• Our data revealed that PCA could modulate apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting the potential of PCA for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. (nih.gov)
  • These findings indicated that Solanum nigrum extract induced cell death in MDA-MB-468 cells by two distinct mechanisms, apoptosis and autophagy, and these findings further suggest a possibility that this extract could be used to treat triple negative breast cancer. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The goal of this investigation was to assess the apoptosis and autophagy inducing pathway of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) stabilized from Solanum xanthocarpum plant extract on human osteosarcoma MG63 cells. (mendeley.com)
  • Consequently, ZnO NPs induced apoptosis and autophagy by modulating apoptotic and autophagy-related biomarkers. (mendeley.com)
  • Inhibition of autophagy with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) potentiated the secretory function of glibenclamide further. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy increased the vulnerability of β cells to the cytotoxic effects of hIAPP. (jci.org)
  • A critical role of autophagy was identified in rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells: Inhibition of autophagy suppresses, while activation of autophagy enhances, the catabolic effect of cytokines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Inhibition of autophagy by chemical or genetic means by using 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, a dominant negative form of ATG4B or silencing Beclin-1, Atg7, or p62 indicated that macroautophagy does not protect cells undergoing necrosis or apoptosis upon glucose deprivation. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, inhibition of autophagy blocked p62 degradation. (rupress.org)
  • Ulinastatin effectively protects the adhesion junction and helps ameliorate the perfusion of kidney capillaries during sepsis by the inhibition of autophagy and the expression of inflammatory factors. (scienceopen.com)
  • Inhibition of autophagy by siRNA mediated knock down of ATG5 and ATG7 sensitized both SW620 and Caco-2 cells to DHA. (ntnu.no)
  • Stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin in SW620 and Caco-2 cells resulted in decreased DHA-sensitivity and inhibition of autophagy in Caco-2 cells by chloroquine resulted in increased DHA-sensitivity. (ntnu.no)
  • Inhibition of autophagy via bafilomycin A1 aggravated H 2 O 2 -induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and apoptosis in MAC-T cells. (illinois.edu)
  • and it is able to induce autophagy in the cytosol through its acetylation and direct binding to ATG7 9 ( Figure 1A ). (nature.com)
  • Rapamycin and spermidine can induce autophagy within a few hours of administration. (fightaging.org)
  • Intermittent fasting is another great way to induce autophagy. (indiatimes.com)
  • Furthermore, while ENM induce autophagy, increasing autophagic flux can block IL-1beta release from macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the discovery of autophagy-related ( Atg ) genes in the 1990s, there has been a proliferation of studies on the physiological and pathological roles of autophagy in a variety of autophagy knockout models. (nature.com)
  • Table 1 summarizes the association between genetic variants of autophagy-related genes and selected human diseases. (nature.com)
  • (A) FoxO1 regulates autophagy through two mechanisms involving the transcriptional control of autophagy-related genes and the activation of ATG7 in the cytosol associated with the acetylation (Ac) of FoxO1 by the dissociation from SIRT2. (nature.com)
  • Autophagy was detected using acridine orange staining and real-time PCR for Lc3 and Beclin1 genes expression. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The expression levels of autophagy-related genes, Lc3 and Beclin1 increased in cells treated with 1.5 mg/ml of Solanum nigrum extract. (ijpsonline.com)
  • We further demonstrated that suppression of autophagy using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes enhanced cell death induced by IM in cell lines and primary CML cells. (lu.se)
  • Genetic studies reveal that deficiency in autophagy genes compromise the gut barrier's defense against infections by altering a key cell type within the intestinal wall (epithelium) called the Paneth cell. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • 2007). Autophagy: process and function, Genes & Dev. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Protein homeostasis in higher eukaryotes is balanced by a dynamic network of adaptive mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • In doing so, the UPR controls several cellular processes to decrease the unfolded protein load, highlighting the ER-associated degradation pathway and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we showed that glibenclamide promoted insulin release and further activated autophagy through the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in MIN-6 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy is either positively mediated by the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway [ 12 ], or negatively mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We also observed that PCA treatment significantly caused upregulation of autophagy-related protein LC3-II and induced GFP-LC3 puncta formation. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, Beclin-1 and autophagy-related (atg) 5 mRNA was evaluated by quantitative PCR, and the expression of ZO-1, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) I and, LC3B II protein by Western blot. (karger.com)
  • Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinases and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase inhibitors and TNF‑α were used to determine the molecular mechanism of autophagy during the inflammatory conditions, and only the NF‑κB and JNK inhibitor were found to enhance the autophagy of rat NP cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In cells expressing a mutant huntingtin protein, aggregates containing p62 and LC3 were even more common than in the HeLa cells initially studied. (rupress.org)
  • The work provides a molecular link between recognition of polyubiquitinated protein aggregates and garbage disposal by autophagy, and suggests that cells may use protein aggregation as a protective response. (rupress.org)
  • This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases. (biologists.com)
  • In order for a cell to respond to changes in internal and external environmental factors, a broad range of protein co- and post-translational modifications have evolved to expand upon the relatively static properties encoded in protein side-chains. (biologists.com)
  • Autophagy-related protein 13 also known as ATG13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0652 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our further investigation revealed that ZSCAN18 could bind to tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2) promoter and promote autophagy, which might be related to the inhibitory effect of ZSCAN18 on cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of autophagy-associated protein beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-II, as well as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)、protein kinase B (Akt)、mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)、p70S6K1 signaling pathways were detected by using Western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tan IIA promoted autophagic body production and increased autophagy-associated protein beclin-1 and LC3-II expression in A375 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We concluded that Tan II A reduced A375 cells proliferation by activation of autophagy production, blocked PI3K- Akt - mTOR - p70S6K1 signaling pathway, increased autophagic related gene beclin-1, LC3-II protein expressions and induced autophagocytosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When the cell's DNA and protein damaged, the cells maintained its cellular homeostasis through autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of tumor cells with the miR-30a mimic decreased, and with the antagomir increased, the expression of beclin 1 mRNA and protein. (psu.edu)
  • Your muscle cells start demanding more energy in the form of ATP and mTOR's counterpart AMPK (activated protein kinase) to both increase mTOR and kick-start the process of autophagy. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • Evidence for GO induced autophagy includes increased levels of isoform B-II microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), aggregation of green fluorescence protein-tagged LC3, and increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles in cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results: H 2 O 2 challenge of the bovine mammary epithelial cell MAC-T increased protein abundance of LC3-II, increased number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes while decreased protein abundance of p62. (illinois.edu)
  • Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is a Tp53 target protein and is not only involved in the regulation of metabolism, cell cycle progression and radiation response, but also plays a role in autophagy. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Among the pathways that regulate autophagy , the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/ protein kinase A (PKA) cascade can be compartmentalized in distinct functional units called microdomains. (bvsalud.org)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in a cellular process called autophagy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition to its role in autophagy, the EPG5 protein aids in the body's immune response to foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The latter represents a conformationally modified form of a normal cellular PrP C , which is a normal host protein found on the surface of many cells, in particular neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Some studies suggest that autophagy may be enhanced during and immediately after exercise, particularly during aerobic activities like running or cycling. (fightaging.org)
  • Together, these findings suggest that autophagy inhibitors may enhance the therapeutic effects of TKIs in the treatment of CML. (lu.se)
  • These results suggest that autophagy is important for the DHA sensitivity of colon cancer cells and imply possible therapeutic effects of this fatty acid against cancer cells with low autophagy. (ntnu.no)
  • These results suggest that glibenclamide-induced autophagy plays an inhibitory role in promoting insulin secretion by activating the AMPK pathway instead of altering the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (hindawi.com)
  • By inhibiting mTOR, they remove the inhibition on autophagy and allow it to proceed. (fightaging.org)
  • Moreover, glucose deprivation did not induce autophagic flux in any of the four cell lines analyzed, even though mTOR was inhibited. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In Per2-overexpressing OSCC cells, the expression levels of PIK3CA, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p62 and Beclin1 were significantly reduced and the LC3B II/I ratio was significantly increased. (jcancer.org)
  • In conclusion, our research results demonstrate that Per2 suppresses OSCC progression by motivating autophagy, as well as inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis, which were mediated by autophagy, in a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-dependent manner. (jcancer.org)
