Associations of birth weight. Medical search. Frequent questions

Objective: We compared prenatal care utilization, preterm birth, and low birth weight neonates among women 35 years and older compared to women 20-34 years old in Mexico, 2008-2019. (authorea.com)
Study outcomes were inadequate prenatal care (timing of initiation of care and number of visits), preterm birth, and low birth weight. (authorea.com)
Being 35 years old and older is associated with increases in preterm birth and low birth weight neonates. (authorea.com)
This commentary discussed the role of various causes of birth weight changes, such as preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and multiple births, in increasing susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in adults. (scientificarchives.com)
The current study also found that preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of lipid disorders in early to middle adulthood [ 11 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
In addition, preterm birth was found to be a predictor of CVD risk in young women before they developed identified CVD risk factors [ 6 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
Preterm birth is associated with a clear increase in risk of cerebral palsy. (bmj.com)
Firstly, it may be the result of an ischaemic insult in utero leading to both preterm birth and damage to the white matter. (bmj.com)
We examined prenatal exposure to agricultural pesticides in relation to preterm birth and term low birthweight, respectively, in children born between 1998 and 2010, randomly selected from California birth records. (mdpi.com)
This study examined whether women with anemia before pregnancy would be at higher risk of preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. (nature.com)
The risk of preterm birth, LBW and SGA across 11 prepregnancy hemoglobin groups depended on the severity of anemia ( P for trend=0.042, 0.019, and 0.001, respectively). (nature.com)
Anemia, not high hemoglobin concentration, before pregnancy was associated with an elevated risk of preterm birth, LBW and SGA, and the risk increased with the severity of anemia in Korean women. (nature.com)
Relation of hemoglobin measured at different times in pregnancy to preterm birth and low birth weight in Shanghai, China. (nature.com)
High and low hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: differential risks for preterm birth and small for gestational age. (nature.com)
These associations were not mediated by preterm birth and low birth weight. (aboutlawsuits.com)
The increased risk could not be attributed to preterm birth or low birth weight. (aboutlawsuits.com)
ATSDR did this study to find out if a mother's exposure to contaminants in drinking water were associated with early (preterm) birth and poor growth. (cdc.gov)
Conclusions: Preterm birth but not small for gestational age status predicted subsequent asthma outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Adverse effects of preterm birth on asthma outcomes persist beyond age 5 years. (cdc.gov)

Associations between air pollution metrics and birth outcomes were investigated using generalized additive models, adjusting for maternal age, parity, race/ethnicity, insurance status, poverty, gestational age and sex of the infants. (biomedcentral.com)
Most research suggests that a low birth weight, a young gestational age (GA) (see the Gestational Age from Estimated Date of Delivery calculator), and the severity of illness (eg, respiratory distress syndrome [RDS], bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD], sepsis ) are associated risk factors. (medscape.com)
Metabolic associations with birthweight were assessed by linear regression models adjusted for sex, gestational age and age at blood sampling. (nih.gov)
Lower birthweight adjusted for gestational age is associated with adverse biomarker aberrations across multiple metabolic pathways. (nih.gov)
The primary aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between birth weight for gestational age and weight gain trajectories in early childhood and long term incidence of multiple chronic conditions including cardiometabolic disease risk factors (as Types 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, adult obesity, and hyperlipidemia), Asthma and Polycystic ovarian Syndrom. (napcrg.org)
On average, birth weight was 9.5 grams lower each interquartile range increase (4 µg/m 3 ) of PM2.5 exposure during the 14- to 22-week gestational period. (news-medical.net)
In this group, mothers exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 at four to 20 weeks delivered babies weighing 34 grams, or 1 ounce, less in birth weight and mothers exposed to highest PM10 at nine to 14 gestational weeks delivered babies weighing 39.4 grams less, on average. (news-medical.net)
In the same group, exposure to NO2 from nine to 14 gestational weeks was associated with a 40.4-gram decrease in birth weight. (news-medical.net)
Exposure at 33 to 36 gestational weeks reported the greatest decrease in birth weight: 117.6 grams, or 4.1 ounces. (news-medical.net)
In additional analyses, birth weight was categorized according to z-scores for each gestational week at birth. (rti.org)
Using restricted National Vital Statistics System data linked birth/infant death data for 1990-2013, we analyze trends in obstetric practices, gestational age distributions, and birth weights among first-birth singletons born to U.S. non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Latina women. (dukeupress.edu)
We use life table techniques to analyze the joint probabilities of gestational age-specific birth and gestational age-specific obstetric intervention (i.e., induced cesarean delivery, induced vaginal delivery, not-induced cesarean delivery, and not-induced vaginal delivery) to fully document trends in obstetric practices by gestational age. (dukeupress.edu)
Findings strongly indicate that recent declines in U.S. birth weight were due to increases in induced labor and cesarean delivery at select gestational ages. (dukeupress.edu)
105 384 newborns (⩾2000 g and ⩾36 weeks) were analysed, and the effect of higher birth weight on total serum bilirubin (TSB) ⩾342 μmol/l was reported using logistic regression to control for gestational age, scalp injury diagnosis, maternal diabetes, method of delivery and other confounders. (bmj.com)
The odds ratio for the effect of an additional 500 g of birth weight on TSB ⩾342 μmol/l declined with increasing gestational age from 1.55 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.87) at 36 weeks to 1.30 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.50) at 37 weeks and 1.14 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29) at 38 weeks. (bmj.com)

