Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the locust and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
Turrel O, Rabah Y, Plaçais PY, Goguel V, Preat T. (2020) Drosophila Middle-Term Memory: Amnesiac is Required for PKA Activation in the Mushroom Bodies, a Function Modulated by Neprilysin 1. (espci.fr)
Communication from Learned to Innate Olfactory Processing Centers Is Required for Memory Retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
A GABAergic feedback shapes dopaminergic input on the Drosophila mushroom body to promote appetitive long-term memory. (espci.fr)
Upregulated energy metabolism in the Drosophila mushroom body is the trigger for long-term memory. (espci.fr)
Two independent mushroom body output circuits retrieve the six discrete components of Drosophila aversive memory. (espci.fr)
Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
Two pairs of mushroom body efferent neurons are required for appetitive long-term memory retrieval in Drosophila. (espci.fr)
To compare appetitive and aversive visual memories of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , we developed a new paradigm for classical conditioning. (frontiersin.org)
In order to understand and compare the mechanisms underlying visual appetitive and aversive memories in Drosophila , we sought to establish a new behavioral paradigm for visual associative learning in adult flies. (frontiersin.org)
In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. (wikipedia.org)
Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. (wikipedia.org)
Silva B, Mantha OL, Schor J,Pascual A, Plaçais PY, Pavlowsky A* , Preat T* (2022) Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. (espci.fr)
Here, we focused our attention on the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) of the γ-lobes that act as downstream synaptic partners of the MB γ-Kenyon cells (KCs) to ask how the output of the MB γ-lobe is shaped by olfactory associative conditioning, distinguishing this from non-associative stimulus exposure effects, and without the influence of downstream modulation. (nih.gov)
The cells, called mushroom body output neurons (MBONs), appear to distill nuanced information about an odor into clear instructions: approach or flee. (neurosciencenews.com)
Mushroom body output neurons were discovered last year by Turner's collaborators, Gerald Rubin and Yoshinori Aso, at the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. (neurosciencenews.com)
The mushroom body itself is composed of roughly 2000 neurons that transmit information about smells that have been detected by the fly's sensory neurons - and on the receiving end of these transmissions are just 34 MBONs. (neurosciencenews.com)
Image shows path traced by one of 34 cells, called mushroom body output neurons (MBONs), present in every fly brain (the brain is stained purple). (neurosciencenews.com)
We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)
Appetitive6
Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). (frontiersin.org)
However, appetitive and aversive visual memories have never been compared in the same setup. (frontiersin.org)
Few conditioning paradigms in insects are versatile enough to succeed in the direct comparison of mechanisms underlying appetitive and aversive memories. (frontiersin.org)
appetitive and aversive memories can be directly compared in the same setup. (frontiersin.org)
appetitive and aversive reinforcement is mediated by octopamine and dopamine, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
We analyzed the effect of critical parameters for the formation of memories such as training repetition, order of reinforcement, interval between conditioned stimuli (CSs), motivation, and the impact of appetitive and aversive reinforcers on visual memory formation. (frontiersin.org)
Behaviors1
In insects, this process is localized to the mushroom body (MB), the circuitry of which facilitates the coincident detection of sensory stimuli and punishing or rewarding cues and, downstream, the execution of appropriate learned behaviors. (nih.gov)
Plasticity2
In conclusion, associative synaptic plasticity underlying aversive olfactory learning is localized to one distinct synaptic γKC-to-γMBON connection. (nih.gov)
As a fly lives its life and encounters a bunch of different odors, that olfactory experience may induce some plasticity in the circuit," Turner says, explaining that this could allow a fly's brain to adjust olfactory preferences. (neurosciencenews.com)
Odors2
In general, food smells elicited response patterns that were distinct from those elicited by repellant odors, suggesting that although mushroom body output cells probably don't identify specific odors, they may communicate each odor's most essential quality-whether it is "good" or "bad. (neurosciencenews.com)
Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
Circuitry1
As olfactory bulb (OB) circuitry plays a critical role in odour learning, we studied the plausible changes in the OB of ELS mice. (nature.com)
Associative2
Mushroom bodies are best known for their role in olfactory associative learning. (wikipedia.org)
As their name implies, the cells are located in the mushroom body, a part of the fruit fly brain critical for learned responses to sensory stimuli. (neurosciencenews.com)
Lateral horn1
addressed how attractiveness or repulsiveness of a smell, and also the strength of a smell, are processed by a part of the olfactory system called the lateral horn in fruit flies. (elifesciences.org)
Efferent1
In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Insects3
The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). (wikipedia.org)
Historically, it was believed that only insects had mushroom bodies, because they were not present in crabs and lobsters. (wikipedia.org)
However, since mushroom bodies are also found in anosmic primitive insects, their role is likely to extend beyond olfactory processing. (wikipedia.org)
Sensory1
In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. (wikipedia.org)
Conclusion1
However, their discovery in the mantis shrimp in 2017 lead to the later conclusion that the mushroom body is the ancestral state of all arthropods, and that this feature was later lost in crabs and lobsters. (wikipedia.org)
Smell2
Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is a specialised pre-cortical area of the brain that processes smell and can be modulated by the affective states. (nature.com)
Detection1
In adult humans with history of childhood maltreatment, which is a type of ELA, OB volume was reduced by 20% with a concomitant decrease in their olfactory detection thresholds and problems in identifying odours [ 13 ]. (nature.com)
Implies1
Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
Output1
This signal is apparent in the cell bodies of oviDNs in the brain and it probably reflects a behaviourally relevant rise-to-threshold process in the ventral nerve cord, where the synaptic terminals of oviDNs are located and where their output can influence behaviour. (bvsalud.org)
Species1
These cells have been found in the mushroom bodies of all species that have been investigated, though their number varies. (wikipedia.org)
Fruit3
Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist. (wikipedia.org)
We illustrate how animals integrate these learning principles using the fruit fly olfactory learning circuit, one of nature's best-characterized and highly optimized schemes for learning. (jneurosci.org)
These fly-to-fly differences in cell signaling reflect differences in olfactory preferences that are present not just in fruit flies, but also in humans, Turner notes. (neurosciencenews.com)
Memory formation1
Amnesiac is required in the adult mushroom body for memory formation. (espci.fr)
Input1
In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. (wikipedia.org)
By implementing go/no-go odour discrimination paradigm, we observed olfactory learning and memory impairments in early life stressed (ELS) male mice. (nature.com)
Although it is known that olfactory centres are entwined with limbic brain regions, olfactory dysfunctions under conditions of ELA remain elusive. (nature.com)
Role1
We provide evidence for a feature-based map in the LH, and elucidate its role as the center for integrating behaviorally relevant olfactory information. (elifesciences.org)
Green1
INSET: composite image showing location of the mushroom body (green) in the fly's head. (neurosciencenews.com)