• Like the stapedius, all of these muscles derive from the hyoid arch and are innervated by cranial nerve VII. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), the facial nerve is near the nervus intermedius and the eighth cranial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve which is called Facial Nerve. (webeyeclinic.com)
  • The surgeon uses a cranial nerve to connect the graft with the muscles in the face. (estheticaindia.com)
  • The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, and it can be damaged right before or at the time of delivery. (yourpghlawyer.com)
  • Motor points used in treating facial conditions are all innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, except those of the masseter and temporalis muscles. (netofknowledge.com)
  • Bell's palsy, or idiopathic facial paralysis, is a form of facial paralysis resulting from dysfunction cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) that results in the inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Cranial nerve involvement is rare but when it does occur, bulbar and facial paralysis are most often seen. (platformqhealth.com)
  • The ophthalmic nerve, the first division of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, is a wholly afferent nerve that supplies the globe and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, It arises from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the cell bodies of its sensory nerve fibers. (dartmouth.edu)
  • It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (lookformedical.com)
  • The 7th cranial nerve. (lookformedical.com)
  • In cases of Bell's palsy, a unilateral paralysis of the facial nerve, the stapedius is paralyzed and hyperacusis may result. (wikipedia.org)
  • Facial paralysis can result from nerve damage due to congenital (present at birth) conditions, trauma or disease, such as stroke , brain tumor or Bell's palsy . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The term "facial palsy" generally refers to the weakness of the facial muscles , usually caused by permanent or temporary trauma to the nerves of the face. (estheticaindia.com)
  • Patients with facial palsy often experience a range of symptoms . (estheticaindia.com)
  • Facial palsy can be caused by several factors, including a viral infection or a traumatic event. (estheticaindia.com)
  • It is difficult to diagnose since the cause of facial palsy is not always known. (estheticaindia.com)
  • The underlying cause of facial palsy is not always clear . (estheticaindia.com)
  • In addition to the symptoms of facial palsy, a physician can perform a thorough examination to determine the underlying causes of the problem . (estheticaindia.com)
  • The diagnosis of facial palsy requires a thorough medical history and a physical examination of the affected eye . (estheticaindia.com)
  • People with a stroke are at higher risk of developing facial palsy. (estheticaindia.com)
  • Also known as facial nerve palsy, birth injury victims can also experience facial paralysis because of high pressure on the baby's face during childbirth. (yourpghlawyer.com)
  • If the disease progresses, more severe symptoms can occur, such as severe headaches and neck stiffness, paralysis of the muscles of the face (facial palsy) or other muscles, severe nerve pain, additional rashes, irregular heartbeat, and arthritis with joint swelling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bell's palsy is the most common acutemononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve) and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Bell's palsy is defined as an idiopathic unilateral facial nerve paralysis, usually self-limiting. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Bell's palsy involves damage to the seventh cranial (facial) nerve. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Bell's palsy is thought to be due to swelling (inflammation) of this nerve in the area where it travels through the bones of the skull. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve (decompression surgery) is controversial and has not been shown to routinely benefit people with Bell's palsy. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Physiotherapy can be beneficial to some individuals with Bell's palsy as it helps to maintain muscle tone of the affected facial muscles and stimulate the facial nerve. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Bell's Palsy , Paralysis of the facial nerve resulting in an inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. (fortworth2020.com)
  • When this happens, the obturator nerve can then power the gracilis muscle, enabling the patient to smile, frown, and make other facial expressions. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Because this nerve graft crosses the face from the normal side to the paralyzed side, it is called a cross-facial nerve graft or CFNG. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A small segment of the muscle can be used in the face and attached to a cross-facial nerve graft or hypoglossal nerve . (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Even experienced surgeons find it difficult to visually identify the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) or vagus nerve during thyroid surgery and other neck dissections. (medtronic.com)
  • The outer circular layer is made up of three incomplete circular muscles that are innervated by the vagus nerve or nervus vagus. (databasefootball.com)
  • The vagus nerve in the salpingopharyngeus and the palatopharyngeus, and the glossopharyngeal in the stylopharyngeus. (databasefootball.com)
