Atherogenic lipoproteins ldl. Medical search. Frequent questions

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein triglycerides, is a normal constituent of the arterial wall. (jci.org)
It was first discovered in 1963 but has received little attention compared with the other cholesterol components, such as LDL-C, HDL-C, or triglycerides . (medscape.com)
Such as it measure what we call the LDL, which is a measure of triglycerides, measures what we call intermediate dense lipoprotein and also measures lipoprotein A. Now on a typical laboratory slip, one does not get these individual measurements, but simply subtracting the good cholesterol HDL from the total, you are really capturing all the bad atherogenic proteins. (reachmd.com)
It captures all the risks and all the different particles that are atherogenic in the blood stream and it is not that LDL is a bad measure of risk, it still is our main target, but our secondary target of treatment particularly in patients with elevated triglycerides above 200, is the non-HDL. (reachmd.com)
Non-HDL is the secondary goal of therapy after LDL particularly in patients with triglycerides above 200. (reachmd.com)
High triglycerides are associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) inpatients with other risk factors, such as low high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol, some patient groups with elevated apolipoprotein B, and patients with forms of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) that maybe particularly atherogenic. (cdc.gov)
Triglycerides are also measured because the value is used to calculate LDL-cholesterol concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
elevated triglycerides - low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - shift in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle density towards small, dense LDL (type B) - tendency towards postprandial lipaemia. (who.int)
Triglycerides are considered to have atherogenic properties. (who.int)
The following tables classify the levels of total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. (who.int)
LDL cholesterol can be calculated, as long as triglycerides are below 400 mg/dL, using the formula LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - [1/5 x triglycerides]. (who.int)
The primary target of therapy is LDL cholesterol, unless serum triglycerides are 500 mg/dL in which case triglyceride-lowering therapy should be started immediately because of the high risk of pancreatitis. (who.int)
40 mg/dL), consider interventions to raise HDL cholesterol level but only after the goals for LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol (for patients with triglycerides 200 mg/dL) have been achieved. (who.int)
Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were prospectively evaluated in 33 patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer treated with ADT. (urotoday.com)
12-hour fasting recommended: Elevated triglycerides can interfere with accurate measurements of lipoprotein particle size and number by NMR. (aruplab.com)
Fenoglide is indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated LDL-C, Total-C, Triglycerides, and Apo B, and to increase HDL-C in adult patients with primary hyperlipidemia or mixed dyslipidemia. (nih.gov)
For T2DM patients, dyslipidemia, mainly manifested by low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides (TG), is a major cause of increased cardiovascular risk [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dyslipidaemia is an asymptomatic key independent modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor described as a group of metabolic disorders characterized by any or a combination of raised total cholesterol (TC), raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), raised triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) that often leads to a persistent increase in the plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In my lipid clinic at the University of Colorado Hospital, it's not uncommon for patients with diabetes to be referred whose LDL cholesterol is pretty normal, triglycerides are up, and HDL is low. (medscape.com)
Lipoproteins synthesized by the liver transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol. (msdmanuals.com)

Most of the circulating cholesterol is found in three major lipoprotein fractions: very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), LDL, and HDL. (cdc.gov)
In the metabolic syndrome, increased apoC-III concentration, resulting from hepatic overproduction of VLDL (very-LDL) apoC-III, is strongly associated with delayed catabolism of triacylglycerols and TRLs. (portlandpress.com)
HDL cholesterol, becomes the secondary target since VLDL, and especially its remnants, are considered atherogenic. (who.int)
In the former, the excess TGs are carried in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) versus whereas in the latter they are carried in VLDL and chylomicrons. (acc.org)
While VLDL is believed to be atherogenic, similar to LDL, elevated chylomicrons impart an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. (acc.org)
Total plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were determined using enzymatic kits, while plasma LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, atherogenic and coronary risk indices were calculated. (scialert.net)
12] Screening should commence at 2 years trial, small very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), small high- of age if there is a family history of hypercholesterolaemia, early density lipoprotein (HDL), medium low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cardiovascular disease or if the family history is unknown. (who.int)
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain apoprotein B-100 (apo B), are synthesized in the liver, and transport TGs and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

