Avoidance LearningElectroshockFearAppetitive BehaviorConditioning, ClassicalConditioning (Psychology)Galvanic Skin ResponsePhysical StimulationStartle ReactionRewardBehavior, AnimalReinforcement (Psychology)PunishmentConditioning, OperantEscape ReactionTastePhotic StimulationAmygdalaAcoustic StimulationEmotionsReaction TimeCuesBlinkingVentral Tegmental AreaArousalNeuronsNeural PathwaysBrain MappingAnalysis of VarianceLearningMagnetic Resonance ImagingAnxietyExtinction, PsychologicalDopamineMemoryAction PotentialsRats, Sprague-DawleyNucleus AccumbensMotivationTime FactorsPainAnxiety DisordersMotor ActivityBrainGeneralization, StimulusRats, WistarVisual PerceptionDiscrimination LearningDiscrimination (Psychology)Pattern Recognition, VisualPsychophysicsAttentionSensory ThresholdsMotion PerceptionAuditory PerceptionVisual CortexElectric StimulationContrast SensitivityOrientationEvoked Potentials, VisualColor PerceptionModels, NeurologicalTouchEvoked PotentialsEvoked Potentials, AuditorySpace PerceptionVisual PathwaysColumbidaeForm PerceptionCatsPsychomotor PerformanceVisual FieldsMacaca mulattaAuditory CortexElectroencephalographyFunctional LateralityPerceptual MaskingNeurons, AfferentSignal Detection, PsychologicalElectrophysiologyTime PerceptionGeneralization (Psychology)Optical IllusionsAdaptation, PhysiologicalReinforcement ScheduleEye MovementsTransfer (Psychology)OdorsVision, BinocularAuditory PathwaysVision, OcularNeural InhibitionPsychoacousticsSoundFaceLightingDifferential ThresholdChoice BehaviorSmellNociceptors