  • Next, Dr. Azizzadeh removes a portion of the gracilis muscle and its associated blood vessels and nerve from a patient's inner thigh. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • By using a microscope, the surgeon can actually sew tiny blood vessels or nerves, allowing him or her to repair damaged nerves and arteries. (medicaljump.com)
  • The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The precentral gyrus emits the voluntary motor portion of the facial nerve, where most of these nerve fibers cross in the pontine region to approach the facial nerve nucleus in the contralateral pons. (medscape.com)
  • The chorda tympani nerve emerges proximal to the stylomastoid foramen and carries parasympathetic secretory fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands, as well taste fibers to the anterior two thirds of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment should be started immediately, otherwise it might be irreversible loss of nerve fibers. (kakprosto.ru)
  • The superior component is attached to the thyroid cartilage by some oblique fibers. (databasefootball.com)
  • The inferior component is attached to the cricoid cartilage by some horizontal fibers. (databasefootball.com)
  • Myelin is a substance that makes up the protective sheath (myelin sheath) that coats nerve fibers (axons). (nih.gov)
  • it is formed by the tympanic nerve ( C4 ) of the glossopharyngeal nerveand by the sympathetic fibers of the carotid plexus of the internal carotid artery. (brainkart.com)
  • Blood is supplied to the pharynx through the following arteries (external carotid arteries): lingual artery, pharyngeal artery, maxillary artery, and facial artery. (databasefootball.com)
  • Greater and lesser palatine foramina (for palatine nerves and arteries) and posterior nasal spine Vomer 1. (slideshare.net)
  • At the junction of the medial wall with the roof, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina transmit the nerves and arteries of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Involuntary contraction of the eyelid due to corneal stimulation by touch or foreign body or optic nerve stimulation by intensive light. (webeyeclinic.com)
  • A particular blind spot is known as the blind spot, or physiological blind spot, or punctum caecum in medical literature is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through it. (fortworth2020.com)
  • It transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery from the middle cranial fossa. (dartmouth.edu)
  • A small portion of this muscle, called a flap, along with its corresponding nerve and blood supply (artery and vein), can replace the facial muscles that allow the person to smile. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Using highly specialized microsurgical techniques, the surgeon transplants the gracilis muscle's artery and vein and attaches them to a corresponding artery and vein in the head and neck region. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This muscle is very special because it can be transplanted to the face with its nerve, artery, and vein. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • The infraorbital foramen, for the nerve and artery of the same name, is less than 1 cm inferior to the inferior margin. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The floor (maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones) presents the infraorbital groove and canal for the nerve and artery of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The stapedius muscle is the tiny muscle in the middle ear that attaches to the posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes , which when contracted dampens vibrations passed to the cochlea via the oval window . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The facial plastic surgery team determines the best treatment based on how long the paralysis has been present, the cause and whether it is a complete paralysis, or an incomplete (or partial) paralysis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Nerve transfer surgery has enabled 13 young adults with complete paralysis to regain movement and function in their elbows and hands, according to the largest case series of this technique in people with tetraplegia (paralysis of both the upper and lower limbs). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Electroacupuncture takes the healing process one step further by sending electric currents to stimulate the nerve endings deep inside the tissue below acupressure points. (alohaveterinaryacupuncture.com)
  • Botulinum toxin specifically attacks glycoproteins in cholinergic nerve endings. (biologydictionary.net)
  • The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. (lookformedical.com)
  • It divides near the superior orbital fissure into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. (dartmouth.edu)
  • These include weakness of the muscles that control eyelid closure , drooling , and facial drooping . (estheticaindia.com)
  • Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the face that causes it to droop. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Peripheral polyneuropathies tend to be most noticeable in the longest nerves (ie, weakness is more prominent in the distal limb than the proximal and in legs more than arms) and produce signs of lower motor neuron dysfunction (eg, decreased reflexes and muscle tone). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tick paralysis is unique in the fact that it is the only disease where a tick vector does not transmit a disease through an infectious organism. (platformqhealth.com)