One way I see it [is] as a second source of atherogenic particles, that you don't actually know is there unless you measure it," says George Thanassoulis, MD, director of preventive and genomic cardiology at McGill University Health Center, who has researched Lp(a). (medscape.com)
It is simply subtracting HDL from total cholesterol and it measures not only LDL, but all the other atherogenic particles. (reachmd.com)
There is also exploration of the relative atherogenicity of TG-rich lipoproteins and their remnants versus LDL, with the caveat that precise definition of the nature of remnant particles is currently uncertain. (eas-society.org)
Emerging approaches include measuring the cholesterol content of remnant particles, or TG-rich lipoprotein particle number or composition, although none of these is fully validated for their association with ASCVD risk. (eas-society.org)
Research studies have demonstrated that individuals with a high number of small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles have a greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk than those with fewer but larger LDL particles for a given total cholesterol concentration. (aruplab.com)
Even among LDL particles, small dense LDL may be more atherogenic than large LDL. (aruplab.com)
Insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes is associated with the dyslipidemic triad of an increase in triglyceride levels, a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, and a preponderance of smaller, denser low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. (patientcareonline.com)
In fact, measuring the number of LDL-particles (LDL-P) appear more predictive of risk than the measurements of the cholesterol mass within these particles ( LDL-C ). (docsopinion.com)
The LDL receptor then moves back to the cell surface where it can bind to additional LDL-particles. (docsopinion.com)
This circle leads to removal of LDL-particles from the circulation which can be measured as a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels. (docsopinion.com)
In addition, previous findings have shown that the AIP is inversely proportional to the diameter of LDL cholesterol particles and, thus, reflects the sdLDL cholesterol level [ 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. (wikipedia.org)
It is a low-density lipoprotein, though it is slightly larger than an LDL particle and contains two apolipoprotein(a) molecules and one apolipoprotein B molecule. (medscape.com)
ApoC-III (apolipoprotein C-III), an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is strongly associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and the progression of CVD. (portlandpress.com)
ApoE-/- mice were immunized with either native LDL (n = 25), Cu2+-oxidized LDL (n = 25), PBS (n = 25), the apolipoprotein B-derived peptide P45 (apoB-peptide P45) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) (n = 25) or BSA (n = 25) prior to induction of uraemia by 5/6 nephrectomy (NX). (lu.se)
lt;p>The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene makes a protein which, when combined with fat, becomes a lipoprotein. (feedburner.com)
Indeed, beyond the lipoprotein lipase cofactor apolipoprotein (apo) CII, recent studies have identified the relevance of apoCIII in controlling the efficiency of TG clearance, and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) in modulating lipoprotein lipase activity, suggesting potential as therapeutic targets (14,15) . (eas-society.org)
Lp(a) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle that is bound to apolipoprotein(a) and is causally implicated in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. (cdc.gov)
Key proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism, such as PCSK9, angiopoietin-related protein 3, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein(a), have been identified as viable targets for therapeutic intervention through observational and genetic studies. (cdc.gov)

Small, dense LDL is considered more atherogenic than large, buoyant LDL because it is more prone to oxidation and can trigger inflammatory processes. (who.int)
Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a lipid profile represented by high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and small/dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. (j-nn.org)
BACKGROUND: Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) is a sub-fraction of LDL considered to have the most atherogenic properties. (ac.ir)
Investigation of the effect of short-term supplementation with curcuminoids on circulating small dense low-density lipoprotein concentrations in obese dyslipidemic subjects: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial', ARYA Atherosclerosis Journal , 10(5), pp. 280-286. (ac.ir)

