Atoms five stable isotopes. Medical search. Frequent questions

A particle accelerator is a machine that makes very tiny particles, like protons or small atoms, move very fast. (encyclopedia.com)
Drag protons, neutrons, and electrons to construct your own atom! (compadre.org)
As the activity progresses, students build atoms and ions by adding or removing protons, electrons, and neutrons. (compadre.org)
[a] One of its isotopes, 270 Hs, has magic numbers of both protons and neutrons for deformed nuclei, which gives it greater stability against spontaneous fission . (wikipedia.org)
The isotope - nickel-78, or Ni-78 - shows up with the standard number of 28 protons, but with 50 neutrons. (scienceblog.com)
That, basically, is what being doubly magic is - an isotope with the protons and neutrons in defined pens. (scienceblog.com)
The 28 protons and 50 neutrons are more stable and less reactive when they're penned up. (scienceblog.com)
In fact, no elements with an atomic number of over 83 (i.e., more than eighty-three protons) have any known isotopes that are considered to be stable! (papertrell.com)
While all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons (hydrogen has one proton, helium two, lithium three, and so on as per the Periodic Table), they don't always have the same number of neutrons. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Because neutrons have a similar amount of mass to protons, this makes these 0.02% of hydrogen atoms slightly more massive - or, on Earth, slightly heavier. (cosmosmagazine.com)
While both have three protons, one isotope has three neutrons while the other has four. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Isotopes are usually referred to with a number that adds their protons and neutrons together - so the neutron-less hydrogen is called 1 H to denote its single proton, while the heaver version is 2 H to indicate there's a neutron there as well. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This may provide a suitable environment in which more of both Ni atoms/nuclei and protons become mobile, thus creating a favorable environment for the case of two species of Bosons (Ni nuclei and composite Bosons of paired two protons). (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
The UNILAC accelerator at GSI delivered steadily in total 6x10^18 beam particles of the stable but rare isotope 48Ca (calcium, 20 protons). (lu.se)
These beam particles impinged with about 6x10^12 ions per second on a rotating target wheel, which comprised four target segments containing in total roughly 5x10^19 atoms of the actinide element 243Am (95 protons). (lu.se)
Alpha particles are charged particles made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons-essentially the nucleus of a helium atom. (medscape.com)
They collide with the nuclei of stable atoms, resulting in the emission of energetic protons, alpha and beta particles, and gamma radiation. (msdmanuals.com)

This decreased the number of neutron ejections during synthesis, creating heavier, more stable resulting nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Muonic atoms to measure charge radii of stable and soon unstable nuclei? (psi.ch)
ray transitions in muonic atoms have been used to derive absolute charge radii of many stable nuclei. (psi.ch)
Presently, the obtained radii, together with those provided by electron scattering, are used extensively as input to connect the optical isotope shifts with changes in charge radii for radioactive nuclei. (psi.ch)
Laser spectroscopy on radioactive nuclei which provides these optical isotope shifts is at present a very active field (3 setups at CERN-ISOLDE alone) and thus many radii of stable nuclei are used every year as calibrations. (psi.ch)
Two lithium atom nuclei. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The mobility of Ni atoms/nuclei (condition (1)) is enhanced by the use of an electric resistance heater to maintain higher temperatures. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
If the velocities of mobile Ni atoms/nuclei under the condition (1) are sufficiently slow, their de-Broglie wavelengths become sufficiently large and may overlap with neighboring two-proton composite Bosons which are also mobile, thus creating Bose-Einstein condensation of two species of Bosons. (journal-of-nuclear-physics.com)
Beta particles are high-energy electrons that are emitted from the nuclei of unstable atoms (eg, cesium-137, iodine-131). (msdmanuals.com)
Materials such as porcelain and glass are composed of atoms that have powerful bonds between their nuclei and the outer electrons. (medscape.com)

Because nickel must get rid of so many extra neutrons, this isotope is extremely unstable and does not exist in nature. (scienceblog.com)
Roughly 99.98% of hydrogen atoms in the universe have no neutrons, but most of the other 0.02% have one neutron. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Around 92% of silicon atoms have 14 neutrons, for instance, while 5% have 15 neutrons and 3% have 16. (cosmosmagazine.com)
An experimental collaboration at the fragment separator of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung has for the first time detected potassium-31, an isotope with eight neutrons less than the stable potassium atom. (gsi.de)
This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons . (jlab.org)

Lead atoms are " doubly magic . (mentalfloss.com)

