Auxin in cotyledon development. Medical search. Frequent questions

Native auxins Auxins (plural of auxin /ˈɔːksɪn/) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. (wikipedia.org)

2005). AtNAC2, a transcription factor downstream of ethylene and auxin signaling pathways, is involved in salt stress response and lateral root development. (geneticsmr.com)

It is achieved through very complex and well-coordinated active transport of auxin molecules from cell to cell throughout the plant body - by the so-called polar auxin transport. (wikipedia.org)
The low-temperature vcs phenotype is enhanced in axr1-3 vcs double mutants and in vcs mutants grown in the presence of polar auxin transport inhibitors, however, vcs has apparently normal auxin responses. (biologists.com)

Although there is ample evidence that the inhibition of bud outgrowth by auxin from the shoot apex is linked to stem elongation and highly branched auxin biosynthesis or signaling mutants are dwarf, the third theory proposed in the 1930s, the indirect theory, that explains apical dominance as auxin-induced stem growth indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth has been overlooked. (frontiersin.org)

Shade stress has many effects during distinct stages of plant growth and development, including seed germination inhibition, seedling hypocotyl elongation and early flowering. (chinbullbotany.com)

The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s.Kenneth V. Thimann became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). (wikipedia.org)
Phytohormones are key endogenous factors in regulating plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of response of the main phytohormones (auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid) to shade stress, then the effects of shade on phytohormone synthesis and signal transduction, and the molecular mechanism of phytohormone regulation of growth of plants under shade stress. (chinbullbotany.com)

In contrast, the 539 hypocotyl PEGs were enriched for an auxin mediated signaling pathway, and or Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries photo morphogenesis, including homologs of the Arabidopsis NON PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 gene. (plcsignaling.com)
Sharifi (1995) used hypocotyl and cotyledon explants in Cuminum cyminum tissue culture. (scialert.net)
The reported methods were also laborious and time consuming due to the long callus phase which is associated with using hypocotyl and cotyledon leaflet as explants. (scialert.net)
Mature embryos had two well-developed cotyledons and an elongated hypocotyl root axis. (vegetosindia.org)
c) Cotyledons, hypocotyl or young plantlets. (exama2z.in)

The expression of genes encoded within the T-DNA promotes the development and production of roots at the site of infection on most dicotyledonous plants. (bioone.org)
We detected several other auxin related genes, including the pair of Gm09g38700 considering and Glyma18g47630 paralogs Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries that are homologs of Arabidopsis PIN FORMED 5, which is required for auxin homoeostasis and gametophyte development. (plcsignaling.com)
However, both genes were found with highest expression in cotyledon, but nearly undetectable in reproductive tissues, suggesting PIN5 may have a divergent role in soybean. (plcsignaling.com)
We also found homologs of genes for auxin synthesis and response, such as YUCCA4, in accordance with the fact that the Arabidopsis YUCCA4 expression is restricted to the SAM and flower meristems or young floral primordia, as well so as 20 genes related to auxin responsive genes regulating SAM development. (plcsignaling.com)
Here, using 22 transcriptomes of developing maize leaves from dry seeds to 192 h post imbibition, we studied gene up- and down-regulation and functional transition during leaf development and inferred sets of strongly coexpressed genes. (tmu.edu.tw)
Chen M.-K. and Shpak E.D. (2014) ERECTA family genes regulate development of cotyledons during embryogenesis. (utk.edu)
Chen M.-K., Wilson R., Palme K, Ditengou FA, and Shpak E.D. (2013) ERECTA family genes regulate auxin transport in the shoot apical meristem and forming leaf primordia. (utk.edu)
Shpak E.D. (2013) Diverse roles of ERECTA family genes in plant development. (utk.edu)
1997). Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: an analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. (geneticsmr.com)

IBA-derived auxin has strong roles in various aspects of root development, including regulation of root apical meristem size, root hair elongation, lateral root development, and formation of adventitious roots. (shaman-australis.com)