2,500 g), as well as birth weight as a continuous variable, in term-born infants. (biomedcentral.com)
Infections in distant regions of the genitourinary tract, such as periodontal disease may be associated with the occurrence of preterm delivery and low birth weight infants. (bvsalud.org)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) primarily occurs in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. (medscape.com)
Objective: To determine clinical features of very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) who had developed epilepsy by age 3 years. (elsevierpure.com)
on behalf of the Neonatal Research Network of Japan (NRNJ) 2019, ' Association of perinatal factors of epilepsy in very low birth weight infants, using a nationwide database in Japan ', Journal of Perinatology , vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1472-1479. (elsevierpure.com)
Parents' perception of the back-transport of very-low-birth-weight infants to community hospitals. (thieme-connect.de)
A new study in The Journal of Pediatrics examines the possibility that in utero phthalate exposure contributes to low birth weight in infants. (science20.com)
Of the 201 infants studied, 88 were born with low birth weight. (science20.com)
The researchers analyzed samples of the infants' meconium, the first bowel movement that occurs after birth, and cord blood to determine phthalate levels. (science20.com)
Infants with low birth weight had consistently higher levels of phthalates. (science20.com)
According to Dr. Ge, "The results showed that phthalate exposure was ubiquitous in these newborns, and that prenatal phthalate exposure might be an environmental risk factor for low birth weight in infants. (science20.com)
A recent study proposed a risk factor scoring system for prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia that assigned increased risk to infants of higher birth weight. (bmj.com)
There was no association for infants ⩾39 weeks. (bmj.com)
Higher birth weight predicts TSB ⩾342 μmol/l in 36-38 week infants, but not in infants ⩾39 weeks. (bmj.com)
Further research should explore the causal mechanism for the association in less-mature infants. (bmj.com)

A suggested explanation for this association is intrauterine programming in response to maternal malnutrition. (nih.gov)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant birth weight, but evidence on critical exposure windows and timing of fetal growth restriction is limited. (plos.org)
Here we investigate the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth by triangulating evidence from 3 analytical approaches to strengthen causal inference. (plos.org)
We analysed data from 8,621 European liveborn singletons in 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts (the Generation R Study, the Netherlands 2002-2006 [ n = 4,682]) and the Born in Bradford study, United Kingdom 2007-2010 [ n = 3,939]) with fetal ultrasound and birth anthropometric measures, parental smoking during pregnancy, and maternal genetic data. (plos.org)
We compared results from (1) confounder-adjusted multivariable analyses, (2) a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using maternal rs1051730 genotype as an instrument for smoking quantity and ease of quitting, and (3) a negative control analysis comparing maternal and mother's partner's smoking associations. (plos.org)
A consistent linear dose-dependent association of maternal smoking with fetal growth was observed from the early second trimester onwards, while no major growth deficit was found in women who quit smoking early in pregnancy except for a shorter FL during late gestation. (plos.org)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant birth weight. (plos.org)
We analysed data from 8,621 white European liveborn singletons from 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts to assess the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with the longitudinal growth of different fetal parameters (weight, head circumference, femur length, and abdominal circumference). (plos.org)
Sex-specific associations of maternal birthweight with offspring birth" by Collette N Ncube, Amelia R Gavin et al. (providence.org)
Sex-specific associations of maternal birthweight with offspring birthweight in the Omega study. (providence.org)
PURPOSE: We investigated nonlinear and offspring sex-specific associations of maternal birthweight (BW) with offspring BW among participants of the Omega study, a pregnancy cohort. (providence.org)
CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and offspring BW associations are evident among normal BW and macrosomic mothers. (providence.org)
In a recent case-control study of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm babies we found associations between chorioamnionitis, prolonged rupture of membranes, and maternal infection and an increased risk of cerebral palsy. (bmj.com)
Maternal prepregnancy hemoglobin concentration has rarely been explored as a risk of poor birth outcomes. (nature.com)
Steer P, Alam MA, Wadsworth J, Welch A . Relation between maternal haemoglobin concentration and birth weight in different ethnic groups. (nature.com)
Does Infant Reactivity Moderate the Association Between Antenatal Maternal Depression and Infant Sleep? (bristol.ac.uk)
This study was carried out in patients with preeclampsia to estimate the prevalence of maternal and foetal morbidity and to investigate the association between the amount of proteinuria measured by spot UPCR and maternofoetal outcome. (hindawi.com)
Maternal birthweight (BW) is one of the strongest predictors of offspring BW, perpetuating generational cycles of poor health and risk for adverse birth outcomes. (washington.edu)
Association of maternal blood manganese levels and infant birth weight. (cdc.gov)

