In 1914, Dale also distinguished two types of activities of acetylcholine, namely muscarinic and nicotinic, as they mimic the effects of injecting muscarine, extracted from poisonous mushroom Amanita muscaria, and nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)
We investigated whether a stable analogue of acetylcholine could raise ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), and whether this was dependent on NO generation and/or muscarinic/nicotinic receptor stimulation. (ox.ac.uk)
For instance, non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers like d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, vecuronium, atracurium and depolarising neuromuscular blocker like suxamethonium all act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) which are of ionotropic receptors. (egpat.com)
This invention particularly relates to compounds that are ligands for alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs). (justia.com)
It has been shown that cholinergic receptors are present in the superficial and deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and activation of spinal nicotinic or muscarinic acetylcholine receptors produces analgesia [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
Carbachol and pilocarpine are two of the drugs indicated for treatment of glaucoma. (egpat.com)
Cholinergic4
The carbachol-induced response is sensitive to atropine, a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, but not mecamylamine a nicotinic-cholinergic antagonist, while that of norepinephrine is blocked by the α l adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin, but not the specific α 2 antagonist Rx 781094. (elsevierpure.com)
We investigated the effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and various agonists and antagonists on neuronal activity in rat neocortical slices using intracellular (sharp microelectrode) and field potential recordings. (biomedcentral.com)
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution. (remixeducation.in)
galantamine increases and atropine decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. (medscape.com)
Mecamylamine5
The nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (10 μM), did not affect the elevations of [Ca 2+ ](i) caused by opioids in the presence of carbachol. (edu.au)
The anti-fibrillatory action of carbamylcholine was prevented by the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and can be mimicked by the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside. (ox.ac.uk)
The effect of CCh on VFT was abolished by a muscarinic (atropine, 0.1 μmol l(-1) , n = 6) or a nicotinic receptor antagonist (mecamylamine, 10 μmol l(-1) , n = 6). (ox.ac.uk)
Five days after the catheterization, the rats were injected with atropine (non-selective muscarinic antagonist, 30 μg), mecamylamine (non-selective nicotinic antagonist, 50 μg), pirenzepine (M 1 muscarinic antagonist, 10 μg), methoctramine (M 2 antagonist, 10 μg) or 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) (M 3 antagonist, 10 μg). (biomedcentral.com)
However, when either DPDPE or DAMGO was applied in the presence of the cholinoceptor agonist, carbachol (100 nM-1 mM) they evoked an elevation of [Ca 2+ ](i) above that caused by carbachol alone. (edu.au)
Receptor antagonist1
Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. (researchgate.net)
Receptors3
5. Block of carbachol activation of muscarinic receptors with atropine (10 μM) abolished the elevation of [Ca 2+ ](i) by the opioids. (edu.au)
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that present in both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglions, while the antagonistic effect of antinicotinic agents depend on which system predominates in a particular site. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we investigated whether spinal nicotinic or muscarinic receptors play a role in the relieving effects of EA on cold and warm allodynia in the rat tail model of neuropathic pain [ 40 ], using intrathecal (i.t.) administration of selective antagonists. (biomedcentral.com)
Mydriatic3
The mydriatic effect was studied by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1795-1867), in which the active ingredient, atropine, was first discovered by Vaquelin in 1809 and was first isolated by Heinrich F. G. Mein in 1813. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1850s, atropine was used as antispasmodic in asthma treatment and as morphine antidote for its mydriatic effect. (wikipedia.org)
Atropine is one the drug in this category used for multiple clinical conditions such as mydriatic, pre-anaesthetic, antispasmodic and as antidote for physostigmine poisoning. (egpat.com)
Pirenzepine1
The depression of paired-pulse inhibition was antagonized or prevented by AF-DX 116 or atropine but only marginally by pirenzepine. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulation3
Bezold and Bloebaum showed that atropine blocked the effects of vagal stimulation on the heart in 1867. (wikipedia.org)
The anti-fibrillatory action of both carbamylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was ultimately dependent on muscarinic receptor stimulation as all effects were blocked by atropine. (ox.ac.uk)
These data demonstrate a protective effect of carbamylcholine on VFT that depends upon both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor stimulation, where the generation of NO is likely to be via a neuronal nNOS-sGC dependent pathway. (ox.ac.uk)
The NO donor sodium nitrprusside (10 μmol l(-1) , n = 8) mimicked the action of CCh on VFT, an effect that was also blocked by atropine (n = 10). (ox.ac.uk)
Presence3
3. In the presence of 1 μM or 100 μM carbachol, DPDPE elevated [Ca 2+ ](i) with an EC 50 of 10 nM. (edu.au)
The EC 50 for DAMGO elevating [Ca 2+ ](i) in the presence of 1 μM and 100 μM carbachol was 270 nM and 145 nM respectively. (edu.au)
Carbachol-induced NF-kappaB activation was mediated by the M3 subtype of muscarinic receptors and appeared to involve Ca(2+) mobilization and activation of PKC epsilon and PKC zeta, but not PI3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. (nih.gov)
ccceeee eee eee eee e reece 95 Central Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors: Pre- or Postsynaptic? (nih.gov)
They block acetylcholine from binding to cholinergic receptors, namely the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that present in both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglions, while the antagonistic effect of antinicotinic agents depend on which system predominates in a particular site. (wikipedia.org)
Once AChE has been inactivated, ACh accumulates throughout the nervous system, resulting in overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. (medscape.com)
Clinical effects are manifested via activation of the autonomic and central nervous systems and at nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)
Nicotinic receptors are found in the postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, in striated muscle (the end organ of the somatic system), and in the adrenal medulla. (aao.org)
Cholinergic neurons synthesize and release ACh and this endogenous neurotransmitter binds to and activates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. (veteriankey.com)
Figure 8.3 Schematic summarizing primary cholinergic receptor stimulants, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and target tissues. (veteriankey.com)
Acetylcholine is the principal endogenous agonist at two primary types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. (veteriankey.com)
Nicotinic neural (NN) receptors associated with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are present on postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and mediate neurotransmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the PSNS. (veteriankey.com)
Nicotinic muscle (NM) receptors are involved in mediating signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction and are an essential component of the somatic nervous system. (veteriankey.com)
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels and contain five homologous subunits organized around a central pore (Stokes et al. (veteriankey.com)
This study aims to observe the effect of different frequencies of EAS on the expression of hippocampal muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (mAChRs, nAChRs) in neuropathic pain rats for revealing their relationship. (biomedcentral.com)
Benzodiazepines1
The mainstays of pharmacological therapy include atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM), and benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam). (medscape.com)
Organophosphate1
Signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can be divided into three broad categories: (1) muscarinic effects, (2) nicotinic effects, and (3) central nervous system (CNS) effects. (medscape.com)
Toxic1
Misdiagnosing this for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning could lead one to mistakenly administer toxic doses of atropine. (cdc.gov)
Effects1
Bezold and Bloebaum showed that atropine blocked the effects of vagal stimulation on the heart in 1867. (wikipedia.org)
Active1
The mydriatic effect was studied by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1795-1867), in which the active ingredient, atropine, was first discovered by Vaquelin in 1809 and was first isolated by Heinrich F. G. Mein in 1813. (wikipedia.org)
Primary1
Carbachol also induced translocation of p65 to the nucleus in primary rat astrocytes. (nih.gov)
Drug1
In addition, carbachol, 0.01%, is an effective hypotensive drug that lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) during the crucial 24-hour period after surgery. (aao.org)