But consider another (imaginary) stable isotope - call it X - which requires more kinetic energy for its creation and is also more unstable to photodissociation. (stackexchange.com)
begingroup$ @MartinKochanski: Technically, yes, this quote does not fully eliminate stable isotopes not occurring in nature (although it does touch the question, at least in the part related to the 24 synthetic elements not occurring in nature: if an element is unstable, that means all its isotopes are unstable). (stackexchange.com)
For example, tin has twenty-two different known isotopes, ten of which are stable and twelve of which are unstable (though there is some debate about just how stable those ten are). (papertrell.com)
A fissile isotope , such as uranium-235 , is one that is sufficiently large and unstable to undergo such a chain reaction, as opposed to the more common and less unstable uranium-238 . (explainxkcd.com)
Ponytail fear that her raspberries have too many unstable isotopes so that her fields risk undergoing a similar fission-driven chain reaction. (explainxkcd.com)
The word "stable" also describes atoms , and therefore substances, that do not spontaneously undergo nuclear decay, though a stable isotope may (eventually) result directly from the decay of an unstable one. (explainxkcd.com)
Radioactive forms of cesium are unstable and eventually change into other more stable elements through the process of radioactive decay. (cdc.gov)

As a result, lead isotopes are incredibly stable. (mentalfloss.com)
Although there are 27 lead isotopes, only four are considered stable. (livescience.com)

Embodiments of a method for processing radioacive materials, with a particular embodiment comprising processing uranium with hydrogen isotope plasmas, and a process for remediation of nuclear wastes by transmutation. (rexresearch.com)
This session aims to bring together scientists from different fields applying single and dual oxygen and hydrogen isotope approaches on environmental-derived compounds for the reconstruction of climatic and biological processes that go beyond standard isotope analyses of water. (copernicus.org)
We also encourage people working with all techniques (IRMS-, NMR- or spectroscopy-based) to present advances in methods, as well as researchers focusing on improving oxygen and hydrogen isotope-based models to discuss their approaches. (copernicus.org)

Ratio of carbon atoms/nitrogen atoms. (noaa.gov)
However, carbon isotope signatures recovered from these rocks provide indirect evidence that life may have existed in Isua times. (palaeos.com)
This isotopic evidence stems from the fact that the carbon atom has two stable isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13. (palaeos.com)
In biological syntheses, the processing of carbon [in] CO2 and carbonates gives a preference to the lighter carbon isotope and raises the ratio to about 92. (palaeos.com)
p. 55) claims to have identified biological carbon isotope signatures from >n;3,800 Ma aged, chemically precipitated sediments, including banded iron formations (BIFs) and chert, on Akilia Island, southwestern Greenland. (palaeos.com)
More certain is the report from Rosing (1999) of a biological carbon isotope signature from ~3,780 Ma (3,779 ± 81 Sm-Nd date) greywackes and slates with well-preserved sedimentary structures from the Garbenschiefer Formation in the Isua belt. (palaeos.com)
As carbon atoms are accelerated through the AMS instrument, they undergo various changes at the atomic level that in the end enables differentiation between high-energy 14C radioisotopes and molecular debris. (genengnews.com)
It contains extracted values from NanoSIMS data, which gives the Atom% carbon and nitrogen from different cells of interest in sponge tissue over time. (datadryad.org)
Some plants, for instance, prefer lighter carbon atoms when absorbing CO 2 for photosynthesis. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Researchers can learn about how much the plant breathes by checking its carbon isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Brad Erkkila, facility manager for the Yale Analytical and Stable Isotope Center, with the recently installed Mini Carbon Dating System (MICADAS). (yale.edu)
Isotopes of carbon are a powerful tool used to quantify ecosystem carbon budgets and dynamics. (yale.edu)
There are two isotopes of carbon - 13 C, a stable isotope that makes up about 1% of all carbon in ecosystems, and 14 C, a radioactive isotope with a half-life of about 5,700 years that is present at a concentration of about one in every 10 12 carbon atoms in active carbon reservoirs such as plants. (yale.edu)
Both isotopes have been used to understand the Earth's carbon budget for decades. (yale.edu)

The first atomic fountain worked in 1989 with sodium atoms. (astronoo.com)
Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. (nih.gov)

That's always been a missing piece of the puzzle, since the progressive decay of isotopes results in the synthesis of precious metals in exploding stars. (scienceblog.com)
Usually when one says an isotope of an element is stable, it means that it has a decay half-life that is too long to be measured by current methods. (papertrell.com)
The isotope 288-115, seen in 22+31=53 decay chains in total by now, has a half-life of 160 milliseconds - or between 140 and 190 milliseconds accounting for statistical uncertainties. (lu.se)

