Authors insect brain mushroom bodies. Medical search. Frequent questions

Lateral horn of insect brain Mushroom bodies Virtual Fly Brain Drosophila connectome Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata (1999). (wikipedia.org)
Brain development in Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
One new receptor, octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (OAMB), was identified as an octopamine receptor because human and Drosophila cell lines expressing OAMB showed increased cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ levels after octopamine application. (ucl.ac.uk)
We used swept, confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy to image all cells in a large volume of the brain of adult Drosophila with high spatiotemporal resolution while flies engaged in a variety of spontaneous behaviors. (nature.com)

Mushroom bodies in the brain have been shown to be the central processing units where sensory input converges. (sciencedaily.com)
Arranged in pairs, each mushroom body consists of a column-like portion, called the lobe, capped by a dome-like structure, called the calyx, where neurons that relay information sent from the animal's sensory organs converge. (sciencedaily.com)
In the insect brain, the mushroom body is a higher order brain area that is key to memory formation and sensory processing. (uni-frankfurt.de)
These studies highlight that instead of relying on simple sensory reflexes, flies use their sophisticated learning and navigational circuitry to track odor plumes, a feature likely to be shared between insect and mammalian brains. (rockefeller.edu)
Mushroom bodies have been associated with complex sensory processing in arthropods. (neiu.edu)
Elaborated mushroom bodies and central complexes have been associated both with complex sensory processing and complex control of motor behaviors in arthropods (analogous to the roles played by the basal ganglia in vertebrates). (neiu.edu)

Recent research by other scientists has also shown that those circuits interact with other brain centers in strengthening or reducing the importance of a recollection as the animal gathers experiences from its environment. (sciencedaily.com)
A more evolutionarily "modern" group of crustaceans called Reptantia, which includes many lobsters and crabs, do indeed appear to have brain centers that don't look at all like the insect mushroom body. (sciencedaily.com)
Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)
One of the study's crucial findings was that neural connections link the reniform bodies to centers called mushroom bodies, iconic structures of arthropod brains that are required for olfactory learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
In 2016, an Argentinian group discovered that, in crabs, what are now known as reniform bodies act as secondary centers for learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
Using calcium imaging and optogenetic perturbations of specific neuronal populations, we reveal that edge-tracking relies on the mushroom body and central complex, two highly interconnected brain centers implicated in olfactory learning and spatial navigation. (rockefeller.edu)

Mushroom body (MB) extrinsic neurons leaving the output region of the MB, the lobes and the peduncle, are thought to be especially important in these processes. (uni-frankfurt.de)
In the honeybee brain, a distinct class of MB extrinsic neurons, A3 neurons, are implicated in playing a role in learning. (uni-frankfurt.de)
In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
Using a variety of imaging techniques, the team traced connections made by neurons in the reniform body and discovered that it contains a number of distinct, interacting subsections. (eurekalert.org)
In particular, the ongoing activity of dopaminergic neurons of the mushroom body previously implicated in associative learning shapes edge-tracking behavior over multiple timescales and is necessary for continued pursuit of the plume. (rockefeller.edu)
Consequently, a novel dopaminergic plasticity rule was developed to approximate the function of dopamine as the plasticity mechanism between neurons in the insect brain. (ed.ac.uk)
In addition, by using anatomical data of connections between neurons in the mushroom body neuropils of the insect brain, the neural incentive circuit of dopaminergic and output neurons was also explored. (ed.ac.uk)
On the other hand, several locomotor behaviors seem to be associated with extensive activity in the fly brain beyond those neurons that are directly involved in the behavior. (nature.com)

Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. (elsevierpure.com)
The NOS gene was strongly expressed in the optic lobes and in the Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)
The cerebral ganglia of all mantises that we examined had highly complex mushroom bodies with dense concentrations of Kenyon cells atop robust calyces. (neiu.edu)