  • Moreover, the ZnO NPs treatment significantly inhibited the P13K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and induced the LC3 and beclin-1 expression in MG63 cells. (mendeley.com)
  • As such, nature has designed mTOR to put the brakes on autophagy. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • ROS-mediated autophagy may occur via inhibition of IRS-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 3-methyladenine promoted cell viability and ZO-1 expression, down-regulated Beclin-1 and atg5 expression, while Rapamycin (Rap) had an opposite effect. (karger.com)
  • Furthermore, inhibition of beclin 1 expression by the miR-30a mimic blunted activation of autophagy induced by rapamycin. (psu.edu)
  • Importantly, in HIV-1-infected humanized mice, autophagy inducer rapamycin treatment significantly reduced persistent IFN-I-mediated inflammation and improved antiviral T cell responses. (jci.org)
  • ART and autophagy inducer rapamycin cotreatment effectively reduces viral replication. (jci.org)
  • However, the signals that promote autophagy in old HSCs and the mechanisms responsible for the increased regenerative potential of autophagy-activated old HSCs remain unknown. (fightaging.org)
  • Diet: Low-carb or ketogenic diets may promote autophagy relatively quickly, within a few days to a week as the body adjusts to using ketones for energy. (fightaging.org)
  • Starvation of glucose, an essential nutrient, is thought to promote autophagy in mammalian cells. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, while it is well established that, depending on the cell type, cAMP can inhibit or promote autophagy , the role of cAMP/PKA microdomains has not been tested. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autophagy is a major intracellular degradative process that delivers cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome for degradation. (nature.com)
  • Autophagy, the type II cell death, is a physiological mechanism involving degradation of intracellular damaged proteins and organelles into membrane vacuoles. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, is characterized by massive degradation of cytosolic contents. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a vacuolar lysosomal degradation pathway for organelles and cytoplasmic macromolecules ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cells use autophagy for bulk degradation, in what is often thought of as a nonspecific process. (rupress.org)
  • I n contrast to nonselective autophagy, which digests various cellular cargos randomly, selective versions of this process can target specific molecules, organelles, or even whole organisms for degradation. (the-scientist.com)
  • Autophagy was originally viewed as a widely conserved multistep lysosomal degradation pathway in eukaryotes. (scientificarchives.com)
  • 2 Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Verapamil induces autophagy while chloroquine inhibits degradation of autophagosomes that lead to accumulation of particles. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Also, vitamin D reduced the incidence of T1DM, enhanced insulin secretion, and relieved pancreatic inflammation in STZ-treated mice via enhancing autophagy in pancreatic β cells [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that autophagy activation is an adaptive survival response to chronic inflammation in the aging bone marrow (BM) niche. (fightaging.org)
  • In this context, we show that inflammation-mediated autophagy engagement preserves functional quiescence by enabling metabolic adaptation to glycolytic impairment. (fightaging.org)
  • Our results identify inflammation-driven glucose hypometabolism as a key driver of HSC dysfunction with age and establish autophagy as a targetable node to reset old HSC glycolytic and regenerative capacity. (fightaging.org)
  • The interplay between NF-κB signaling and autophagy has been suggested to regulate inflammation in different cellular contexts and in response to different stimuli. (hu-berlin.de)
  • The findings described here improve our understanding of NF-κB functions in stem cell biology which, when deregulated, also have an impact on intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. (hu-berlin.de)
  • They are also the gatekeepers of inflammation , and cell death can either be pro- or anti-inflammatory, leading to different outcomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Phagocytes and other immune cells react strongly to DAMPs by springing into action and causing inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, if phagocytes fail to clear apoptotic cells quickly, these cells can turn necrotic, resulting in inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Endothelial dysfunction and excessively stimulated autophagy, often caused by oxidant injury or inflammation, will lead to atherosclerosis development and progression in diabetes. (ijbs.com)
  • Before we dive into new details about how autophagy impacts the gut barrier, through controlling inflammation and regulating intestinal stem cell release, let's review the switches regulating the autophagy process. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • As such, defects or under-functioning autophagy compromises the intestines' ability to repair damage and recover from inflammation. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • To grossly oversimplify the process, an autophagy deficiency weakens the intestines' ability to regenerate in the following manner: imbalanced Paneth cell function, loss of antimicrobial peptides, loss of stem cell release, compromised gut barrier, inflammation and leaky gut. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • Chronic inflammation drives HIV-1 pathogenesis, leading to loss of CD4+ T cells and exhaustion of antiviral immunity. (jci.org)