For the molecules to be ionized by FAB, first the slow moving atoms (Xe or Ar) are ionized by colliding electrons. (wikipedia.org)
The magnetic properties of materials are also related to the behaviour of electrons in atoms. (britannica.com)
Each electron in orbit around a nucleus produces its own magnetic field, and the sum of these fields, together with the intrinsic fields of the electrons and the nucleus, determines the magnetic field of the atom. (britannica.com)
The efficiency sential y uniform after whole-body izing (i.e. removing electrons from) in causing damage and subsequent exposure to being highly heteroge- atoms or molecules of the medium biological effects is related not only neous in the case of non-uniform to the amount of energy transferred being traversed. (who.int)

This is still the only technique to access information on nuclear charge radii along long isotopic chains from neutron-deficient up to very neutron-rich isotopes and lifetimes down to the millisecond scale. (psi.ch)
What is an isotope, and what is isotopic analysis? (cosmosmagazine.com)
If you're a keen reader of science news , you may have seen the words "isotope" or "isotopic analysis" pop up in a few wildly different articles. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Collinear laser spectroscopy provides access to nuclear ground-state properties via the hyperfine structure (including the isotope shift) of atomic spectra. (psi.ch)
Today the definition of the second, made by the International System of Units is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium atom 133. (astronoo.com)
Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects are discussed in Spectrophysics 3.8 and the different line broadening mechanisms in 8.1 - 8.4 and 14.3. (lu.se)

Normally, water is made up of two regular hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H 2 O.) But sometimes one of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule is heavy hydrogen, also called deuterium. (universetoday.com)
The first is by far the most abundant, constituting 99.763% of all oxygen atoms occurring in nature. (jrank.org)
Oxygen-17 makes up an additional 0.037%, and oxygen-18, 0.200% of all oxygen atoms. (jrank.org)
A number of radioactive isotopes of the element have also been prepared, the most widely used commercially being oxygen-15, which decays by the emission of a positron with a half life of 122 seconds. (jrank.org)
On Earth, water (H 2 O) containing a lighter isotope of oxygen, for instance, evaporates better, while H 2 O with the heavier oxygen isotope tends to precipitate faster. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This means that, depending on evaporation and rain levels around the globe, the concentration of oxygen isotopes in the rain is slightly different. (cosmosmagazine.com)
We can use this information to draw conclusions about the climate, and climate history, in an area - all by looking at oxygen isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Lighter oxygen isotope" and "heavier oxygen isotope" aren't really precise enough terms - especially if you're working with an element that has more than two naturally occurring isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
In summary, the session will offer an overview on oxygen and hydrogen applications across different ecosystems in order to facilitate the interpretation of compound-specific isotope patterns. (copernicus.org)

We recommend introducing this simulation after first exploring a related PhET simulation, "Isotopes and Atomic Mass". Beginning learners need a foundation to understand factors that affect stability of an atomic nucleus. (compadre.org)

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry in which a beam of high energy atoms strikes a surface to create ions. (wikipedia.org)
When a beam of high energy ions is used instead of atoms (as in secondary ion mass spectrometry), the method is known as liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). (wikipedia.org)
ions vs atoms. (wikipedia.org)
For LSIMS, Cesium, Cs+ ions make up the primary beam and for FAB the primary beam is made up of Xe or Ar atoms. (wikipedia.org)
Those slow moving atoms are then ionized and accelerated to a certain potential where they develop into fast moving ions that become neutral in a dense cloud of excess natural gas atoms that make a flowing stream of high translational energy atoms. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of g-factor measurements of the electron bound in hydrogen-like ions by using a single ion confined in a Penning trap a comparison of the experimental value with the state-of-the-art theoretical value, which includes nuclear structure corrections, allows for a determination of the nuclear charge radius of the isotope of interest. (psi.ch)
They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium -248 with ions of calcium -48. (jlab.org)

H 2 O with one deuterium atom is called semi-heavy water, because the additional neutron increases its density. (universetoday.com)
Deuteration substitutes one or more of the hydrogen atoms of a substance with deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen that contains an extra neutron. (bvsalud.org)