Encodes a member of the Aux/IAA family of proteins implicated in auxin signaling. (utoronto.ca)
Researchers have utilized this tool to study root development and root-biotic interactions, to overexpress proteins and secondary metabolites, to detoxify environmental pollutants, and to increase drought tolerance. (bioone.org)
As a largest plant-specific transcription factor family, NAC domain proteins play an important role in plant development and regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Subsequently, several DOF proteins from both monocots and dicots have been shown to be primarily involved in seed development, dormancy and germination, as well as in seedling development and other light-mediated processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
Based on proteome annotation and a homology search, 94 proteins associated with the endomembrane system were identified that exhibited significant changes in abundance during grain development. (nature.com)
notably, integration of proteomics data with in situ subcellular microscopic analyses showed a high abundance of cytoskeleton proteins associated with acidified PBs at the early development stages. (nature.com)
Moreover, endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-related proteins and their transcripts are most abundant at early and mid-development. (nature.com)
Specifically, multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the ESCRT-III HvSNF7 proteins are associated with PBs during barley endosperm development. (nature.com)

The NAC domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis function in plant development, senescence, and stress regulation. (frontiersin.org)
To gain insight into the processes controlling leaf development, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, varicose ( vcs ), with leaf and shoot apical meristem defects. (biologists.com)
A seedling in the dark produces ethylene, which in a dicot such as Arabidopsis leads to apical hook formation that protects the cotyledons from damage as the seedling pushes through the soil. (plantae.org)

However the seedlings showed no signs of development towards light if the tip was covered with an opaque cap, or if the tip was removed. (wikipedia.org)
This mutant exhibited fourfold slower IAA1-LUC degradation compared with the progenitor line, and seedlings displayed altered auxin responses. (1library.net)
To obtain plant material in reported methods for Cumin regeneration, seeds have to be germinated in vitro and then hypocotyls and cotyledon leaflets of seedlings used as explant. (scialert.net)

Second, eif3h mutants display defects in auxin mediated organogenesis and gene expression, similar to rpl24b . (biomedcentral.com)

Five naturally occurring (endogenous) auxins in plants include indole-3-acetic acid, 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole-3-propionic acid. (wikipedia.org)
the other three endogenous auxins seems to have marginal importance for intact plants in natural environments. (wikipedia.org)
Alongside endogenous auxins, scientists and manufacturers have developed many synthetic compounds with auxinic activity. (wikipedia.org)

Efforts in many labs to identify the molecules that are essential for normal leaf development are beginning to elucidate the pathways that are required for formation of a normal leaf, however, much information is still lacking. (biologists.com)

Three theories of apical dominance, direct, diversion, and indirect, were proposed in the 1930s to explain how auxin synthesized in the shoot apex might inhibit axillary bud outgrowth, and thus shoot branching. (frontiersin.org)
Since a growing stem is a strong sink for sugars, and sugar is indispensable for shoot branching, the indirect theory of apical dominance might now be explained as auxin-induced stem growth inhibits bud outgrowth by diverting sugars away from buds. (frontiersin.org)
Soon after the discovery that the apical signal that inhibits axillary bud outgrowth is the plant hormone auxin ( Thimann and Skoog, 1933 ), three theories - direct, diversion, and indirect (Figure 1 ) - were proposed to explain the phenomenon of apical dominance (reviewed in Snow, 1937 ). (frontiersin.org)
It is now well established that auxin from the shoot apex inhibits bud outgrowth without entering into buds. (frontiersin.org)
According to the auxin transport canalization model, auxin export from a bud into a stem is a necessary condition for bud outgrowth. (frontiersin.org)
The second, diversion, theory of the 1930s explains the phenomenon of apical dominance as auxin from the shoot apex prevents growth promoting factors synthesized in roots and cotyledons from entering into buds and stimulate bud outgrowth. (frontiersin.org)
NPA inhibits cotyledon outgrowth, but not the spacing (distance) between cotyledons. (bcit.ca)

The direct theory explains apical dominance as auxin synthesized in the shoot apex moves down the stem into buds and inhibits their growth. (frontiersin.org)
According to this theory, apically derived auxin inhibits buds from synthesizing their own auxin necessary for their growth. (frontiersin.org)

The 762 cotyledon PEGs were enriched in photosynthesis, energy, transmitting tissue development and glucose metabolism. (plcsignaling.com)
Many promoter analyses have suggested other hydathode functions in metabolite transport and auxin metabolism, but experimental demonstration is still lacking. (researchgate.net)

The (dynamic and environment responsive) pattern of auxin distribution within the plant is a key factor for plant growth, its reaction to its environment, and specifically for development of plant organs (such as leaves or flowers). (wikipedia.org)