  • MS also damages the nerve cell bodies, which are found in the brain's gray matter, as well as the axons themselves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves that transmit visual information from the eye to the brain. (nih.gov)
  • In general, ticks need to be attached for 36 to 48 hours before they can transmit the Lyme disease bacterium. (cdc.gov)
  • Several modifications have been described using the temporalis muscle transposition for facial paralysis. (aofoundation.org)
  • Orthodromic temporalis muscle transposition involves releasing the muscle at its insertion on the coronoid and attaching it either directly or with the use of tendon graft to the oral commissure. (aofoundation.org)
  • Due to the involvement of the temporal bone in forming the temporomandibular joint (i.e. joint of the jaw) some fibres from muscles of mastication such as the temporalis and masseter muscles attach to the temporal bone. (netlify.app)
  • The outer surface is smooth and forms a convex shape, and, via the temporal line (a curved ridge running to the back and upward), it attaches to the temporalis muscle, which helps with chewing. (netlify.app)
  • This sagittal Detailed step by step desription of Temporalis muscle transposition for Irreversible paralysis, midface and mouth located in our module on Facial nerve Keywords: electromyography, mastication, temporal muscle. (netlify.app)
  • The Temporalis muscle is a fan shaped muscle that attaches to the lower jaw from the side of the head at the temples. (netlify.app)
  • 863 The stapedius is supplied by the nerve to stapedius, a branch of the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paralysis of the stapedius allows wider oscillation of the stapes, resulting in heightened reaction of the auditory ossicles to sound vibration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paralysis of the stapedius muscle may result when the nerve to the stapedius, a branch of the facial nerve, is damaged, or when the facial nerve itself is damaged before the nerve to stapedius branches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like the stapes bone to which it attaches, the stapedius muscle shares evolutionary history with other vertebrate structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve to the stapedius is the next branch and arises from the proximal mastoid segment. (medscape.com)
  • both canals cause protrusionson the wall of the tympanic cavity, namely, the prominence of the facial canal and the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal .A bony protrusion, the pyramidal eminence ( A12 ), contains an opening at its tip through which the tendon of the stapedius muscle ( C13 ) enters. (brainkart.com)
  • A nerve graft is a surgical procedure that can be used to treat the disorder. (estheticaindia.com)
  • 5 Cranial and facial Bones  Zygomatic bone ("cheekbone") 1. (slideshare.net)
  • The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)
  • You may not feel a tick attach to your skin or notice being bitten by a tick because ticks are tiny and their bites are usually painless. (canada.ca)
  • Pets should be checked daily for ticks and attached ticks should be promptly removed using tweezers. (cdc.gov)
  • Ticks can attach anywhere on the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In North America, tick paralysis is usually transmitted by the Dermacentur variabilis and the Dermacentur andersoni ticks depending on the region. (platformqhealth.com)
  • They discovered that more case of tick paralysis are being misdiagnosed as GBS and healthcare workers failed to search for ticks in these cases. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Stimulation of ticks attached to the skin (eg, by squeezing, applying gasoline or oil, burning) may increase transmission rate. (empendium.com)
  • Ticks can attach to any part of the human body but are often found in hard-to-see areas such as the groin, armpits, and scalp. (cdc.gov)
  • The findings suggest that nerve transfers can achieve similar functional improvements to traditional tendon transfers, with the benefit of smaller incisions and shorter immobilisation times after surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In 10 participants, nerve transfers were uniquely combined with tendon transfers allowing different styles of reconstruction to be performed in each hand, and enabling participants to benefit from the innate strengths of both tendon and nerve transfers. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nerve transfers restored more natural movement and finer motor control in one hand, and tendon transfers restored more power and heavy lifting ability in the other hand. (sciencedaily.com)
  • What's more, we have shown that nerve transfers can be successfully combined with traditional tendon transfer techniques to maximise benefits. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When grasp and pinch was restored using nerve transfers in one hand and tendon transfers in the other, participants consistently reporting that they liked both hands for different reasons and would not choose to have two hands reconstructed in the same way. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Additionally, nerve transfers can re-animate more than one muscle at a time, have a shorter period of immobilisation after surgery (10 days in a sling vs 6-12 weeks in a brace for a nerve transfer for elbow extension), and avoid the technical problems associated with of tendon transfer surgery including tendon tensioning during surgery and mechanical failure (stretch or rupture) after surgery. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But this is the first prospective study to use standardised functional outcome measures and combinations of multiple nerve and tendon transfer surgeries. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Facial nerve denervation and paralysis imposes significant psychological and functional impairment. (medscape.com)
