Associative olfactory insect brain mushroom bodies. Medical search. Frequent questions

Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the locust and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
Gregg Roman, an associate professor of biology and biochemistry at UH, and Shixing Zhang, his postdoctoral associate, describe their findings in a paper titled "Presynaptic Inhibition of Gamma Lobe Neurons Is Required for Olfactory Learning in Drosophila," appearing Nov. 27 in Current Biology, a scientific bimonthly journal published by Cell Press. (uh.edu)
Roman and Zhang set about to unravel some of these mysteries by studying the brains of fruit flies (Drosophila). (uh.edu)
One new receptor, octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (OAMB), was identified as an octopamine receptor because human and Drosophila cell lines expressing OAMB showed increased cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ levels after octopamine application. (ucl.ac.uk)
In order to understand and compare the mechanisms underlying visual appetitive and aversive memories in Drosophila , we sought to establish a new behavioral paradigm for visual associative learning in adult flies. (frontiersin.org)
We have been leveraging the concise architecture of the Drosophila olfactory and navigational circuitry to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying odor navigation. (rockefeller.edu)
In Drosophila melanogaster , or the fruit fly, odour information is first passed from sensory neurons on their antennae and mouthparts to olfactory projection neurons in the antennal lobe, a first processing center similar to our olfactory bulb. (researchpod.org)
Identification of a Single Pair of Interneurons for Bitter Taste Processing in the Drosophila Brain. (unibas.ch)
Structure and development of the subesophageal zone of the Drosophila brain. (unibas.ch)

Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. (wikipedia.org)

They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
We found that these particular nerve cells - the gamma lobe neurons of the mushroom bodies in the insect brain - are activated by odors. (uh.edu)

In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. (wikipedia.org)
In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies. (wikipedia.org)
In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)

We characterized an olfactory-processing pathway, comprised of inhibitory projection neurons (iPNs) that target the LH exclusively, at morphological, functional and behavioral levels. (elifesciences.org)

Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). (frontiersin.org)
This assay should: (1) produce reproducible associative memory, (2) be simple to set up and maintain, and (3) accommodate the application of different stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
But even these small insects, like all animals, can learn behaviours in response to different stimuli. (researchpod.org)
The processing of odours in our brain occurs in much the same way as the processing of other sensory stimuli. (researchpod.org)
Information about sensory stimuli - like smell - is transmitted in a hierarchical manner between circuits within different brain regions. (researchpod.org)

Few conditioning paradigms in insects are versatile enough to succeed in the direct comparison of mechanisms underlying appetitive and aversive memories. (frontiersin.org)
Our results show that stimulation of the sensory receptors on the proboscis and/or ingestion of the sucrose reward during appetitive olfactory conditioning are necessary for long-term memory formation. (silverchair.com)

Using calcium imaging and optogenetic perturbations of specific neuronal populations, we reveal that edge-tracking relies on the mushroom body and central complex, two highly interconnected brain centers implicated in olfactory learning and spatial navigation. (rockefeller.edu)

Here, we investigate the extent to which a honey bee's ability to assess food quality affected the formation of association with an odor stimulus and the retention of olfactory memories associated with reward. (silverchair.com)
All means of delivery of the unconditioned stimulus produced robust associative conditioning with an odor. (silverchair.com)
Finally, to test whether the act of feeding on a reward containing sucrose during conditioning affected olfactory memory formation, we conditioned honey bees to associate an odor with antennal stimulation with sucrose followed by feeding on a water droplet. (silverchair.com)
These studies highlight that instead of relying on simple sensory reflexes, flies use their sophisticated learning and navigational circuitry to track odor plumes, a feature likely to be shared between insect and mammalian brains. (rockefeller.edu)

In particular, the ongoing activity of dopaminergic neurons of the mushroom body previously implicated in associative learning shapes edge-tracking behavior over multiple timescales and is necessary for continued pursuit of the plume. (rockefeller.edu)
Food wanting is mediated by transient activation of dopaminergic signaling in the honey bee brain. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

They are largest in the Hymenoptera, which are known to have particularly elaborate control over olfactory behaviours. (wikipedia.org)