  • However, how it regulates inflammation and antiviral T cell responses during HIV infection is unclear. (jci.org)
  • Taken together, our data suggest that therapeutically targeting autophagy is a promising approach to treat persistent inflammation and improve immune control of HIV replication. (jci.org)
  • In order to characterize mechanisms involved in ENM inflammation studies have been conducted in vitro using THP-1 and NLRP3 KO cells and primary AM from mice and humans as well as in vivo studies using murine models. (cdc.gov)
  • This review focuses on the role of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) in human diseases. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, SUs can close the K ATP channel in pancreatic β cells, followed by membrane depolarization and open the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCCs) to increase intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ), resulting in insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, our results showed that PCA increased the intracellular levels of glutathione and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species that might be related to the inhibition effect of PCA on OVCAR-3 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Ma et al ( 15 ) revealed that compression activated autophagy in NP cells and that compression-induced autophagy was closely associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species production. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)
  • IM-induced autophagy did not involve c-Abl or Bcl-2 activity but was associated with ER stress and was suppressed by depletion of intracellular Ca2+, suggesting it is mechanistically. (lu.se)
  • Treatment of endothelial cells with GLP-1 significantly attenuated oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and autophagy, which was associated with the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. (ijbs.com)
  • Autophagy is a cellular mechanism for disposal of damaged organelles and elimination of intracellular pathogens. (jci.org)
  • Autophagy has a variety of complex physiological and pathophysiological roles, such as adaptation to nutrient starvation, clearance of damaged intracellular proteins and organelles, cell development, antiaging, elimination of microorganisms, cell death, tumor suppression, and antigen presentation. (moleculardevices.com)
  • β cells are the targets of glibenclamide and the only highly differentiated insulin-secreting cell in the human body, which secrete a certain amount of insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy is a self-protective pathway of cell catabolism that allows cells to degrade misfolded proteins or damaged organelles, providing energy for cells and maintaining their homeostasis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in many organs, especially metabolic organs, which not only maintain the basic homeostasis of cells but also regulate cells' function [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy and apoptosis are two forms of programmed cell death, which are essential for cellular homeostasis. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that functions to maintain homeostasis and provides energy during nutrient deprivation and environmental stresses for the survival of cells by delivering cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomes for recycling and energy generation. (tmc.edu)
  • Autophagy is pivotal for energy homeostasis and plays critical roles in regulating immunity. (jci.org)
  • Autophagy is the one of the essential pathways for maintaining homeostasis of cells and plays an important regulatory role in cell survival and death. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Autophagy is a highly regulated degradative process crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis . (bvsalud.org)
  • Knockdown of PD-1 enhanced SW480 viability in-vitro, while overexpression of PD-1 diminished cell viability. (jcancer.org)
  • CRC cell growth induced by C. tropicalis is partially offset in the presence of PD-1 overexpression. (jcancer.org)
  • In this study, OSCC cells with stable overexpression or silencing of Per2 were established to explore their biological functions and mechanism in vivo and in vitro . (jcancer.org)
  • Overexpression of Per2 promoted autophagy and apoptosis in OSCC cells and inhibited proliferation. (jcancer.org)
  • Functionally, ZSCAN18 overexpression inhibited the biological progression of GC cells, which was characterized by weaken proliferation, enhanced autophagy and suppressed tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most importantly, the knockdown of TP53INP2 alleviated the inhibiting effects of ZSCAN18 overexpression in GC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overexpression of TFEB activated autophagy and attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced ROS accumulation. (illinois.edu)
  • Autophagy is a natural process to orderly degrade and recycle cellular components [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study of the role of miR-30a in regulating beclin 1 expression and autophagy reveals a novel function for miRNA in a critical cellular event with significant impacts in cancer development, progression and treatment, and in other diseases. (psu.edu)
  • TIGAR regulates autophagy either to promote cell survival or contribute to cell death under diverse cellular environments. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Cell Death has long been considered to be an inevitable part of the life cycle of a cell and hence, considered a familiar consequence of cellular life. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Autophagy is a regulated process of degrading and recycling damaged proteins and organelles in response to cellular stress. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Autophagy is your body's natural process of removing and recycling cellular waste, but without that process, the waste grows. (daveasprey.com)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The top panel shows representative autophagy cells image and analysis mask for PC12 cells treated with an autophagy inducer chloroquine (30 μM) and stained with Cyto-ID dye. (moleculardevices.com)
