilgrims going to Saudi Arabia for Hajj. (who.int)
  • Such cases might occurr in people who had contact with sick or dead poultry that were infected with these viruses. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The seven commercial Fraser Valley poultry farms hit with the virus since Nov. 16 have come under "intense disease pressure," said B.C. Minister of Agriculture Lana Popham. (prpeak.com)
  • Exposure to live or dead poultry contaminated with avian influenza A virus results in the increase of human cases of avian influenza infection. (medindia.net)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most human cases were exposed to A(H5) viruses through contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments, including live poultry markets. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human-to-human transmission is limited, most cases are acquired from animals, typically poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Almost all confirmed cases have been sporadic, with no epidemiologic link to other human cases, and are presumed to have resulted from exposure to infected birds ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • H3N8 viruses were first detected in wild birds in the 1960s and have been detected in other animals. (cdc.gov)
  • however, H3N8 viruses of a different genetic lineage have been detected in U.S. wild birds and some mammals in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza is a slightly misleading term, as influenza is among the natural infections found in birds. (medscape.com)
  • The term avian influenza used in this context refers to zoonotic human infection with an influenza strain that primarily affects birds. (medscape.com)
  • Although all strains of influenza A virus naturally infect birds, certain strains can infect mammalian hosts such as pigs and humans. (medscape.com)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • Most influenza strains evolve exclusively in the large reservoir of water birds, but some highly pathogenic avian strains (e.g. (nature.com)
  • We are always testing and monitoring to see if any birds have any type of influenza. (medicalxpress.com)
  • If those birds stop and feed or nest for awhile, then move back to another area of the country, they can drop off the virus to our local small flocks and even our commercial farms. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Beyer says other animals can spread this influenza , such as dogs and small birds. (medicalxpress.com)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • The increase in such viral transfers from birds to mammals in different countries calls for vigilance, as they could facilitate the possible transfer to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Christmas dinner in British Columbia could look a little different this year as nearly two dozen farms across the province slaughter hundreds of thousands of birds in an attempt to contain the avian influenza virus. (prpeak.com)
  • The outbreaks in Chilliwack and Abbotsford come out of step with the seasonal migration of wild birds, which have been found to carry and pass on the virus to domestic flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • The virus this year is different than we've ever seen in the past and it is behaving differently in both wild birds and domestic birds,' said Brittain. (prpeak.com)
  • In the same way that many humans pull through an annual bout of the flu, many strains of the avian varieties rarely cause more than the sniffles, lethargy or fever in birds. (prpeak.com)
  • CFIA says there have been no cases of wild birds passing the virus to humans in Canada, but transmission from pet birds to humans is still a risk. (prpeak.com)
  • The various factors and conditions that determine susceptibility to influenza infection and disease severity are also covered, as is our current understanding of the ecology and evolution of influenza viruses, the various subtypes, and their transmission and epidemiology in humans, birds, swine, bats, and other animals. (cshlpress.com)
  • The minister said that as of Wednesday, 232,385 birds were exposed to the virus and 51,444 had died -- up from nearly 140,000 exposures and just over 22,000 deaths on January 21. (medindia.net)
  • Researchers monitored the continuing avian flu pandemic to gauge its evolving risk to both humans and birds. (medindia.net)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Major difficulties with this expression exist, largely because it is ambiguous, and because all influenza A viruses have a host in birds. (bvsalud.org)
  • The expression is not always used consistently by authors: sometimes it (correctly) describes the disease in birds, while other times it refers to a disease and potential pandemic in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Research led by Honglei Sun at China Agricultural University (CAU) in Beijing has identified such a strain in pigs that has already begun to infect humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated it was positive for influenza A virus but negative for contemporary seasonal human H1pdm09 and H3 influenza A virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • There are several different subtypes of influenza hemagglutanin, numbered H1 to H16. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 2011, there was an outbreak of H3N8 viruses among harbor seals in New England that caused deaths in 162 seals [ 7 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • As the United Nations specialized agency for health, and a central partner in UNMEER, WHO has been at the forefront of these efforts on an international scale, and has characterized the Ebola virus disease outbreak "the most severe, acute health emergency seen in modern times. (who.int)
  • Martha Nelson, an evolutionary biologist at the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International Center, who studies pig influenza viruses, said that in an ideal world, scientists would create a G4 vaccine in preparation for a possible outbreak. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In 2014, the US also reported an outbreak of the virus. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Scientists conduct blood tests on chickens after an outbreak of avian influenza in China. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Long-term clinical prognosis of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China after hospitalization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • [ 5 ] In early 2009, a recombinant H1N1 influenza consisting of a mix of swine, avian, and human gene segments spread rapidly around the world, but it was a low-pathogenicity strain. (medscape.com)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • Differential expression of specific factors observed between avian H7N9 and pdmH1N1 influenza virus strains could explain the variation in disease pathogenicity. (aacc.org)