Crustaceans share a brain structure known to be crucial for learning and memory in insects, researchers have discovered. (sciencedaily.com)
New research shows that crustaceans such as shrimps, lobsters and crabs have more in common with their insect relatives than previously thought -- when it comes to the structure of their brains. (sciencedaily.com)
Both insects and crustaceans possess mushroom-shaped brain structures known in insects to be required for learning, memory and possibly negotiating complex, three-dimensional environments, according to the study, led by University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
In the current paper, the group provides evidence that neuro-anatomical features that define mushroom bodies -- at one time thought to be an evolutionary feature proprietary to insects -- are present across crustaceans, a group that includes more than 50,000 species. (sciencedaily.com)
Crustaceans and insects are known to descend from a common ancestor that lived about a half billion years ago and has long been extinct. (sciencedaily.com)
In addition to insects and crustaceans, other arthropods include arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders, and myriapods, such as millipedes and centipedes. (sciencedaily.com)
The second group split again to provide the lineage leading to modern crustaceans, including shrimps and lobsters, and six-legged creatures, including insects -- the most diverse group of arthropods living today. (sciencedaily.com)
This, the authors suggest, helped create the misconception crustaceans lack the structures altogether. (sciencedaily.com)
Brain analysis of crustaceans has revealed that while the mushroom bodies found in crustaceans appear more diverse than those of insects, their defining neuroanatomical and molecular elements are all there. (sciencedaily.com)
According to Strausfeld, this suggests that the formation and storage of memories occurs in at least two different and discrete sites in the brain of the mantis shrimp and likely other members of malacostracans, the largest class of crustaceans. (eurekalert.org)

Researchers traced neural connections in a newly discovered brain region of mantis shrimp, gaining new insights into how the fierce predators are able to make sense of a breathtaking amount of visual input. (eurekalert.org)
Although a complete characterization of the neural basis of learning remains ongoing, scientists for nearly a century have used the brain as inspiration to design artificial neural networks capable of learning, a case in point being deep learning. (jneurosci.org)
The combination of numerical tasks with simultaneous neural activity recordings allowed the exploration of the neural basis of brain functions for numbers (for review see 16 ). (biorxiv.org)
In an attempt to close this gap, this thesis studied the insect neuroethology of reinforcement learning, that is, the neural circuits that underlie reinforcement-learning-related behaviours in insects. (ed.ac.uk)

In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants, there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that are as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)
Alternatively, they might be homologous to a structure found in insect brains called the lateral horn, which sits between the optic lobes and the mushroom bodies. (eurekalert.org)
NOS activity was detected in the optic lobes, the mushroom bodies, the central body complex, the lateral protocerebral lobes, and the antennal lobes. (elsevierpure.com)

Functional mushrooms contain antioxidant compounds, meaning they help rid the body of inflammation-producing oxidative stress. (vidacap.com)
The powerful antioxidants present in cordyceps mushroom help combat oxidative stress and free radicals, which are major contributors to the aging process. (dgshopnow.com)

Decades of research has untangled arthropods' evolutionary relationships using morphological, molecular and genetic data, as well as evidence from the structure of their brains. (sciencedaily.com)
they show up in the brains of other arthropods, including centipedes, millipedes and some arachnids. (sciencedaily.com)

These compounds are very important insecticides because of their rapid paralysis of flying insects, relatively low mammalian toxicity, and rapid rate of degradation in the environment. (cdc.gov)

We know of several proteins that are necessary for the establishment of learning and memory in fruit flies," Strausfeld said, "and if you use antibodies that detect those proteins across insect species, the mushroom bodies light up every time. (sciencedaily.com)
In addition to mantis shrimp, malacostracans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and other less familiar species that together account for about 40,000 living species and a great diversity of body forms. (eurekalert.org)
Nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and carbon monoxide (CO) are thought to act as gaseous neuromodulators in the brain across species. (elsevierpure.com)
Humans have been consuming mushrooms for health and nutrition for thousands of years, and there are literally hundreds of different medicinal uses for mushrooms of all different species. (vidacap.com)
The nutritional value of mushrooms varies, of course, depending on the species. (vidacap.com)
Most people can consume mushrooms without experiencing side effects, but it is possible to have a bad reaction to certain species of fungi. (vidacap.com)
Many different species of mushrooms have beneficial effects. (vidacap.com)
Image courtesy: Raksha Baid Cordyceps is a species of parasitic mushrooms with 400 identifiable subspecies. (anyeating.com)
We analyzed the anatomy of the brain and thoracic ganglia of several mantis species using the similarly sized cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa as a benchmark. (neiu.edu)