  • For in vitro studies, human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas2b) were treated with waterpipe smoke extract (WPSE, 5%), nicotine (5mM), and/or cysteamine (250muM, an autophagy inducer and anti-oxidant drug), for 6hrs. (who.int)
  • Xenophagy targets bacterial pathogens for destruction, while mitophagy aids red blood cell maturation. (the-scientist.com)
  • For example, during the maturation of oxygen-transporting red blood cells called erythrocytes, a selective form of autophagy known as mitophagy eliminates most mitochondria from precursor cells called reticulocytes. (the-scientist.com)
  • Prior research has shown that autophagy and mitophagy are intimately linked to skeletal muscle differentiation and myogenesis. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • for example, they provide structural stability to cells and tissues, give motility to individual cells, carry messages within and between cells, and regulate gene expression and metabolism. (biologists.com)
  • It has been reported that the reduction of autophagy-related gene expressions in skin melanoma [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • beclin 1, the mammalian homologue of the yeast Atg6, is a key autophagy-promoting gene that plays a critical role in the regulation of cell death and survival of various types of cells. (psu.edu)
  • Another study showed that removing the autophagy gene in mice caused weight gain, lethargy, higher cholesterol, and impaired brain function. (indiatimes.com)
  • which means both copies of the gene in each cell must have a variant to cause the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cells generate partially reduced forms of oxygen, collectively referred to as "reactive oxygen species" (ROS), during respiration and enzymatic processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATG13 is a target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway that regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG13 and ULK1, and the regulation of the ATG13-ULK1-RB1CC1 complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • The immune system regulates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, where signals such as TNFα or displayed ligands on the surface of immune cells trigger signal cascades by death receptors present on targeted cells. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Autophagy is a double edged sword in that it has both pro-survival and pro-death roles in cancer cells. (tmc.edu)
  • In its pro-survival role, autophagy allows cancer cells to overcome cytotoxic stresses generated the cancer environment or cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and evade cell death. (tmc.edu)
  • Doxorubicin-resistant BT-549 (BT-549DOX) and 5-Fluorouracil-resistant MDA-MB-468 (MDA-MB-4685-FU) cells were chosen for further analysis with the autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 and lentiviral depletion of ATG5, indicating that enhanced cytoprotective autophagy partially contributes to increased drug resistance and cell survival. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Zhang D, Li M, Qin Z-H. The Role of TIGAR-mediated Metabolic Processes in Autophagy and Cell Survival. (scientificarchives.com)
  • More research is required to define the differential roles of TIGAR in autophagy and cell survival under various pathophysiological conditions. (scientificarchives.com)
  • In this review, we briefly discussed the influences of TIGAR on cell survival through regulating autophagy in different cell types to deepen the understanding of the relationship between TIGAR-mediated metabolic processes in autophagy and cell survival. (scientificarchives.com)
  • In agreement with this, an accumulation of FoxO1 was observed in the brain of XBP1-deficient mice, correlating with the enhancement of autophagy 6 . (nature.com)
  • Based on these in vitro findings, we examined the pathogenic role of hIAPP and its relation to autophagy in hIAPP-knockin mice. (jci.org)
  • however, hIAPP-knockin mice did not exhibit a high-fat-diet-induced compensatory increase in β cell mass, which was due to limited β cell proliferation and enhanced β cell apoptosis. (jci.org)
  • Importantly, expression of hIAPP in mice with a β cell-specific autophagy defect resulted in substantial deterioration of glucose tolerance and dispersed cytoplasmic expression of p62-associated toxic oligomers, which were otherwise sequestrated within p62-positive inclusions. (jci.org)
  • looks like 24hours to autophagy activation in mice, but how long for humans? (fightaging.org)
  • We demonstrated that while intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and death are unaltered in mice with ubiquitous suppression of NF-κB activity, goblet cell numbers increase at the expense of Paneth cells. (hu-berlin.de)
  • Moreover, blocking antibody against PD-1 promotes tumor growth both in SW480 cells and mice CRC xenografts in an adaptive immune-independent manner. (jcancer.org)
  • Autophagy, a process known to prevent aging, is critical for the maintenance of immune memory in mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we demonstrated that treatment of INS-1 cells with human IAPP (hIAPP) enhances cell death, inhibits cytoproliferation, and increases autophagosome formation. (jci.org)
  • Therefore, this study proves that Rh4 inhibits cancer cell proliferation by activating the ROS/p53 signaling pathway and activating autophagy to induce ferroptosis, which provides necessary scientific evidence of the great anticancer potential of Rh4. (hindawi.com)