The stable isotope of fluorine with relative atomic mass 18.998403 and nuclear spin 1 / 2 . (ebi.ac.uk)
Such advancements open the way to the measurements of nuclear charge radii in radioactive elements and of atomic parity violation effects in muonic atoms. (psi.ch)
Nuclear reactions, specifically of the (gamma, n) type, also known as photodisintegration, are utilized to accomplish this transmutation from troublesome, long-lived radioactive waste isotope(s) of given atomic mass to shorter-lived or stable materials of lower atomic mass, by exposing the troublesome isotopes to a high energy photon flux for a sustained time. (rexresearch.com)
To obtain an electrode for cold nuclear fusion which can manufacture isotopes, precious metals, rare elements or thermal energy through nuclear transformation by containing as a material for the electrode a substance which can cause nuclear transformation. (rexresearch.com)
Solution: Radioactive or nonradioactive isotopes are manufactured by the nuclear transformation in an electrode and the combination of nuclear reactions such as neutron capture and natural nuclear disintegration of products made through the nuclear reactions. (rexresearch.com)
In the past year at Cosmos alone, we've mentioned isotopes in articles on geology , astronomy , palaeontology , nuclear science , history , ecology and chemistry . (cosmosmagazine.com)
Man-made sources of radioactive materials are found in consumer products, industrial equipment, atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from hospital waste, medical devices, and nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)

These fast moving particles are then made to smash into atoms. (encyclopedia.com)

The most abundant (99.99 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring helium. (mcw.edu)
Naturally occurring Rubidium have 2 isotopes 85Rb (73%) and 87Rb (27%), but we are going to use cells that contain either pure 85 or 87 Rubidium. (lu.se)

Other examples of small energy effects that could be measured in a similar way are isotope shifts (see figure 2 below) and Zeeman splittings in external magnetic fields. (lu.se)

These distributions, however, are not intended to reflect the natural variability of the abundances of the different isotopes in the earth's crust or in any other environment. (degruyter.com)

Each lesson provides guided explorations through simulations and models, featuring 4 themes: motion and energy, charge, atoms/molecules, and light. (compadre.org)
The overarching concept that connects all four is that atoms and molecules are the fundamental basis for all interactions. (compadre.org)
Click and drag atoms to see which ones bond to form diatomic molecules (composed of a pair of the same element. (compadre.org)
Incubations of nitrite and nitric- oxide molecules with bacteria produced nitrogen gas that contained a nitrogen atom from both nitrite and nitric- oxide molecules. (cdc.gov)

If they hit an atom just right, they will stick to the atom, making it heavier. (encyclopedia.com)

Researchers at MSU haven't been the first to find Ni-78, but they've produced 11 occurrences of the isotopes, enough to finally derive its life span, said Paul Hosmer, a doctoral candidate working on the project. (scienceblog.com)

Studies on the metabolism of nitrous - oxide (10102439) were conducted using nitrous - oxide labeled with the stable isotope nitrogen-15. (cdc.gov)
Isotope ration mass spectrometry was used to quantify metabolically produced nitrogen-15. (cdc.gov)

5. Lead is a very stable element. (mentalfloss.com)
According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_element , all stable isotopes created artificially can also be found in nature (I don't have a more reliable source). (stackexchange.com)
EDIT(06/07/2016): see also the table of natural abundance of stable nuclides at https://www.ncsu.edu/chemistry/msf/pdf/IsotopicMass_NaturalAbundance.pdf (if an element does not have stable nuclides, they give data for the longest-living isotope). (stackexchange.com)
Not all isotopes of a given element are stable. (papertrell.com)

In FAB and LSIMS, the material to be analyzed is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment, called a matrix, and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000 electron volts) beam of atoms. (wikipedia.org)
Ionization occurs when sufficient energy is transferred to an atom to liberate an orbital electron generating an electrically charge ion pair. (medscape.com)

After some manipulations through a magnetic field, the beam of atoms passes through a resonant cavity called Ramsey, Norman Foster Ramsey physicist who proposed it for the first time in 1950. (astronoo.com)
85Rb and 87Rb), recorded using a narrow band laser that excites a collimated beam of Rb-atoms. (lu.se)

This is the reference atom in the definition of the second. (astronoo.com)

So we used the natural frequency of certain atoms and in particular the isotope cesium-133 atom whose oscillations emit pulses of light. (astronoo.com)

In 1983 a paper was published describing the use of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) to analyze isotopes of calcium. (wikipedia.org)

Potassium Isotopes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
K-41 is a stable potassium isotope. (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Potassium Isotopes" by people in this website by year, and whether "Potassium Isotopes" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Potassium Isotopes" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)