That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)

METHODS: Deaths that occurred between December 2016 and December 2021 were investigated with MITS, including culture for bacteria of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), multipathogen polymerase chain reaction on blood, CSF, and lung tissue and histopathology of lung, liver, and brain. (cdc.gov)

The mushroom body is an incredibly ancient, fundamental brain structure," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the University of Arizona's Center for Insect Science. (sciencedaily.com)
The mushroom bodies contain networks where interesting associations are being made that give rise to memory," Strausfeld said. (sciencedaily.com)
This arrangement may allow mantis shrimp to store quite high-level visual information," said Strausfeld, senior author of the paper that was published in the Journal of Comparative Neurology . (eurekalert.org)
The fact that we were now able to demonstrate that the reniform body is also connected to the mushroom body and provides information to it, suggests that olfactory processing may take place in the context of already established visual memories," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the Center for Insect Science at the University of Arizona. (eurekalert.org)

cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum. (wikipedia.org)
The necessity to function with resource constraints has led evolution to design animal brains (and bodies) to be optimal in their use of computational power while being adaptable to their environmental niche. (jneurosci.org)

The research, published in the open-access journal eLife , challenges a widely held belief in the scientific community that these brain structures -- called "mushroom bodies" -- are conspicuously absent from crustacean brains. (sciencedaily.com)
However, mushroom body structures are diverse, adapted to different ecologies, and likely to serve various functions. (elsevierpure.com)

This dissertation focuses on the decoding of olfactory information by the mushroom body (MB), the second relay of the insect olfactory system, which receives oscillating input from the antennal lobe (the first relay, analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). (caltech.edu)

In recent years, scientists have studied the medicinal benefits of the Cordyceps Sinensis mushroom and its effects on ameliorating the negative effects of stress on the body and brain among other things. (naturalnews.com)
Many fungi also contain a group of compounds called beta-glucans , which are responsible for most of the medicinal properties of mushrooms. (vidacap.com)
Most of the benefits of medicinal mushrooms come from their potent effects on the body's immune system. (vidacap.com)
Cordyceps is a unique medicinal mushroom that has been used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine for centuries. (dgshopnow.com)

Now, researchers have found a new way through which pesticides are affecting bees: by hurting the brains of baby bees. (zmescience.com)
In the new study, researchers at the Imperial College of London explain that pesticides can also disturb the brain of baby bees, which suffer the effects of food contaminated with pesticides brought by worker bees in the colony. (zmescience.com)
Bee colonies act like superorganisms, so when toxins enter the colony, they have the potential to cause problems with the development of bees," Richard Gill, author of the study, told CNN . (zmescience.com)
When young bees feed on food contaminated with pesticides it leads to less growth of parts of the brain, a permanent and irreversible effect. (zmescience.com)
The study also involved scanning the brains of up to 100 bees from different colonies, using a micro-CT scanning technology. (zmescience.com)
The results showed that the bees exposed to the pesticides had a smaller volume of an important part of the insect brain, known as the mushroom body -- a structure in insects brain known to be associated with olfactory learning and memory, among others. (zmescience.com)
This line of argument also implies that current machine learning models, some of which use amounts of compute comparable to that of bee brains, should have similar task performance as bees. (lesswrong.com)
This is broadly consistent with Cotra's claim that transformative models would have compute requirements similar to that of the human brain, as neither bees nor machine learning models are clearly superior at this task. (lesswrong.com)
Different flying and walking paradigms have been developed to investigate behavioural and neuronal responses to competing stimuli in insects such as bees and flies. (biologists.com)
Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)