One of the most common causes of CVDs is hypercholesterolemia, and an increase in serum LDL-C and TC are the most important risk factors for the development of inflammatory insult, damage to the vessel wall, platelet activation, and subsequent progression of atherosclerosis [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
LDL carries most of the circulating cholesterol and, when elevated, contributes to the development of coronary atherosclerosis. (cdc.gov)
Uraemia increases oxidative stress, plasma titres of antibodies recognizing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and development of atherosclerosis. (lu.se)
Even though nLDL- and oxLDL-immunized mice displayed higher anti-MDA-LDL IgG titres than the PBS group, aortic atherosclerosis lesion size was not affected by immunization. (lu.se)
Reduction of total cholesterols (TC) and LDL-C by dietary alterations and medications that affect lipid metabolism [ 14 ] is found to reduce the occurrence of atherosclerosis in animals and clinical cardiovascular events in human [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Categorization of cytokines into pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic cytokines based on their effects in mouse atherosclerosis models. (researchgate.net)
It's possible, although unproven, that a more favorable prognosis in this group might be related to lesser severity or extent of atherosclerosis rather than the therapeutic reduction in LDL cholesterol to very low levels," said Schwartz. (tctmd.com)
The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency would accelerate atherosclerosis development in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLr-/-) and apoE (apoE-/-) knockout mice. (eurekamag.com)
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is an index representing the lipid profile of atherogenic dyslipidemia and has been shown to be associated with various atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. (j-nn.org)
8 - 10 These lipoproteins are known to cause various vascular complications including atherosclerosis. (j-nn.org)
Atherosclerosis is a form of chronic inflammation resulting from complex interactions between lipoproteins, white blood cells, different components of the immune system and the normal elements of the arterial wall. (docsopinion.com)
It must be emphasised however, that it is lipoprotein that interact with the arterial wall and initiate the cascade of events that leads to atherosclerosis. (docsopinion.com)
So, is it true that atherosclerosis is more likely to occur if plasma concentration of LDL-cholesterol is high than if it is low. (docsopinion.com)
Contemporary Polygenic Scores of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Coronary Artery Disease Predict Coronary Atherosclerosis in Adolescents and Young Adults. (cdc.gov)

Serum LDL-cholesterol levels were derived on examinees that were examined in the morning session only. (cdc.gov)
The distribution of serum LDL-cholesterol should be estimated only on examinees aged 12 and above who fasted at least 8.5 hours or more but less than 24 hours, were examined in the morning, and were randomly assigned to the morning fasting sample. (cdc.gov)
Otherwise serum LDL cholesterol may need to be measured directly. (who.int)
In that study, the researchers confirmed that inositol can indeed lower serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Recently, it has been recognized dren and Adolescents9, recommending that changes in the serum lipid levels in changes in the desirable values of lipi- childhood may be predictive of the oc- ds, with reductions in the total choleste- currence of cardiovascular disease in rol and LDL-C values and increase in the adults. (bvsalud.org)

Higher total cholesterol (TC) levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) help immensely foster an atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery. (hindawi.com)
Measurements of total cholesterol only indirectly reflect the lipoproteins that transport the bulk of cholesterol and are the most atherogenic. (docsopinion.com)

as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated LDL-C, Total-C, TG, and Apo B, and to increase HDL-C in patients with primary hyperlipidemia or mixed dyslipidemia when response to diet and non-pharmacological interventions alone has been inadequate. (nih.gov)
11 Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is an index that reflects such atherogenic dyslipidemia status as a single number. (j-nn.org)
The body composition, blood lipid profiles, atherogenic dyslipidemia indexes, metabolic biomarkers and baseline systemic inflammation states were measured before and after two-months de-training. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrated that a two-months de-training period resulted in adverse effects on early atherogenic dyslipidemia development, progressing insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and visceral adiposity in young elite TKD athletes. (biomedcentral.com)

The results suggest that the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic effect of uraemia overrules the anti-atherogenic potential of oxLDL immunization in apoE-/- mice. (lu.se)
Categorization of cytokines into pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic. (researchgate.net)
B) Overview of the cytokines with consistent anti-atherogenic effects (green circle), pro-atherogenic effects (red circle), or variable, dual function (intersection). (researchgate.net)
An important outcome of this survey is that several cyto- kines show explicit and consistent pro-atherogenic effects, generally independent of the experimental approach and conditions chosen: IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-a, MIF, IFN-g, and M-CSF all display pro-atherogenic characteristics while IL-10 clearly has anti-atherogenic properties ( Figure 2B). (researchgate.net)
Some cytokines have a dual character and show variable effects: IL-4, IL-6, and GM-CSF can have pro-or anti- atherogenic properties, depending on the mouse model and gender used, disease stage analysed, and dietary con- ditions applied. (researchgate.net)
The possible anti-atherogenic activity of selenium may be accounted for, in part, by its antioxidant activity. (theamericanchiropractor.com)

Lipoprotein lipase increases low density lipoprotein retention by subendothelial cell matrix. (jci.org)
ApoC-III impairs the lipolysis of TRLs [triacylglycerol (triglyceride)-rich lipoproteins] by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and the hepatic uptake of TRLs by remnant receptors. (portlandpress.com)
these accumulate if there is overproduction of TG-rich lipoproteins or compromised (albeit not absent) lipase action. (eas-society.org)
In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)