In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody made to the receptor revealed highly enriched expression in the mushroom body neuropil and the ellipsoid body of central complex, brain areas known to be crucial for olfactory learning and motor control, respectively. (ucl.ac.uk)

The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)
addressed how attractiveness or repulsiveness of a smell, and also the strength of a smell, are processed by a part of the olfactory system called the lateral horn in fruit flies. (elifesciences.org)

Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
Visual learning in a virtual reality environment upregulates immediate early gene expression in the mushroom bodies of honey bees. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. (wikipedia.org)
shows that certain qualities of odors are contained in a spatial map in a specific brain region of the fly. (elifesciences.org)

Evolution without Wilson's Sociobiology: Is Sociobiology a special branch of Entomology that deals with social insect? (slideshare.net)
But an ant is a social insect and the behaviour of an ant and other social insects is very peculiar and interesting that could never be comparable to other animals and humans. (slideshare.net)
The behavior of a social insect is learned and experienced. (slideshare.net)
161 International Journal of Entomology Research www.entomologyjournals.com ISSN: 2455-4758 Received: 27-11-2022, Accepted: 13-12-2022, Published: 29-12-2022 Volume 7, Issue 12, 2022, Page No. 161-173 Evolution without Wilson's Sociobiology: Is Sociobiology a special branch of Entomology that deals with social insect? (slideshare.net)

Interestingly, the transmitter substance that informs the neuronal circuits about rewarding or punishing experiences is the same in the insect brain and the mammalian brain - namely dopamine. (researchpod.org)
This principle is very similar to how odours are encoded in parts of the cortex of the mammalian brain, but at a much smaller size. (researchpod.org)

Therefore, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from these neurons through the actions of the G(o) protein is key to forming the memory trace and associative memories. (uh.edu)
In this episode we will be looking at how nervous systems can learn and form memories, and how this is studied using the brain of fruit flies, a topic investigated by André Fiala at the University of Göttingen in Germany. (researchpod.org)

A locust brain dissection to expose the central brain and carry out electro-physiology recordings can be seen here. (wikipedia.org)

From there, information is transduced to so-called Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies. (researchpod.org)
Decades of research have revealed that in the insect brain, odours evoke activity in small groups of Kenyon cells of the mushroom body. (researchpod.org)
One could say that the exact group or "pattern" of Kenyon cells that is activated tells the brain which odour is smelled. (researchpod.org)
Mathematical description of ionic currents of the Kenyon cell in the mushroom body of honeybee. (auth.gr)

In larger insects, studies suggest that mushroom bodies have other learning and memory functions, like associative memory, sensory filtering, motor control, and place memory. (wikipedia.org)
The significance of using fruit flies is that while their brain structure is much simpler with far fewer neurons, the mushroom body is analogous to the perirhinal cortex in humans, which serves the same function of sensory integration and learning. (uh.edu)
For instance, in the human brain, odour information is detected by sensory neurons in the nose and transmitted to a first processing center, the olfactory bulb of the brain. (researchpod.org)
The mushroom bodies are higher-order structures of arthropod brains that integrate incoming sensory information with positive or negative experiences, such as rewards or punishments. (researchpod.org)

One and 3 days after training, ants exhibited robust olfactory memory through a series of five successive retention tests in which they preferred the CS+and stayed longer in the arm presenting it. (biologists.com)
Our results constitute the first controlled account of olfactory long-term memory in individual ants for which the nature of associations could be precisely characterized. (biologists.com)
Foraging insects such as bees, ants, and wasps visit a variety of food sources such as flowers, insect prey, and rotting fruit. (springer.com)

We studied olfactory retention in C. fellah to determine whether olfactory learning leads to long-term memory retrievable 24 h and 72 h after training. (biologists.com)

However, their discovery in the mantis shrimp in 2017 lead to the later conclusion that the mushroom body is the ancestral state of all arthropods, and that this feature was later lost in crabs and lobsters. (wikipedia.org)

But even these small insects, like all animals, can adjust their behavior according to experience, which is called learning. (researchpod.org)
An Emerging System to Study Photosymbiosis, Brain Regeneration, Chronobiology, and Behavior: The Marine Acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis. (unibas.ch)