Cordyceps is actually a fungal spore that kills insects such as caterpillars and moths and feeds off their tissues. (naturalnews.com)
The Cordyceps mushroom has been described in old Chinese medical books from ancient times and is also found in Tibetan medicine. (naturalnews.com)
A 2014 study published in Evidence Based Complimentary and Alternative Medicine showed that Cordyceps supplementation reduced inflammatory markers in the hippocampus of the brain . (naturalnews.com)
Another 2012 study showed that Cordyceps lowered inflammatory markers in the brain of D-galactose injected mice and increased key anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione. (naturalnews.com)
The natural habitat of Yarsagumba cordyceps is in the Himalayan Mountains -specifically the Tibetan Plateau-which presents a rather obvious barrier to just heading out and picking your own batch like you would with a more common mushroom. (anyeating.com)
This begs the query "What is Cordyceps brain infection? (anyeating.com)
In several months, roughly 60% of humanity was either killed or infected by the cordyceps fungus , later medically referred to as Cordyceps Brain Infection. (anyeating.com)
Cordyceps militaris is a entomopathogenic fungus, meaning it parasitizes insects. (anyeating.com)
In this article, we will highlight ten incredible benefits of cordyceps mushroom. (dgshopnow.com)
Cordyceps mushroom is known to increase energy levels by boosting the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of cellular energy. (dgshopnow.com)
Cordyceps mushroom possesses powerful anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the body. (dgshopnow.com)
Cordyceps mushroom is known for its aphrodisiac properties and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to enhance libido and sexual function. (dgshopnow.com)
In conclusion, cordyceps mushroom offers a plethora of health benefits, ranging from improved energy and stamina to enhanced immunity, kidney support, and anti-aging benefits. (dgshopnow.com)

Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). (frontiersin.org)

Its fungus attacks host insects like caterpillars and spiders. (anyeating.com)
Most caterpillars or insects that are attacked by this fungus live under the ground. (anyeating.com)

Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain. (wikipedia.org)

Recent evidence shows that numerical skills provide an advantage in terms of fitness also to invertebrates 24 - 26 , suggesting that some form of numerical ability may have evolved in common ancestors of insects and mammals over 500 million years ago. (biorxiv.org)
These cells classified into several subtypes based on the hormones they produce in both mammals and insects. (bioone.org)

Reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum ) is among the most recognizable functional mushrooms in the world. (vidacap.com)
Like most mushrooms, reishi contains beta-glucans for immune system support. (vidacap.com)

In 2017, Strausfeld's team reported a detailed analysis of mushroom bodies discovered in the brain of the mantis shrimp, Squilla mantis. (sciencedaily.com)

Immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody made to the receptor revealed highly enriched expression in the mushroom body neuropil and the ellipsoid body of central complex, brain areas known to be crucial for olfactory learning and motor control, respectively. (ucl.ac.uk)

However, you must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work), and cannot use the work for commercial purposes without prior permission of the author. (ucl.ac.uk)

In some insects, such as honeybees and fruit flies, octopamine has been shown to be a major stimulator of adenylyl cyclase and to function in associative learning. (ucl.ac.uk)

An important problem in neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes information. (caltech.edu)
To do this, we combine neuroscience and physiology to understand how the brain and body communicate at the cellular and molecular levels. (uni-bonn.de)

Edible mushrooms are rich in vitamins and minerals (while also being low in calories and fat), while nootropic mushrooms, even to this day, play an essential role in healing systems, particularly in Asian culture. (vidacap.com)
Some edible mushrooms also contain a chemical called ergothioneine . (vidacap.com)
Or maybe he was nothing but an unemployed hipster, but he was an Eagle Scout when he was a kid and thus knows how to tie every kind of knot, how to identify every kind of edible mushroom, and how to skin every kind of game. (cracked.com)

Lion's mane ( Hericium erinaceus ) is another popular mushroom in East Asia culture. (vidacap.com)