It is globally characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia, near normal LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol and low plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol. (portlandpress.com)
Concomitantly, there was strong interest in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a protective risk factor, supported by extensive epidemiological evidence (4) . (eas-society.org)
0.05) the total plasma cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglyceride. (scialert.net)
Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) significantly predict incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL-c-lowering therapy has been repeatedly demonstrated in many populations to reduce CVD risk [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the most common angles of argument from Cholesterol Denialism is that low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases risk for mortality from other, non-cardiovascular diseases. (sigmanutrition.com)
and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). (who.int)
For many years, lowering blood levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been a key target for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and healthy people at increased risk for developing such disease. (docsopinion.com)
Prominent examples are high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, for which targeted treatment has failed to reduce cardiovascular risk, and lipoprotein(a), which currently lacks a highly effective mode of treatment. (duke.edu)
As a consequence, guidelines have focused consistently on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and more recently on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (duke.edu)
HoFH leads to severely elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from birth onward. (cdc.gov)

He developed an assay that allows the quantification of low density lipoprotein particle size and concentration (known to the wider world as LDL cholesterol) based on a technique which determines the size of the particle based on physics. (apple.com)
It associates with the lipoprotein particle size and cholesterol esterification rates in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma, and this correlation suggests that the AIP could be an independent biomarker of atherosclerotic diseases [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Schwartz also noted there is unavoidable confounding in analyses that attempt to determine relative benefits of low versus even lower LDL cholesterol levels. (tctmd.com)
Patients who achieve very low levels on a PCSK9 inhibitor likely started treatment at lower LDL cholesterol levels, and as a result have had lower lifetime exposure to atherogenic lipoproteins, he said. (tctmd.com)

In addition, this is the fats answerable for increasing the degrees of lipids in plasma, including also atherogenic lipoproteins, such as LDL. (mywonderland.fr)
Pathway defects in lipoprotein synthesis, processing, and clearance can lead to accumulation of atherogenic lipids in plasma and endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)

LDL- cholesterol is measured to assess risk for CHD and to follow the progress of patients being treated to lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations. (cdc.gov)
However, 5/6 NX induced a marked increase in plasma concentrations of anti-oxLDL antibodies as well as pro-atherogenic cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12)] in native mouse LDL (nLDL)-, oxLDL- and PBS-immunized mice. (lu.se)
100 mg/dL showed an increase in NCM, IL-1 beta, LPS-binding protein (LBP), and Castelli's atherogenic risk index as compared to controls (n = 65) with optimal LDL-C concentrations (≤100 mg/dL). (nih.gov)
After 16 weeks of atherogenic diet (0.1% cholesterol, 10% calories from palm oil) consumption, LDLr-/- LCAT-/- double knockout mice, compared with LDLr-/- mice, had similar plasma concentrations of free (FC), esterified (EC), and apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, increased plasma concentrations of phospholipid and triglyceride, decreased HDL cholesterol, and 2-fold more aortic FC (142 +/- 28 versus 61 +/- 20 mg/g protein) and EC (102 +/- 27 versus 61+/- 27 mg/g). (eurekamag.com)
ApoE-/- LCAT-/- mice fed the atherogenic diet, compared with apoE-/- mice, had higher concentrations of plasma FC, EC, apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, and phospholipid, and significantly more aortic FC (149 +/- 62 versus 109 +/- 33 mg/g) and EC (101 +/- 23 versus 69 +/- 20 mg/g) than did the apoE-/- mice. (eurekamag.com)
From the abstract: 'What is the prevalence of high lipoprotein(a) concentrations (=125 nmol/L) in first- and second-degree relatives of individuals with high lipoprotein(a) levels? (cdc.gov)

We conclude that LCAT deficiency in LDLr-/- and apoE-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet resulted in increased aortic cholesterol deposition, likely due to a reduction in plasma HDL, an increased saturation of cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins and, in the apoE-/- background, an increased plasma concentration of apoB lipoproteins. (eurekamag.com)
i.e. there was no risk observed per 1mmol/L reduction in LDL-C for either cancer incidence or death from cancer. (sigmanutrition.com)
Effects on cancer incidence and cancer death per mmol/L reduction in LDL-cholesterol. (sigmanutrition.com)
This series of studies [ 1 ] presented new information on patients mostly with type 2 diabetes , in which the outcome was based on the reduction of non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. (medscape.com)
Treatment goals may be absolute, such as less than 70 mg/dL for LDL-C in very high-risk secondary prevention or relative, such as 50% or greater reduction of LDL-C. The timeframe of treatment is another consideration because milder treatment started earlier may sometimes be preferred over stronger treatment given late in the course of atherosclerotic progression. (duke.edu)
In this way, niacin is able to tackle high cholesterol from two angles, both by amping up HDL in the bloodstream that can scoop up and sweep away bad LDL lipids and by contributing to overall LDL reduction on its own. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Treatment is based on lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration, with a target of at least 50% reduction from baseline. (cdc.gov)