  • However, these experimental results do not directly demonstrate that defects in autophagy contribute to pathogenesis of human diseases. (nature.com)
  • Not only do defects in autophagy compromise the Paneth cell's ability to support these ISCs, but these cells rely upon mitochondria to generate ATP. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • One of the hallmarks of breast cancer is resistance of tumor cells to cell death. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor is an immune checkpoint molecule that induces immune tolerance and mediates the immune escape of tumor cells. (jcancer.org)
  • C. tropicalis can down-regulate tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 expression via enhancing tumor cells autophagy levels to promote CRC progression. (jcancer.org)
  • It is mainly expressed on mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes [ 7 , 8 ], and it can inhibit T cell function by binding with PD-L1 or PD-L2 ligand, which is mainly expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to induce immune tolerance and limit autoimmunity [ 9 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • In insulin-producing β cells, excess autophagy degrades insulin granules, resulting in decreased insulin contents and systemic glucose intolerance, whereas in insulin-responsive cells, activating autophagy decreases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and improves insulin sensitivity [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The method along with the CYTO-ID dye allows detection of autophagy particles and can be used for assay development and quantitation of the compound effects on the process of autophagy. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Sleep: Quality sleep is essential for autophagy, and the process occurs predominantly during the nighttime sleep cycle. (fightaging.org)
  • IM, nilotinib, or dasatinib, with inhibitors of autophagy resulted in near complete elimination of phenotypically and functionally defined CML stem cells. (lu.se)
  • Studies suggest that a period of 12 to 24 hours of fasting can lead to significant activation of autophagy in various tissues. (fightaging.org)
  • Phagocytes patrol our tissues on the lookout for "find-me" signals released by dying cells, and then engulf them when they encounter "eat-me" signals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But new science suggests that autophagy compromises these tight junctions, further harming the mortar and increasing the porousness of your gut lining to allow inflammatory food components, bacteria, and viruses to reach the tissues below it. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • Apoptosis is triggered during pathological events as a means to renew affected tissues and eliminate cancer cells. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. (moleculardevices.com)
  • We found that PCA treatment significantly reduced the cell viability and colony formation of OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, and A2780 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Cell viability was estimated by cell counting kit-8 and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry. (karger.com)
  • LPS effectively inhibited cell viability and LC3B I expression and enhanced LC3B II, Beclin-1 and atg5 expressions in MLE-12 cells. (karger.com)
  • In LPS-induced ARDS cell model, astragaloside IV up-regulated cell viability, SOD activity and ZO-1 and LC3B I expressions but down-regulated cell apoptosis, TNF-α, IL-6, LC3B II, Beclin-1 and atg5 expressions and LDH and MDA levels. (karger.com)
  • Astragaloside IV suppressed cell viability and ZO-1 expression after the Rap treatment. (karger.com)
  • Astragaloside IV might suppress autophagy initiation directly or indirectly through suppressing the oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which further enhances the cell viability and tight junction and reduces apoptosis in LPS-stimulated pulmonary endothelial ARDS cell model, thus exerting its therapeutic function in ARDS. (karger.com)
  • The MTT assay assessed cell viability, and autophagy was detected by electron microscopy. (medscimonit.com)
  • Fifteen micromoles of purvalanol induced a reduction in cell viability by 20 and 35% within 24 and 48 h, respectively. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Those antitumorigenic effects include decreased cell migration, cell viability, and ATP production along with abortive autophagy. (tmc.edu)
  • Learn about cell viability assays. (abcam.com)
  • Together, our results indicate that increased insulin resistance in combination with reduced autophagy may enhance the toxic potential of hIAPP and enhance β cell dysfunction and progression of T2DM. (jci.org)
  • Increased levels of polyamines in cells are considered to be involved in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Whether C. tropicalis participates in the progression of CRC and immunotherapy resistance through regulating the tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 remains to be further elucidated. (jcancer.org)
  • This shows that C. tropicalis promotes CRC progression via controlling the expression of tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1. (jcancer.org)
  • The host cell exerts its self-clearing of toxic substances such as damaged proteins and organelles through autophagy processes [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy is a catabolic process by which the cell targets and degrades cytoplasmic materials, such as proteins and organelles. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • In response to nutrient shortage or organelle damage, cells undergo macroautophagy. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Herein is described the unprecedented biological properties of platinum( II ) complexes relevant to induction of cancer cell death via manifesting such intermolecular interactions. (rsc.org)