I conclude that the evidence broadly supports the biological anchor framework, and I update slightly towards the hypothesis that the compute usage of a transformative model is lower than that of the human brain. (lesswrong.com)
However, there are many difficulties in usefully comparing the compute usage of biological brains and machine learning models, and, therefore, I am not very confident in this conclusion. (lesswrong.com)
The goal was to extract a biologically plausible plasticity function from insect-neuronal data, use this to explain biological findings and compare it to more standard reinforcement learning models. (ed.ac.uk)

Mushrooms are a type of fungus that are enjoyed by people all over the world and renowned for their nutritional benefits. (naturalnews.com)
The mushroom fungus Penicillium was the raw material used to create the antibiotic, penicillin, which transformed the medical world. (naturalnews.com)
For years, it was thought to be a living worm rather than a mushroom and was nicknamed the caterpillar fungus as it is seen growing on the sides of trees. (naturalnews.com)

Their social behavior, in my opinion, is the most human-like of any insect. (ucanr.edu)
We took this behavior as a model to explore how motivation is produced and regulated in the brain. (uni-bonn.de)

This potent mushroom contains bioactive compounds that stimulate and strengthen the immune system. (dgshopnow.com)

Using crustacean brain samples, the researchers applied tagged antibodies that act like probes, homing in on and highlighting proteins that have been shown to be essential for learning and memory in fruit flies. (sciencedaily.com)
Among insects, they have large brains, especially the mushroom bodies (learning/memory and cognition area of insect brain). (ucanr.edu)
He is the author of the best-selling book SuperCharge Your Brain - the complete guide to radically improve your mood, memory and mindset. (naturalnews.com)
It improves memory, enhances mental clarity, and may assist in protecting the brain from age-related diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. (dgshopnow.com)

Mushroom bodies of another basal taxon, the Odonata, possess a remnant calyx that may reflect the visual ecology of this group. (elsevierpure.com)
She became interested in both fields after enrolling in a "behavioral ecology of insects" course taught by Edwin Lewis , associate dean for agricultural sciences in the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, and professor and former vice chair, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology. (ucanr.edu)

This one attacks a host, replaces its tissue, and sprouts ominous stems that grow outside of its body. (anyeating.com)

In the present study, we identified the genes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and heme oxygenase (HO) from the honeybee brain. (elsevierpure.com)
The honeybee brain contains at least one gene for each of NOS, CBS, and HO. (elsevierpure.com)
On the other hand, the honeybee brain contains three subunits of sGC: sGCα1, sGCβ1, and sGCβ3. (elsevierpure.com)
In addition, we performed in situ hybridization for Apis NOS mRNA and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in the honeybee brain. (elsevierpure.com)
These findings suggest that NO is involved in various brain functions and that H 2 S and CO can be endogenously produced in the honeybee brain. (elsevierpure.com)

Insects have long been used to explore the neuronal computations of complex behaviors (for a review see 23 ). (biorxiv.org)

We further find that the Dorsal-related immune factor Dif encodes a B isoform, reflecting a conservation of B domains across a range of insect NF-κB proteins. (elsevierpure.com)

A study involving scientists at the University of Arizona and the University of Queensland provides new insight into how the small brains of mantis shrimp - fierce predators with keen vision that are among the fastest strikers in the animal kingdom - are able to make sense of a breathtaking amount of visual input. (eurekalert.org)
The research team discovered a region of the mantis shrimp brain they called the reniform ("kidney-shaped") body. (eurekalert.org)
Therefore, mantis shrimp have much more spectral information entering their brains than humans do. (eurekalert.org)
Mantis shrimp seem to be able to process all of the different channels of information with the participation of the reniform body, a region of the animal's brain found in the eye stalks that support its two protruding eyes. (eurekalert.org)
Mantis shrimp most likely use these subsections of the reniform body to process different types of color information coming in and organize it in a way that makes sense to the rest of the brain," said lead author Thoen. (eurekalert.org)
The discovery of the reniform body, however, is not limited to mantis shrimp. (eurekalert.org)
The praying mantis is a charismatic, predatory insect that depends on vision for prey identification. (neiu.edu)
Overall, basic anatomical organization of the mantis cerebral ganglia ("brain"), and thoracic/abdominal ganglia followed the general orthopteroid bauplan but with several specializations. (neiu.edu)