Essentially, this is the basis for the "avoid statins because low LDL is bad" advice. (sigmanutrition.com)
Thus, the evidence does not support that deliberate lowering of LDL-C using statins increases risk of death from any cause or cancer. (sigmanutrition.com)
therefore statins, which dramatically reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, are first-line therapy for patients with diabetes. (patientcareonline.com)
A new class of drugs, so-called PCSK-9 inhibitors, appears to significantly lower LDL-cholesterol among individuals not taking statins as well as those already on statin therapy. (docsopinion.com)
Many experts believe these drugs may be helpful for individuals who don't tolerate statins as well as those not achieving target levels of LDL-C on statin therapy. (docsopinion.com)

Concordance of a High Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Among Relatives. (cdc.gov)
In this cross-sectional study, 1607 of 3420 (47.0%) first-degree relatives of UK Biobank participants with a lipoprotein(a) concentration at least 125 nmol/L were similarly affected, compared with 4974 of 30 258 (16.4%) unrelated individuals. (cdc.gov)
When Is a High Lipoprotein (a) Concentration Too High? (cdc.gov)

Dyslipidaemia was dependent on hypercholesterolemia (OR = 0.352, 95 % C.I.=0.245-0.505), high LDL-c (OR = 0.462, 95 % C.I.=0.355-0.600) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.462, 95 % C.I.=0.355-0.600). (biomedcentral.com)
Dyslipidaemia is a problem among the workers with hypercholesterolemia in combination with high LDL-c and hypertriglyceridemia compounding the problem. (biomedcentral.com)

Hypertriglyceridemia is indicative of insulin resistance when present with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while elevated triglyceride is a clinical risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), especially when low HDL is present. (medscape.com)

From the abstract: 'Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, this latest EAS Statement reviewed what is known about the structure, function, metabolism, and atherogenicity of TG-rich lipoproteins and their remnants, with the ultimate aim of identifying targeted therapeutic approaches to address residual cardiovascular risk associated with elevated TG levels (9) . (eas-society.org)
How are elevated TG-rich lipoproteins linked to cardiovascular risk? (eas-society.org)

For CHD, it is LDL less than 70. (reachmd.com)

This EAS Statement provides a state-of-the art review of current thinking on how TG-rich lipoproteins and their remnants are retained in the arterial wall and promote maladaptive responses central to plaque initiation and progression. (eas-society.org)
When inside the arterial wall, LDL can undergo a variety of modifications including oxidation, uptake by white blood cells called macrophages, formation of so-called foam cells and the initiation of inflammation. (docsopinion.com)

The LDL cholesterol goal for patients with diabetes who do not have coronary heart disease is below 100 mg/dL. (patientcareonline.com)
But most of the time, patients with diabetes do not present with high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is the indication that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) put forth for use of PCSK9 inhibitors. (medscape.com)