  • Solanum nigrum (SN) is a herb with anticancer effects such as destruction of tumor cell membrane, induction of apoptosis by NF-kappaB, caspase activation, nitric oxide production and inhibition of angiogenesis [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Therefore, remedies based on the induction of programmed cell death attracted greater attention for cancer treatment [ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • DHA induced nuclear translocation of the oxidative stress sensor NFE2L2 in both cell lines, indicating an induction of an anti-oxidative response. (ntnu.no)
  • Impairment of autophagy leads to spontaneous IFN-I signaling, and autophagy induction reduces IFN-I signaling in monocytic cells. (jci.org)
  • Using biochemical and imaging based functional assays, we found a low basal level of autophagy and no increase in autophagic flux after adding DHA to the SW620 cells. (ntnu.no)
  • CArOGlu)](CF 3 SO 3 ) ( 1a , tpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine, Glu = glucose) is able to self-assemble into about 100 nm nanoparticles in physiological medium, be taken up by lung cancer cells via energy-dependent endocytosis, and eventually transform into other superstructures distributed in endosomal/lysosomal and mitochondrial compartments apparently following cleavage of the glycosidic linkage. (rsc.org)
  • In order to gain insights in the relationship between autophagy and drug treatments, we conducted a high-throughput drug screen to identify autophagy modulators. (tmc.edu)
  • In the CellReporterXpress software, Spot Segmentation was used to identify autophagy granules. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Stress and Hormonal Factors: Stressors like heat or cold exposure, oxidative stress, and hormonal fluctuations can activate autophagy relatively quickly, within minutes to hours in some cases. (fightaging.org)
  • After navigating her own journey of autoimmune disorders, Naomi Whittel set about searching for ways to activate autophagy that anyone could do. (daveasprey.com)
  • What do you do on the outside to activate autophagy in your skin? (daveasprey.com)
  • These findings are important for developing novel therapeutic strategies against diseases involving defective autophagy and constitutive NF-κB activity. (hu-berlin.de)
  • Additionally, mutant myoblasts show increased autophagy when cultured in the absence of nutrients, as well as defective cell fusion and increased apoptosis. (escholarship.org)
  • Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To make it easy for patrolling phagocytes to home in and engulf apoptotic cells, they release strong "find-me" and "eat-me" signals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The ZnO NPs induced cytotoxicity on MG63 cells was scrutinized by MTT assay, and Real Time-PCR analyzed apoptotic markers expression. (mendeley.com)
  • The ZnO NPs treatment downregulated Bcl-2 expression, however, activated the expression of p53, Bax, Caspase-3,8&9 apoptotic members in MG63 cells. (mendeley.com)
  • When in autophagy mode, your body's cells create membranes that find dead, diseased, or worn-out cells, eat them up, and use the resulting molecules for energy or for making new cell parts. (indiatimes.com)
  • In this episode of Bulletproof Radio, you'll learn simple ways to boost your body's autophagy. (daveasprey.com)
  • Xanthoxyletin significantly inhibited the proliferation of oral cancer cells (IC₅₀, 10-30 µM) with lower cytotoxicity for normal cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • In this investigation, the role of autophagy and apoptosis in Solanum nigrum fruit extract-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-468, a triple negative breast cancer cell line was studied. (ijpsonline.com)
  • These results indicate that oxidative stress response is not the cause of DHA-induced cytotoxicity in SW620 cells. (ntnu.no)
  • Here we employed derivatives of BT-549 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cell lines that were adapted to grow in the presence of either 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin or Docetaxel in an aim to identify molecular pathways involved in the adaptation to drug-induced cell killing. (kent.ac.uk)
  • A recent study described a negative regulation of the transcription factor FoxO1 by XBP1s in pancreatic β cells, mediated by a physical interaction 7 . (nature.com)
  • Pancreatic islets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by loss of β cells and formation of amyloid deposits derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). (jci.org)
  • King BC, Kulak K, Krus U, Rosberg R, Golec E, Zhang E, O'Connell D, Renström E, Blom AM. Complement component C3 is highly expressed in human pancreatic islets and protects against beta-cell death via ATG16L1 interaction. (lu.se)
  • In the present study, autophagy activator and inhibitor were used to demonstrate the impact of autophagy on the catabolic effect induced by TNF‑α. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We demonstrate that levels of the endogenous autophagy-inducing metabolite spermidine fall in human T cells with age. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is directly linked to IFN-I signaling, which is a key driver of immune activation and T cell exhaustion during chronic HIV infection. (jci.org)