The preferential expression of OAMB in mushroom bodies and its capacity to produce cAMP accumulation suggest an important role in synaptic modulation underlying behavioral plasticity. (ucl.ac.uk)
Through modeling and behavioral perturbations of the fictive olfactory environment, we demonstrate that edge-tracking represents a form of spatial navigation in which flies must continually remember the direction of the plume's boundary. (rockefeller.edu)

In some insects, such as honeybees and fruit flies, octopamine has been shown to be a major stimulator of adenylyl cyclase and to function in associative learning. (ucl.ac.uk)
Of course, the brains of flies and humans are quite different in size and complexity. (researchpod.org)

They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. (wikipedia.org)
Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
Within the fly brain, Roman says, there are nerve cells that play a role in olfactory learning and memory. (uh.edu)
Associative memory is measured based on altered visual preference in the test. (frontiersin.org)

We illustrate how animals integrate these learning principles using the fruit fly olfactory learning circuit, one of nature's best-characterized and highly optimized schemes for learning. (jneurosci.org)

Although a complete characterization of the neural basis of learning remains ongoing, scientists for nearly a century have used the brain as inspiration to design artificial neural networks capable of learning, a case in point being deep learning. (jneurosci.org)
Abbott, L.F. and Svoboda, K., editors (2020) Brain-wide Interactions Between Neural Circuits. (columbia.edu)
Numerosity categorization by parity in an insect and simple neural network. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). (wikipedia.org)

How the humble insect brain became a powerful experimental model system. (unibas.ch)

Mushroom bodies are usually described as neuropils, i.e., as dense networks of neuronal processes (dendrite and axon terminals) and glia. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we report design and results of a neuronal inactivation screen aimed at discovering brain regions and circuit components controlling gap-crossing behaviour. (nature.com)
Interestingly, there are very similar neuronal connections and circuits in the much smaller brains of insects. (researchpod.org)

Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist. (wikipedia.org)

The brain is mainly composed of neurons that communicate with each other via electrical pulses called action potentials. (researchpod.org)

From there, the information is directed via mitral cells to higher brain regions such as parts of the cerebral cortex. (researchpod.org)

Associative learning allows animals to predict important events using correlations between the appearance of a signal and a salient outcome such as food or danger. (silverchair.com)

This database was founded as part of the SenseLab project which was supported by the Human Brain Project (NIDCD, NIMH, NIA, NICD, NINDS), by MURI (Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative), and by R01 DC 009977 from the National Institute for Deafness and other Communication Disorders. (modeldb.science)

They get their name from their roughly hemispherical calyx, a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or peduncle. (wikipedia.org)

One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
We provide evidence for a feature-based map in the LH, and elucidate its role as the center for integrating behaviorally relevant olfactory information. (elifesciences.org)

A Cognitive Account of Trace Conditioning in Insects. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. (wikipedia.org)

Gaps smaller than body size are usually overcome just by a large stride. (nature.com)
Many of these insects must learn and recall resource traits such as location, scent, shape, colour, and size. (springer.com)

The necessity to function with resource constraints has led evolution to design animal brains (and bodies) to be optimal in their use of computational power while being adaptable to their environmental niche. (jneurosci.org)

To understand the process of learning in insects which are comparatively less studied than those such as honeybees and bumblebees, we trained wasps to discriminate between two similar colours using three different types of conditioning methods. (springer.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms17

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology15

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Drosophila9

Innate olfactory behaviors1

Neurons of the mushroom bodies2

Antennal lobe3

Projection neurons1

Stimuli5

Appetitive2

Centers1

Odor4

Dopaminergic2

Behaviours1

Neuropil2

Lateral horn2

Honey2

Odors2

Social insect4

Mammalian2

Memories2

Locust1

Kenyon4

Sensory4

Ants3

Retention1

20171

Behavior2

Behavioral2

Flies2

Memory5

Integrate1

Neural3

Structures1

System1

Neuronal3

Fruit fly1

Mainly composed1

Higher brain regions1

Animals1

Research1

Nerve1

Center2

Account1

Input1

Size2

Function1

Similar1