  • These findings provide a framework for future studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of avian H7N9 virus. (aacc.org)
  • Collectively, our data provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of the differential pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses. (aacc.org)
  • The most striking pandemic occurred in 1918, when the Spanish influenza (H1N1) resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • The most recent pandemic was in 2009, caused by a swine-origin influenza of the H1N1 serotype. (medscape.com)
  • Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
  • This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
  • Scientists have likened pigs to "mixing vessels" for generating pandemic influenza viruses because they host both mammalian and avian flu viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pandemic influenza, and primarily avian influenza, is a serious concern for Egypt. (who.int)
  • The Government of Egypt has taken the threat of pandemic influenza seriously and developed the National Influenza Pandemic Executive Committee (NIPEC). (who.int)
  • WHO offers technical support to the NIPEC and participated in the development of the Integrated National Plan for avian and pandemic influenza in response to the rapid spread of avian influenza and pandemic influenza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (who.int)
  • Background:Mainland China has experienced five epidemics of human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection since 2013. (ox.ac.uk)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • Since 31 March 2013, the government of China has been notifying the World Health Organization (WHO) of human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 1 as mandated by the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
  • Since then, six waves of H7N9 infection have occurred in China, resulting in more than 1,500 cumulative human infections, according to the World Health Organization. (enewspf.com)
  • [ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
  • In their paper, the scientists warn that existing flu vaccines are unlikely to protect human populations from G4. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Because evolutionary changes in these viruses are difficult to predict and our understanding of their pathogenic effects is incomplete, the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics for influenza remains challenging. (cshlpress.com)
  • Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine reviews cutting-edge research on the viruses that cause influenza, the molecular mechanisms of infection, the epidemiology of these viruses in humans and animals, and current strategies for designing vaccines and antivirals. (cshlpress.com)
  • In addition, the authors examine the human immune response to influenza infection, insights gained from animal models, and technological advances in the design and delivery of vaccines and antivirals. (cshlpress.com)
  • Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccines against seasonal influenza are reformulated annually in order to contain the most recently circulating strains. (medscape.com)
  • For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)
  • The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
  • Further characterization of the virus from the patient is planned. (who.int)
  • The Clade typing of HA gene showed the virus belonged to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4. (flu.org.cn)
  • H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) have previously been reported, 3 the current event in China is of historical significance as it is the first time that A(H7N9) viruses have been detected among humans and the first time that a low pathogenic avian influenza virus is being associated with human fatalities. (who.int)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, for these avian (av) viruses to efficiently replicate in mammalian cells, host adaptation of the viral polymerase is necessary. (nature.com)
  • The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
  • Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures have been an effective model to assess the viral-host interaction. (aacc.org)
  • Contributors discuss all aspects of the molecular virology of influenza-the viral and host factors involved in the attachment and entry into host cells, the transcription and replication of viral genomes, and virus assembly and budding. (cshlpress.com)
  • Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that destroys the infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)
  • By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
  • The work comes as a salutary reminder that we are constantly at risk of new emergence of zoonotic pathogens and that farmed animals, with which humans have greater contact than with wildlife, may act as the source for important pandemic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Dr. Alice Hughes from the Centre for Integrative Conservation at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Yunnan, China, noted that intensive farming practices in Asia might promote the spread of zoonotic viruses. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • All close contacts of the first two reported cases tested negative for influenza A viruses, and both children recovered [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • A second respiratory specimen from the same patient was collected on April 26, 2022, and tested negative for influenza viruses on April 27, 2022, by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Laboratory Services. (cdc.gov)
  • Specimens from close contacts of the A(H5)-positive individual and persons who participated in depopulation activities at the same facility were collected on April 20, 2022, and tested negative for influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)
  • WHO supports the implementation of the National Plan through building capacity in surveillance and monitoring of human cases of avian influenza and ensuring a rapid response. (who.int)