The oscillation frequency of the cesium atom is incredibly high, that is what scientists seeking for a high frequency allows time measurement with high accuracy. (astronoo.com)
This is the cesium atom which currently guarantees the correctness of the time on our planet. (astronoo.com)
If we bombards with energy the cesium atom, using a laser, it vibrates emitting light pulses at a frequency of 9,192,631,770 Hz. (astronoo.com)
Today is the stable isotope of cesium, 133Cs, which is used in atomic clocks. (astronoo.com)
Everything happens in a heated chamber containing cesium is in this place that we will create a stream of atoms. (astronoo.com)
The macroscopic oscillator frequency is adjusted so as to remain permanently slaved around the maximum of the atomic transition, it is the response of the cesium atom to the excitement. (astronoo.com)
Stable (not radioactive) cesium ( 133 Cs) has been identified in at least 8 of the 1,636 hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (HazDat 2003). (cdc.gov)
Natural cesium is present in the environment in only one stable form, as the isotope 133 Cs. (cdc.gov)

The natural abundance of 14C is about one atom per trillion (1012) atoms of 12C. (genengnews.com)

In fact, no more than a few atoms of some transfermium elements have been created so far. (encyclopedia.com)
All transfermium elements are made in particle accelerators, or "atom smashers. (encyclopedia.com)
By reproducing the processes inside supernovas in a laboratory, scientists have resurrected an isotope of nickel - one that no longer exists in nature, but is an important link in the birth of the elements. (scienceblog.com)
That Wikipedia article talks about elements, not isotopes, so it doesn't really touch the question. (stackexchange.com)
There are some elements, such as technetium, radon, and plutonium that do not have any stable known isotopes. (papertrell.com)
Most other elements also have several isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)

The aim of the SIRC is to provide analytical facilities and expertise that enables researchers of the two institutions to incorporate stable isotope techniques in nutritional, physiological and clinical studies. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
When writing about isotopes, researchers tend to use numbers to distinguish them. (cosmosmagazine.com)

The AMS technique literally extracts and counts the 14C atoms in the sample and at the same time determines the amount of the stable isotopes, 13C and 12C. (genengnews.com)

A collaboration of scientists from the United States and Germany at the NSCL recreated Ni-78 by whirling around a stable isotope of krypton gas until it reached high speeds and then firing it into a plate of beryllium metal. (scienceblog.com)

In most cases, no more than a handful of atoms is produced in an atom smasher. (encyclopedia.com)

There are also some trace amounts of other isotopes of silicon). (cosmosmagazine.com)

For the transmutation of long half-life isotopes, their surfaces are exposed to an electrolyte or a gas or plasma atmosphere to form intermediate layers or vol. zones of a number of structure layers. (rexresearch.com)
Livermorium's most stable isotope , livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. (jlab.org)

Xe atoms are used because they tend to be more sensitive than Argon atoms due to their larger masses and more momentum. (wikipedia.org)

And because changes in charge radii are very small, it is important that the reference radii of stable isotopes, or at least their differences, are very precise and free of large systematic errors. (psi.ch)
Because there are so many atoms, even slight differences in the concentrations of various isotopes can be used to get new information. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Sample weight used for stable isotopes determination. (noaa.gov)

This machine throws atoms at a detector through a magnetic field that curves their paths slightly. (cosmosmagazine.com)

In continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB), the sample is introduced into the mass spectrometer insertion probe through a small diameter capillary. (wikipedia.org)
The stable isotope of helium with relative atomic mass 4.002603. (mcw.edu)
Atoms can be 'weighed' on a device called a mass spectrometer. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The use of 13 C, however, is much more prevalent, with hundreds of laboratories in the U.S. equipped with stable isotope mass spectrometers. (yale.edu)

The last tab contains bulk stable isotope data (from EA-IRMS) from the sponges used in the experiment. (datadryad.org)

The lead atom has a radius of 175 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 202 pm. (americanelements.com)

Are there stable isotopes which do not occur in nature? (stackexchange.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms33

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Humanities1

Information Science8

Health Care19

Geographicals3

Protons17

Nuclei10

Neutrons5

Doubly magic1

Unstable7

Lead isotopes2

Hydrogen isotope3

Carbon14

Sodium atoms2

Decay3

Electrons4

Isotopic3

Hyperfine3

Oxygen9

PhET1

Ions7

Deuterium2

Nuclear7

Particles1

Naturally2

Shifts1

Earth's1

Molecules4

Heavier1

Derive1

Nitrogen2

Element4

Electron2

Beam2

Definition1

Emit1

Calcium1

Potassium4

Cesium8

Natural abundance1

Elements6

Researchers2

Determines1

Scientists1

Handful1

Amounts1

Half-life2

Tend1

Differences2

Determination1

Magnetic field1

Mass4

Data1

Radius1

Occur1