  • Our data demonstrate that local PKA activity can occur independently of local cAMP concentrations and provide strong evidence for a link between localized PKA signaling events and autophagy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Cell Death Differ;28(8): 2436-2449, 2021 08. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, IKKβ knockdown was used to further confirm the effect of the NF‑κB signal on human NP cells autophagy, and the data showed that IKKβ knockdown upregulated the autophagy of NP cells during inflammatory conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It sounds gross, but there is just a single epithelial cell layer separating you from vomit, poop and loads of bacteria. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • Many studies have shown that activation of islet autophagy may enhance antioxidant response, leading to reduced oxidative stress and reduced apoptosis in high glucose stress [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • PCA treatment induced cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase, the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 in OVCAR-3 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Autophagy is central for the benefits associated with activation of longevity signaling programs, and for HSC function and response to nutrient stress. (fightaging.org)
  • It's important to note that the degree of autophagy activation can vary among individuals, and the timeline can be influenced by factors like age, genetics, and overall health. (fightaging.org)
  • Conclusions: Our results indicate that activation of TFEB mediated autophagy alleviates H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage by reducing ROS accumulation and inhibiting caspase-dependent apoptosis. (illinois.edu)
  • Two key steps regulate this process: 1) ENM-induced phagolysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) leading to the release of cathepsin B into the cytoplasm, which has been linked to NLRP3 Inflammasome assembly and Caspase-1 activation necessary for IL-1beta to be cleaved from its pro-form, and 2) elimination of the NLRP3 Inflammasome complex by autophagy. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, our data indicate that Cr(III) induces autophagy via structural aberration of organelle membrane, in particular by the increase of lipid compositions in addition to autophagy-associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • The main hallmark of necrotic cell death is swelling leading to rupture of the cell membrane. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We show in addition that, in HT-29 cells , in which autophagy is modulated by cAMP rising treatments , PKA activity is strictly regulated in space and time by phosphatases , which largely prevent the phosphorylation of soluble substrates , while membrane -bound targets are less sensitive to the action of these enzymes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to red blood cells and immune cells . (fightaging.org)
  • In part this is damage to the stem cells themselves, but a sizable portion of the problem results from age-related damage and change in the niche of supporting cells that is needed to maintain a stem cell population. (fightaging.org)
  • At present the research community is progressing towards this goal one stem cell population at a time, but it seems plausible that some discoveries will be broadly applicable to all stem cells in the adult body. (fightaging.org)
  • Because these cells release antimicrobial peptides and support intestinal stem cells, they are critical to the health and maintenance of the gut lining. (highintensityhealth.com)
  • These gut (epithelial) cells depend on continual replenishment by intestinal stem cells (ISC). (highintensityhealth.com)
  • In a paper recently published in Cell Research , Zhao and colleagues uncover a new role of XBP1u in the control of FoxO1 levels and autophagy 10 . (nature.com)
  • In this study, we examined the role of autophagy in the initiation of lipid increases in renal epithelial HK2 cells. (nih.gov)
  • In summary, our results revealed a novel IEC-intrinsic role of NF-κB in cell fate decisions and differentiation which occur via regulation of Wnt signaling and Sox9 expression downstream of NF-κB. (hu-berlin.de)
  • We thus aimed to determine the role of autophagy in cell death induced by glucose deprivation. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Additionally, autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cell stability. (scienceopen.com)
  • Collectively, this study unveiled that ZSCAN18 played an anticancer role in GC by promoting autophagy and transcriptional regulation of TP53INP2 and provided a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of GC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy plays an important role in cell growth, development and disease suppression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the main aim of the study was to investigate the role of TFEB-mediated autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells experiencing oxidative stress. (illinois.edu)
  • Autophagy and its dysregulation has been found to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, therefore the discovery of novel therapeutic targets along this process has emerged as a promising approach for drug therapies. (moleculardevices.com)
  • When the AKT activator SC79 was added to Per2-overexpressing OSCC cells, the increased autophagy, apoptosis and decreased proliferation were significantly rescued. (jcancer.org)
  • Likewise, ZSCAN18 expression was significantly reduced in a panel of GC cell lines as a result of the densely methylated ZSCAN18 promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to providing a molecular link between the UPR and autophagy, the current study resolves an important question in the ER stress field: what is the biological function of XBP1u? (nature.com)
  • While the molecular machines driving autophagy are well understood, the involvement of localized signaling events in this process is not well defined. (bvsalud.org)
  • BBA - Molecular Cell Research, Under revision. (lu.se)