Infliximab administration is associated with important increases in cholesterol levels in all its forms but as no significant beneficial effect on the atherogenic ratio. (researchgate.net)
Plasma levels of TG-rich lipoproteins depend on the rate of production, the efficiency of removal of TG content by lipolysis, and hepatic clearance. (eas-society.org)
The absolute benefit of treatment with alirocumab was most pronounced among patients with higher baseline LDL cholesterol levels, such as those with levels greater than 100 mg/dL. (tctmd.com)
Very few patients in statin trials got down to levels of LDL cholesterol of 15 mg/dL or less," said Schwartz. (tctmd.com)
Moreover, although no safety signals have arisen with PCSK9 inhibitors in short- to intermediate-term observation, we don't know the long-term safety of sustained, very low LDL cholesterol levels. (tctmd.com)
The 'low hanging fruit' in this arena is to bring down LDL cholesterol levels aggressively in patients who start high. (tctmd.com)
The theory of a "cholesterol paradox" posits that low levels of LDL-C is associated with worse non-CVD health outcomes in the elderly, specifically in populations aged over 60 years of age. (sigmanutrition.com)
The apparent "paradox" stretches back to observational research in the 1980's which suggested a link with low LDL-C levels and subsequent cancer risk. (sigmanutrition.com)
Is this supposed risk evident with naturally (endogenously) lower LDL-C levels, compared to higher? (sigmanutrition.com)
The most important characteristic of this analysis was that it focused on patients with already low LDL-C levels from statin therapy, and specifically investigated whether further lowering to very low LDL-C levels was associated with any adverse effect on death from other causes. (sigmanutrition.com)
We assessed which lipoprotein subclasses were associated with maximum cIMT levels in the general population. (bvsalud.org)
Univariate and multivariate regression analyses and univariate and partial correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationships between lipoprotein subclasses and maximum cIMT levels. (bvsalud.org)
medium and small LDL) were associated with higher maximum cIMT levels in both women and men (all p for trend (bvsalud.org)
95% confidence interval (CI) 51.7 - 65.0) had dyslipidaemia, 16.3% (n=24/147) had low HDL-C levels, 53.8% (n=78/145) had high LDL-C levels and 14.9% (n=22/148) had raised TG levels. (who.int)
Thresholds for treatment initiation or intensification inherently establish goals of reducing atherogenic cholesterol levels below the thresholds. (duke.edu)
The Mayo Clinic explains that using niacin for cholesterol actually works in two ways, where levels of HDL cholesterol are increased and levels of LDL cholesterol are reduced. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Cholesterol supplements are usually taken by those who need to lower the LDL cholesterol levels. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a simple index based on TG and HDL cholesterol levels [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cascade screening of first-degree relatives of individuals with high lipoprotein(a) levels, if implemented at scale, is likely to identify a substantial number of additional high-risk individuals. (cdc.gov)
Factors that stimulate hepatic lipoprotein synthesis generally lead to elevated plasma cholesterol and TG levels. (msdmanuals.com)

The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a transmembrane lipoprotein receptor of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
VLDLR is a member of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, which is entirely composed of type I transmembrane lipoprotein receptors. (wikipedia.org)
This is the main difference from the main member of the LDL receptor family, LDLR, which has only seven cysteine-rich repeats which are also 40 amino acids long. (wikipedia.org)
There is a high level of conservation within the LDL receptor family. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, there is 50% overall sequence homology between VLDLR and ApoER2, another lipoprotein receptor of this family. (wikipedia.org)
After binding to the LDL-receptor, the LDL/LDL-receptor complex is moved to endosomes within the liver cells, where the LDL is released from the complex. (docsopinion.com)

lt;br />The lipoprotein ApoE is a very low-density lipoprotein, responsible in part for removing cholesterol from the bloodstream. (feedburner.com)
LCAT deficiency resulted in a 12-fold increase in the ratio of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins in LDLr-/- mice and a 3-fold increase in the apoE-/- mice compared with their counterparts with active LCAT. (eurekamag.com)

Once absorbed into enterocytes, they are reassembled into TGs and packaged with cholesterol into chylomicrons, the largest lipoproteins. (msdmanuals.com)

Glutathione peroxidase may protect low density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation, thereby inhibiting atherogenesis and platlet aggregation. (theamericanchiropractor.com)

Immunization with oxLDL increased plasma titres of immunoglobulin G (IgG) recognizing Cu2+-oxLDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL). (lu.se)
Plasma TG is, however, merely a surrogate for estimating the critical lipoproteins - TG-rich lipoproteins and their remnants. (eas-society.org)
The Panel concludes that clinicians should continue to use plasma TG (either fasting or nonfasting) as a surrogate for quantitating TG-rich lipoproteins and remnants, as recommended by the 2019 European Society of Cardiology/EAS dyslipidaemia guidelines (12,16) . (eas-society.org)
There is also a positive correlation between the risk of developing ischaemic heart disease and raised plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. (scialert.net)
This study explored the relationship of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) to coronary artery lesions in the T2DM population of different sexes. (biomedcentral.com)
20.8 % had high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and 2.6 % had impaired fasting blood glucose (IFBG). (biomedcentral.com)
Although the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) based on a single measurement is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known about whether changes in AIP over time are related to incident CVD. (biomedcentral.com)