  • WHO and FAO have established a platform for joint risk assessment on avian influenza where both epidemiological and virological surveillance data are shared regularly and a risk assessment report is developed. (who.int)
  • This is a positive development for public health laboratories, which provide the backbone for influenza surveillance in the US, and for the American public. (news-medical.net)
  • Local influenza surveillance data and laboratory testing can assist the physician regarding antiviral agent choice. (medscape.com)
  • The virus detected in the white stork presented one of those mutations (627K), which suggests that the virus that had spilled over to cats was already partially adapted to mammalian species. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Current science suggests that the risk of a human contracting avian influenza from a mammalian pet is very low," notes the federal agency. (prpeak.com)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)
  • Bonfanti L , Monne I , Tamba M , Santucci U , Massi P , Patregnani T , Highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza in Italy. (blogspot.com)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Furthermore, canonical signaling pathway analysis results showed that the interferon signaling and apoptosis pathways were highly activated in avian H7N9 infected NHBE cells compared with the pdmH1N1 infected cells. (aacc.org)
  • That's why many virus types are considered "highly pathogenic. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • There's always a potential for low-pathogenic avian flu viruses to evolve into highly pathogenic viruses. (prpeak.com)
  • Such prophylaxis would be highly desirable for seasonal influenza as well as a potential pandemic situation. (healthjockey.com)
  • Influenza is a serious infectious disease caused by different influenza viruses that can mutate to form new strains. (cshlpress.com)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Interpretation:Patients who survived severe illness from A(H7N9) virus infection had evidence of persistent lung damage and long-term pulmonary dysfunction. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Specificity, kinetics and longevity of antibody responses to avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ObjectivesThe long-term dynamics of antibody responses in patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection are not well understood.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal serological follow-up study in patients who were hospitalized with A(H7N9) virus infection, during 2013-2018. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A(H7N9) virus-specific antibody responses were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralization (NT) assays. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HAI antibody responses were compared by clinical severity.ResultsOf 67 patients with A(H7N9) virus infection, HAI antibody titers reached 40 on average 11 days after illness onset and peaked at a titer of 290 after three months, and average titers of ≥80 and ≥40 were present until 11 months and 22 months respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HAI antibody responses were significantly higher in patients who experienced severe disease, including respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, compared with patients who experienced less severe illness.ConclusionsPatients with A(H7N9) virus infection who survived severe disease mounted higher antibody responses that persisted for longer periods compared with those that experienced moderate disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To gain global and dynamic gene expression profiles, the NHBE cells cultured from a 24 year old donor were challenged by 3.0 m.o.i. avian H7N9 virus (A/Taiwan/4-CGMH/2014), H1N1pdm virus (A/California/07/2009), or mock control. (aacc.org)
  • H7N9 virus infection induced strong immune response, however cellular repair mechanisms were inhibited at the same time. (aacc.org)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the first human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection in Beijing, so as to provide evidences for prevention and control of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection. (flu.org.cn)
  • The samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum collected at the early stage of diseases were positive for the nucleic acid of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. (flu.org.cn)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • They also detected antibodies to the virus in the blood of people who work at pig farms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It may be possible, however, to find antibodies that a person has produced to fight off the virus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The previous two human infections with H3N8 virus were also reported in China, during 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on what is currently known, this human case of H3N8 virus infection is not thought to pose a risk to the health of the U.S. public at this time. (cdc.gov)
  • Both of the human infections with H3N8 viruses reported in 2022 were in children. (cdc.gov)
  • Airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets. (nih.gov)
  • The study reports documented cases of A (H3N8) avian influenza viruses crossing species boundaries and affecting a range of mammals, including dogs and horses. (medindia.net)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The specimen was forwarded to the Influenza Division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for further testing, was received at CDC on April 27, 2022, and confirmed as influenza A(H5) virus using RT-PCR the same day. (cdc.gov)
  • The Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the development of a new test for influenza, which received 510(k) clearance today by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (news-medical.net)
  • Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The new version of the vaccine candidate uses an inactivated form of H7N9 influenza virus collected in 2017, to increase the likelihood that the vaccine will provide immunity against a newly-evolved strain of H7N9, which is currently circulating in the wild. (enewspf.com)
  • Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Avian influenza is a potential and unpredictable threat to humans because of the segmented nature of the genome. (medscape.com)