  • It communicates with the middle cranial fossa and transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, and the ophthalmic veins (fig. 45-5 ). (dartmouth.edu)
  • One group of researcher described a prodrome followed by an unsteady gait and then an ascending, symmetrical paralysis evolving over days. (platformqhealth.com)
  • The cold or viral infections can occur circulatory disorders of the nerve in this area. (kakprosto.ru)
  • In rare cases (1%), it can occur bilaterally resulting in total facial paralysis. (medicalmarijuana.com)
  • Once the nerve cells become hyperactive and occur at the same time, they simulate a tone the brain "hears" as tinnitus. (banishtinnitus.net)
  • The goal of a gracilis free flap treatment consultation is to determine the best course of action to help a patient address his or her facial paralysis symptoms. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • What are the symptoms of tick paralysis? (platformqhealth.com)
  • The symptoms of MS depend on the severity of the inflammatory reaction as well as the location and extent of the plaques, which primarily appear in the brain stem, cerebellum (involved with balance and coordination of movement, among other functions), spinal cord, optic nerves, and the white matter around the brain ventricles (fluid-filled cavaties). (nih.gov)
  • These conditions usually cause other symptoms at the same time (such as dizziness, hearing loss, headaches, facial paralysis, nausea and loss of balance), which doctors use as clues to uncover the underlying cause of tinnitus. (banishtinnitus.net)
  • The first branch of the facial nerve is the greater petrosal nerve, which departs from the geniculate ganglion and is responsible for parasympathetic secretion of the nose, mouth, and lacrimal gland. (medscape.com)
  • If performed incorrectly, stimulation of a motor point can cause damage to the facial nerves. (netofknowledge.com)
  • Electroacupuncture, also sometimes referred to as percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS), for your pets is a type of acupuncture that utilizes acupuncture needles to pass electric currents and form stimulation as a healing process. (alohaveterinaryacupuncture.com)
  • Animal studies demonstrate a significant reduction in muscle compound action potentials evoked by nerve stimulation. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Even when the nerves were unresponsive, the muscles contracted normally with direct muscle stimulation. (platformqhealth.com)
  • The surgeon removes a sensory nerve from the lower leg (the sural nerve) and attaches it to a facial nerve branch on the person's normal side, tunneling the other end of this nerve underneath the skin to position it in the paralyzed portion of the person's face. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The bodies of the cochlear sensory cells resting on the basilar membrane are surrounded by nerve terminals, and their approximately 30,000 axons form the cochlear nerve. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. (lookformedical.com)
  • 6 Cranial and facial Bones  Inferior nasal concha: surrounded anteriorly by maxillary bone  Lacrimal bone: visible between maxilla anteriorly and ethmoid posteriorly  Palatine bone 1. (slideshare.net)
  • Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR. (lookformedical.com)
  • Hearing Middle ear Ossicles Tensor tympani - the other major muscle in the middle ear Stapes - the other bone to which the muscle attaches Drake, Richard L. (wikipedia.org)
  • Muscles require nerves in order to function, and so muscle transfers such as the gracilis transfer require two separate surgeries. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The surgeon has several different nerve-grafting options for facilitating motion and sensation to the transplanted muscle and empowering it to work in its new location. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Paralysis of this muscle leads to a hypersensitivity to loud noises ( hyperacusis ). (radiopaedia.org)
  • A transplanted muscle from the groin (gracilis muscle) is necessary if one desires to create a natural and spontaneous facial movement. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • What Is a Free Gracilis Muscle Transfer for Facial Paralysis? (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Dr. Babak Azizzadeh , a globally recognized facial and plastic reconstructive surgeon, utilizes microsurgical techniques to perform a gracilis muscle transplant. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Or, if a patient does not qualify for a gracilis muscle transplant, Dr. Azizzadeh offers alternative facial paralysis treatment options. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • As one of the world's leading facial nerve experts, Dr. Azizzadeh performs more gracilis muscle transplant procedures than most other surgeons. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Within about six months of the transplant, a facial paralysis patient will begin to experience improved facial muscle strength as the nerve transfer also settles in. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • This nerve supplies the muscle of the face. (webeyeclinic.com)
  • Motor points are located at the most electrically excitable part of the muscle where the motor nerve bundle is attached. (netofknowledge.com)