There are many theories on the chichi occurrence mechanisms, including Auxin theory, callus or adventitious bud theory, environmental mutagenesis theory, pathology or senility theory and cotyledon bud theory. (linyekexue.net)
Different auxins (2,4-D, IBA, IAA and NAA) in different concentrations (0.2-4.0 mgl −1 ) was used to produce embryogenic callus. (vegetosindia.org)

GO annotation indicated that the most enriched Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries categories were associated with flower development and regulation, floral transition from vegetative to reproductive phase, or meristematic phase transition and transcription Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries regulation, which is in good agreement with previous reports in soybean. (plcsignaling.com)
Lin G, Zhang L, Han Z, Yang X, Liu W, Li E, Chang J, Qi Y, Shpak ED and Chai J. A (2017) Receptor-like Protein Acts as a Specificity Switch for Regulation of Stomatal Development. (utk.edu)

In land plants, auxin is an important and well-studied phytohormone that affects various aspects of plant development. (phys.org)
So far, auxin is the most important phytohormone mediates plant shade response. (chinbullbotany.com)

The RPL24B protein of the large ribosomal subunit, which is encoded by SHORT VALVE1 , likewise fosters translation of uORF-containing mRNAs, for example mRNAs for auxin response transcription factors (ARFs). (biomedcentral.com)

Temperature shift experiments indicated that VCS is required throughout leaf development,but normal secondary vein patterning required low temperature early in leaf development. (biologists.com)

Broad-leaf plants (dicots), such as dandelions, are much more susceptible to auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) such as grasses and cereal crops, making these synthetic auxins valuable as herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
The number of cotyledons in angiosperm monocots and dicots is tightly constrained. (bcit.ca)

IAA30 transcripts are induced by auxin treatment and accumulate preferentially in the quiescent center cells of the root meristem. (utoronto.ca)

Overexpression of IAA30 leads to defects in gravitropism, root development, root meristem maintenance, and cotyledon vascular development. (utoronto.ca)

Eighty four percent calli produced globular embryos on a medium supplemented with 4.0 mgl −1 2,4-D. The globular embryo then mature on culture medium (Control) or supplemented with different addictives (auxin, proline and ABA), maturation was significantly affected by ABA, proline and number of subcultures with maximum number of mature embryo (32.1 ± 0.2) was formed on medium fortified with 2.0 mgl −1 proline. (vegetosindia.org)

And as native auxin, its equilibrium is controlled in many ways in plants, from synthesis, through possible conjugation to degradation of its molecules, always according to the requirements of the situation. (wikipedia.org)

Auxin is a crucial regulator of cotyledon development. (plcsignaling.com)
Disrupting transport of the growth regulator auxin (with 1- N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)) led to cup-shaped embryos, indicating that whorl (ring) formation is separable from cotyledon patterning within the ring. (bcit.ca)

For example, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in certain plant tissues determines initiation of root versus shoot buds. (wikipedia.org)
It is mainly synthesized in cotyledons, young leaves and other growing tissues, and is transported to targeted issues via polar transport to regulate plant development and growth. (phys.org)
Boundary domains display reduced growth and orchestrate development of adjacent tissues in a non-cell autonomous manner. (researchgate.net)

We measured the diameter of embryos and counted the cotyledons to determine the radial positioning of the whorl and the circumferential spacing between cotyledons. (bcit.ca)
Such cells develop into proembryos with polarity following a pattern that tends to mimic the general pattern associated with the development of embryos in the ovule. (exama2z.in)

Maize is a major crop and a model plant for studying C4 photosynthesis and leaf development. (tmu.edu.tw)

The direct and diversion theories of apical dominance have been investigated in detail, and they are replaced with the current auxin transport canalization and second messenger theories, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The direct and diversion theories were investigated in detail and are now replaced with the current auxin transport canalization (B) and second messenger (C) theories, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
However, the direct theory of the 1930s has some similarity to one of the two current models of apical dominance known as the auxin transport canalization (reviewed in Domagalska and Leyser, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
These results support a hierarchical model for cotyledon positioning in conifers, in which a first stage (not requiring auxin transport) sets the whorl position, constraining the second stage (which requires auxin transport) to form cotyledons within this whorl. (bcit.ca)

However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying endomembrane system remodeling during barley grain development. (nature.com)

Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. (wikipedia.org)
Auxins and their role in plant growth were first described by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. (phys.org)
Ginkgo biloba chichi probably has important ecology and systematics implications to the growth, development, vegetative propagation, wildness and long-lived of Ginkgo biloba . (linyekexue.net)
Boundary domains delimit and organize organ growth throughout plant development almost relentlessly building plant architecture and morphogenesis. (researchgate.net)
This family first appeared in early land plants and since then has evolved to regulate multiple aspects of plant development such as stomata formation, longitudinal growth of aboveground organs, development of flowers, and functioning of the shoot apical meristem. (utk.edu)
Both light intensity and light quality regulate plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth and development, and low-phosphorus (LP) stress is a major factor limiting the growth and yield of soybean. (biomedcentral.com)
article{westin_apical_1999, title = {Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of {Norway} spruce in relation to cold hardiness}, volume = {29}, doi = {10/dgsxgs}, abstract = {Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. (upsc.se)

IBA-derived auxin plays distinct roles in shoot development, with particular roles in cotyledon expansion and apical hook formation. (shaman-australis.com)

The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin. (wikipedia.org)
Auxin is the most important hormone in plants. (phys.org)

On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with an aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group. (wikipedia.org)

Numerous studies demonstrated that auxin, gibberellin and brassinosteroids are involved in the shade stress response. (chinbullbotany.com)

In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of how A. rhizogenes induces root formation, on the new uses for A. rhizogenes in tissue culture and composite plant production (wild-type shoots with transgenic roots), and the recent development of a disarmed version of A. rhizogenes for stable transgenic plant production. (bioone.org)

The expression level of 18 miRNAs was relatively quantified using qRT-PCR technology among five key seed germinating stages, which including dry seed (0 day after germinating), imbibed seed (1st day after germinating), testa rupture (5th day), radicle emergence (9th day) and cotyledon extension (28th day). (lykxyj.com)
The expression level in dry seed stage was 4.8 to 43.5 times, 17.2 to 1 000 times, 45.5 to 1 000 times and 62.5 to 1 862.2 times that of those in imbibed seed, testa rupture, radicle emergence and extension cotyledon stage, respectively. (lykxyj.com)

Coordination between eIF3 and the large ribosomal subunit helps to fine-tune translation of uORF-containing mRNAs and, in turn, to orchestrate plant development. (biomedcentral.com)

which were mainly involved in reproductive processes, such as floral organ determination and development, stamen development, tapetal layer development, pollen development. (plcsignaling.com)

Leaf primordia arise as radial pegs on the flank of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), and become flattened early in development, indicating acquisition of abaxial/adaxial polarity. (biologists.com)

Embryoid development in tissue culture passes through three stages, namely, globular stage, heart-shaped stage and torpedo stage (Fig. 20). (exama2z.in)

To address this issue, the effects of different mechanical treatments were studied, including a control (CK), removal of cup scar (RS), removal of pericarp (RP), removal of pericarp and 1/2 of the cotyledon (HC) and removal of pericarp and 2/3 cotyledon (TC), on the germination of Quercus variabilis, Q. wutaishanica and Q. robur acorns and pericarp thickness. (sisef.it)

1989). Genetic transformation may enable the development of transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to wilt diseases. (scialert.net)

Stomata are formed during the initial stages of plant development, and therefore they reflect the environmental conditions under which they grew. (dmt-nexus.me)

Whilst much is known on the signaling components mediating diurnal, light, and temperature controls on plant development, their influence on chromatin-based transcriptional controls remains poorly explored. (biomedcentral.com)

However, a genomewide regulatory network of leaf development is not yet available. (tmu.edu.tw)
Our study has significantly expanded our knowledge on the regulatory network involved in maize leaf development. (tmu.edu.tw)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs1

Morphogen-like characteristics1

Ethylene and auxin1

Polar auxin tra2

Biosynthesis1

Seed germination1

Phytohormones3

Hypocotyl5

Genes9

Elongation1

Proteins8

Arabidopsis3

Seedlings3

Organogenesis1

Endogenous3

Pathways1

Outgrowth7

Inhibits2

Metabolism2

Responsive1

Callus2

Regulation2

Phytohormone2

Transcription factors1

Experiments1

Monocots2

Accumulate1

Vascular development1

Maturation1

Molecules1

Regulator2

Tissues3

Embryos2

Photosynthesis1

Transport4

Molecular mechanism1

Growth8

Distinct1

Important2

Acid1

Response1

Root1

Emergence2

Orchestrate1

Pollen1

Shoot1

Tissue culture1

Effects1

Transgenic1

Stages1

Plant development1

Leaf development2