a measure of all your atherogenic lipoproteins while LDL is one of the best measures of risk assessment. (reachmd.com)
For patients with primary prevention and 2 risk factors, their LDL goal is 100. (reachmd.com)
Dyslipidaemia in the metabolic syndrome is potently atherogenic and, hence, is a major risk factor for CVD (cardiovascular disease) in these subjects. (portlandpress.com)
Low-density lipoprotein particle number and risk for cardiovascular disease. (aruplab.com)
0.05) the atherogenic and coronary risk indices. (scialert.net)
A 2016 systematic review by prominent Cholesterol Denialists purported to show an inverse relationship between higher LDL-C and all-cause mortality, i.e., higher LDL-C lowered risk of death from any cause. (sigmanutrition.com)
Is this supposed risk evident with deliberately (exogenously) lowering LDL-C, e.g., through drugs? (sigmanutrition.com)
What could contribute to low LDL-C in the elderly and/or increased mortality risk? (sigmanutrition.com)
One aspect of the argument in relation to low LDL-C and increased non-CVD mortality risk is that deliberately lowering LDL-C poses a risk for developing cancer or dying from any other cause. (sigmanutrition.com)
This is then used to argue against deliberately intervening to lower LDL-C in order to reduce CVD risk. (sigmanutrition.com)
However, in addition there was no increased risk of any non-CVD cause of death, irrespective of age group, based on different LDL-C lowering. (sigmanutrition.com)
Meaning that for every 1mmol/L (38.6mg/dL) that LDL-C was lowered, there no difference in non-CVD mortality risk. (sigmanutrition.com)
This Roundtable discussion concerns atherogenic risk markers and treatment targets used by clinical lipidologists in daily practice. (duke.edu)
Some biomarkers are highly associated with atherogenic risk but fail to qualify as treatment targets. (duke.edu)
Preclinical, epidemiologic, and genomic studies identify lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). (cdc.gov)

We explored whether LPL affects (a) lipoprotein transport across bovine aortic endothelial cells or (b) lipoprotein binding to subendothelial cell matrix (retention). (jci.org)

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhance accumulation of interleukin (IL)-1 beta-producing macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. (nih.gov)

We discuss a new calculation for LDL-C that shows greater accuracy than the commonly performed Friedewald calculation. (duke.edu)

and very high LDL-cholesterol is greater than or equal to 190 mg/dL. (cdc.gov)
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is used to measure a patient's lipoprotein particle number and size. (aruplab.com)
METHODS: In this study, cholesterol and triglyceride content of 20 lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed using gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (GP-HPLC) in 864 Japanese women and men (mean age 57 y, free of chronic liver or kidney diseases and off lipid-lowering, hormone replacement, or adrenocorticosteroid medications). (bvsalud.org)

However, the potential synergistic effect of native LDL (nLDL) and LPS on the inflammatory ability and migration pattern of monocyte subpopulations remains elusive and is examined here. (nih.gov)

First, there is clarification of what is meant by TG, TG-rich lipoproteins, and remnants. (eas-society.org)
Second, this EAS Statement provides a framework for understanding how remnants of TG-rich lipoproteins are generated and cleared from the circulation. (eas-society.org)
Two key gaps in knowledge about TG-rich lipoproteins and remnants are highlighted. (eas-society.org)
First, there is an unmet need for a standardised, readily applicable assay to measure remnants and to relate this to their atherogenic properties. (eas-society.org)

CONCLUSIONS: Smaller LDL particle cholesterol values are the most atherogenic lipoprotein parameter. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy10

Organisms4

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs79

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes17

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Health Care1

Triglycerides21

VLDL8

Particles11

Apolipoprotein8

Small dense4

Atherosclerosis14

Serum5

Total cholesterol2

Dyslipidemia4

Anti-atherogenic6

Lipase4

Density lipoprotein cholesterol10

Particle size2

Lower LDL cholesterol levels2

Lipids in plasma2

Concentrations6

Reduction7

Statins5

Concentration3

Hypercholesterolemia2

Hypertriglyceridemia1

Abstract1

Cardiovascular risk2

Less than 701

Arterial wall2

Diabetes2

Levels20

Receptor6

ApoE2

Chylomicrons1

Oxidation1

Plasma7

Risk15

Aortic1

OxLDL1

Friedewald1

High3

NLDL1

Remnants4

Parameter1