Sensitive tissue-staining techniques further enabled visualization of mushroom bodies' intricate architecture. (sciencedaily.com)
And we now know there's that really intricate gut-brain axis. (terrywahls.com)

The insect olfactory system, sharing many design similarities with other systems while having a reduced complexity, provides an excellent model in which to study the functional interactions of all these coding features. (caltech.edu)
What Exactly Are Functional Mushrooms Good For? (vidacap.com)
Today, many experts consider mushrooms a functional food. (vidacap.com)
This article explores common uses of functional mushrooms and highlights a few of the key reasons why they are so special. (vidacap.com)
It's also possible for mushroom supplements to interact with medications, which is why it is recommended to check with a physician before adding a functional mushroom supplement to your health routine. (vidacap.com)

When you think about fungi, you might picture showy mushrooms, but those are just the fungal version of fruit, sprouting when it's time to reproduce. (uchicago.edu)

The supraesophageal ganglion (also "supraoesophageal ganglion", "arthropod brain" or "microbrain") is the first part of the arthropod, especially insect, central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Arthropod brain. (wikipedia.org)

This behavioral effect correlates with altered stress and detoxification gene expression in the brain. (frontiersin.org)
The preferential expression of OAMB in mushroom bodies and its capacity to produce cAMP accumulation suggest an important role in synaptic modulation underlying behavioral plasticity. (ucl.ac.uk)

To do so, she compares the size of a transformative model (defined as the number of FLOP/s required to run it) with the computational power of the human brain, as estimated in this Open Phil report (Carlsmith, 2020)[1]. (lesswrong.com)

For example, in the brain of honeybee Apis mellifera, NO plays important roles in olfactory learning and discrimination, but the existence of H 2 S- and CO-mediated signaling pathways remains unknown. (elsevierpure.com)

The basic premise behind the Paleo diet is that our bodies are genetically and evolutionarily designed to thrive on caveman-era foods, and that if you can't forage for it, hunt for it or gather it, humans are not designed to consume it. (professionalsupplementcenter.com)
Bottom line: the North American Mycological Association will likely want to update its claim that, in humans, "there are no reliably documented cases of death from the toxins in these mushrooms in the past 100 years. (thecouponhustler.com)

Phylogenetic analysis of sGC revealed that Apis sGCα1 and sGCβ1 are closely related to NO- and CO-sensitive sGC subunits, whereas Apis sGCβ3 is closely related to insect O 2 -sensitive sGC subunits. (elsevierpure.com)

We hypothesize that cannabinoid receptors evolved in the last common ancestor of bilaterians, with secondary loss occurring in insects and other clades. (researchgate.net)

She argues that a transformative model would use roughly similar amounts of compute as the human brain. (lesswrong.com)

an assistant professor of pathology & immunology, found in mice that digesting chitin, an abundant dietary fiber in insect exoskeletons and also mushrooms and crustacean shells, engages the immune system. (worldhealth.net)
The immune system is well known for safeguarding the body against various threats, including bacteria, viruses, allergens, and even cancer. (worldhealth.net)

Anatomy19

Organisms25

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology14

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care2

Drosophila4

Sensory6

Centers6

Neurons8

Kenyon3

Crustaceans10

Neural4

Lobes5

Oxidative stress2

Arthropods2

Mammalian1

Species9

Olfaction2

20211

Strausfeld4

Evolution2

Structures2

Antennal1

Medicinal4

Bees10

Cordyceps13

Stimuli1

Caterpillars2

Optic1

Mammals2

Reishi2

20171

Neuropil1

Suggests1

Honeybees1

Neuroscience2

Edible3

Lion's Mane1

Biological3

Fungus3

Behavior2

Potent1

Memory4

Ecology2

Stems1

Honeybee brain5

Neuronal1

Proteins1

Mantis8

Intricate2

Functional5

Fungi1

Arthropod2

Behavioral2

Computational1

Roles1

Humans2

Apis1

Common ancestor1

Amounts1

Immune system2