  • LPAI generally does not pose a significant health threat to humans. (usgs.gov)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Spread to humans was contained by culling domestic bird populations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • If it has, they say, it could provide an early warning that the nightmare potential of avian flu is on the brink of being realised. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The researchers identified a total of 179 swine influenza viruses, including G4, which began to predominate in the samples from 2016 onward. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This test gives the speed and precision we need to detect and respond effectively to novel influenza viruses. (news-medical.net)
  • These cases presented with severe pneumonia that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and intractable respiratory failure.ConclusionThis novel reassortment avian influenza A (H10N8) virus in China resulted in fatal human infections, and should be added to concerns in clinical practice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
  • Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
  • Although avian (bird) influenza (flu) A viruses usually do not infect people, there have been some rare cases of human infection with these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, at least three family clusters of two or three confirmed cases have been reported where limited human-to-human transmission might have occurred ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Find out how we define and monitor cases of avian influenza in humans, and where you can learn more about this disease. (health.gov.au)
  • 5,6 Here, we describe the age and sex distribution of the human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) to better inform risk assessments and potential next steps. (who.int)
  • Between 31 March and 16 April 2013, there were 63 reported cases of avian influenza A(H7N9). (who.int)
  • WHO was first notified of Ebola virus disease cases in March 2014 in Guinea and immediately deployed support. (who.int)
  • We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) is responsible for 3-5 million severe cases every year, resulting in 250-500,000 deaths 1 . (nature.com)
  • No human cases of these avian influenza viruses have been detected in the United States. (govdelivery.com)
  • No human cases of H7N9 influenza have been detected to date in the United States. (enewspf.com)
  • In May the World Health Organisation (WHO) confirmed 26 cases of avian influenza in humans. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • It is those last two cases that set off alarm bells for public health authorities around the world, because it is possible they contracted the virus - known as H7N9 - from another human. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • At present, few cases of human-to-human H7N9 transmission have ever been recorded, and the position of the WHO authorities is that the virus is currently incapable of sustained transmission between people. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Nevertheless, the scientists recommend checking future laboratory-confirmed human avian flu cases to see if any such mutations have occurred in the virus's hemagglutanin coating. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Since the viruses continue to be detected in animals and environments, further human cases can be expected. (who.int)
  • Good quality serological investigations may be useful in differentiating infection from contamination in these cases and allow for better assessment of the risk of human infection. (who.int)
  • Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
  • The Phase 2 studies, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), will test different dosages of the inactivated influenza vaccine candidate (called 2017 H7N9 IIV) as well as different vaccination schedules. (enewspf.com)
  • The purpose of this HAN Health Advisory is to notify public health workers, clinicians, and the public of the potential for human infection with this virus and to describe the CDC's recommendations for patient investigation and testing, infection control including the use of personal protective equipment, and antiviral treatment and prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
  • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance emerged in the United States during the 2008-2009 influenza season, and the CDC issued revised interim recommendations for antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza polymerase undergoes host adaptation in order to efficiently replicate in human cells. (nature.com)
  • Human ANP32A IDD lacks a 33 residue insertion compared to avian ANP32A, and this deletion restricts avian influenza polymerase activity. (nature.com)
  • The observed binding mode is maintained in the context of heterotrimeric influenza polymerase, placing ANP32A in the immediate vicinity of known host-adaptive PB2 mutants. (nature.com)
  • These serotypic differences result in much of the species specificity due to differences in the receptor usage (specifically sialic acid, which binds to hemagglutinin and which is cleaved by neuraminidase when the virus exits the cell). (medscape.com)
  • They discovered several different combinations of three amino acid changes that altered the hemagglutanin's specificity from bird to human cells. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
  • The U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has confirmed the presence of H5N2 avian influenza in Kansas, Missouri, Minnesota and Arkansas. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Beyer says influenza strains recombine, sometimes causing a more deadly, more transmissible flu like this H5N2. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Whether the detection of H5 virus in the original respiratory specimen is a result of transient surface contamination of the individual's nasal passages or represents infection, cannot be determined at this point. (cdc.gov)
  • These individuals are being monitored for symptoms and additional respiratory specimens are being obtained and re-tested for influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we aimed to assess host differentially expressed gene signatures in respiratory tract epithelial cells after influenza A virus pdmH1N1 or H7N9 infection. (aacc.org)
  • H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)