  • Many facial motor points correspond with traditionally documented acupuncture points, such as Yangbai GB-14 for the frontalis muscle and Quanliao SI-18 for the zygomaticus major muscle.7 They are often located in the belly of the muscle. (netofknowledge.com)
  • BOTOX® injected to the jaw can reduce the overall size of the masseter muscle, for improved facial appearance and relaxed jaw muscles as an off label indication. (theskinhousebeauty.com)
  • If the muscle doesn't contract, then it won't be able to pull the attached, overylying skin into creases which would result on your face as wrinkles or lines. (theskinhousebeauty.com)
  • In MS, the immune system cells that normally protect us from viruses, bacteria, and unhealthy cells mistakenly attack myelin in the central nervous system (brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord). (nih.gov)
  • However, upper motor neuron dysfunction can decrease tone and reflexes if motor paralysis is sudden and severe (eg, in spinal cord transection, in which tone first decreases, then increases gradually over days to weeks) or if the lesion damages the motor cortex of the precentral gyrus and not nearby motor association areas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One patient had an underdeveloped auditory nerve and profound sensorineural hearing loss unilaterally. (fanconi.org)
  • When the tinnitus is caused by disorders of the inner ear or auditory nerve it is called otic (from the Greek word for ear). (banishtinnitus.net)
  • The facial nerve innervates a total of 23 paired muscles and the orbicular oris, but only 18 of these muscles, working in a delicate balance, produce facial animation and expression. (medscape.com)
  • The cochlear nerve crosses the inner ear canal and extends to the central structures of the brain stem, the oldest part of the brain. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Lo C, Kwok F, Yuen P. A prospective evaluation of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis during thyroidectomy. (medtronic.com)
  • Why monitor the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery? (medtronic.com)
  • Chapter 25: Surgical Anatomy of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (p316). (medtronic.com)
  • Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement. (medtronic.com)
  • Dralle H. Intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. (medtronic.com)
  • Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. (lookformedical.com)
  • The problem can affect one or both sides of the face, with noticeable drooping of the features and problems with speaking, blinking, swallowing saliva, eating or communicating through natural facial expressions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Because of the importance of facial mobility in creating recognizable facial expressions and communicating with others, addressing paralysis of the face is more than a cosmetic concern, especially in children. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • He will also ask the patient to make a variety of facial movements and expressions so he can evaluate the degree of paralysis. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Most muscles in our bodies attach to bones or other muscles, however facial muscles attach to our skin, giving us the ability to make facial expressions. (netofknowledge.com)
  • The signals from the vestibular apparatus go along a nerve to a specialised clump of neurons in the brain, the vestibular nuclei, which process them, then send commands to our muscles to adjust themselves. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Previous single case reports and small retrospective studies have shown nerve transfer surgery to be feasible and safe in people with tetraplegia. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Shown is an attached Ixodes nymph. (cdc.gov)
  • It appears that the neurotoxin inhibits the synthesis or release of acetylcholine (AcH) at peripheral nerve terminals. (platformqhealth.com)
  • If a patient has an isolated peripheral nerve paresis (CN III, IV, or VI), score a 1. (nih.gov)
  • If a patient has an isolated peripheral nerve paresis deviation or total gaze paresis are not present. (medscape.com)
  • The surgeons told us because of the location of her tumor, a biopsy can never be done because it would touch her facial nerve and that would cause permanent damage. (superjuicychicken.com)
  • During the surgery, Australian surgeons attached functioning nerves above the spinal injury to paralysed nerves below the injury. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If a facial nerve is functioning or is missing muscles in the face, don't receive the required signals to function as they should. (estheticaindia.com)
  • In some cases, patients have a history of stroke or another disease that has affected the nerves in their face. (estheticaindia.com)
  • This procedure involves placing electrodes on the face and attaching them to a machine that produces a low-current electrical current. (estheticaindia.com)
  • And he's also the proud owner of an incredibly lifelike silicone prosthetic replacement ear that imperceptibly attaches to his face by means of surgically implanted magnets. (ladylively.com)
  • Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (lookformedical.com)
  • The superior margin, formed by the frontal bone, presents near its medial end either a supraorbital notch or a supraorbital foramen, which transmits the nerve and vessels of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
  • In some cases, carry out microsurgical reconstruction of the affected area of the facial nerve . (kakprosto.ru)