There were positive linear associations between birth weight and all three measures of lung function in simple age and examining nurse adjusted regression models. (bmj.com)
We derived a Mediterranean‐style diet score from the food frequency questionnaire and performed logistic regression to examine the association of the Mediterranean‐style diet score with preeclampsia. (ahajournals.org)
In our study, the association between birth weight and adult CVD was observed by Cox regression using recall of birth weight data from a large UKB cohort [ 5 ]. (scientificarchives.com)
Logistic regression identified the association between variables and development of epilepsy. (elsevierpure.com)
3700 g), compared with a birthweight of 3000-3700 g as reference, using log-binomial and Poisson regression. (lu.se)
Continuous relationships across the entire birthweight spectrum were assessed with linear and restricted cubic spline regression. (lu.se)

Detection of associations between asthma and air pollution in urban regions using supervised learning algorithms (2023). (cabi.org)

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between carbon emission and low birth weight (LBW). (cabi.org)

Newborns with low birth weight face increased risk of neonatal mortality and potential complications such as breathing problems, bleeding in the brain, jaundice and infections. (news-medical.net)
Consuming more than this during pregnancy is possibly unsafe and has been linked to an increased risk of miscarriage, increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and other negative effects, including symptoms of caffeine withdrawal in newborns and lower birth weight. (medlineplus.gov)
To investigate the associations between in utero phthalate exposure and low birth weight, Dr. Renshan Ge of the Population Council and colleagues from Fudan University and Second Military Medical University in Shanghai studied 201 pairs of newborns and their mothers between 2005 and 2006. (science20.com)

Our study focused on the association between birth weight and the risk of CVD, but reckoned without the effect of other prenatal factors on CVD, such as premature birth and intrauterine malnutrition, because of the lack of prenatal factors in UK Biobank. (scientificarchives.com)
Premature birth results in a disruption of normal retinal vascular maturation. (medscape.com)

Birth weight is an intuitive reflection of the overall condition of the baby during pregnancy, which can approximately judge the living environment and nutritional status of the baby in utero [ 7 - 10 ]. (scientificarchives.com)

Methods: We used birth certificate data and conducted a historical cohort study of all singleton live births in Mexico from 2008-2019. (authorea.com)

4, 6 The association between poor lung function and cardiovascular disease may therefore be partly related to intrauterine factors that affect fetal growth, programme cardiovascular disease, and also affect lung growth and development. (bmj.com)
The apparent positive association of the genetic instrument with fetal growth in non-smokers suggests that genetic pleiotropy may have masked a stronger association in smokers. (plos.org)
Background: Birth weight is an indicator of fetal growth and development, important determinants of life course health. (washington.edu)

The associations of self-reported birth weight with adult lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow rate during mid expiration (FEF 25-75 ), all measured using standard procedures, were assessed in a cross sectional study of 2257 British women aged 60-79 years. (bmj.com)
Further adjustment for life course socioeconomic position, adult body mass index, and smoking did not alter these associations. (bmj.com)
4, 5 Birth weight has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk and this association is independent of socioeconomic position, a range of cardiovascular risk factors, and adult body size. (bmj.com)
However, adult obesity is not significantly affected by birth weight and litter size. (wikipedia.org)
The metabolic associations with birthweight were compared with the corresponding associations with adult body mass index (BMI). (nih.gov)
The pattern of metabolic deviations associated with lower birthweight resembled the metabolic signature of higher adult BMI (R 2 = 0.77) assessed at the same time as the metabolic profiling. (nih.gov)
Coherent metabolic signatures between lower birthweight and higher adult adiposity suggest that shared molecular pathways may potentially underpin the metabolic deviations. (nih.gov)

Associations with trajectories of estimated fetal weight (EFW) and individual fetal parameters (head circumference, femur length [FL], and abdominal circumference [AC]) from 12-16 to 40 weeks' gestation were analysed using multilevel fractional polynomial models. (plos.org)
We will be extracting birth weight status as well as weight gain trajectories for included subjects with incidence of certain chronic diseases in that cohort. (napcrg.org)

2005). Chronic conditions, functional limitations, and special health care needs of school-aged children born with extremely low-birth-weight in the 1990s. (bvsalud.org)

Association between Diabetes in Pregnancy and Shoulder Dystocia by Infant Birth Weight in an Era of Cesarean Delivery for Suspected Macrosomia. (bvsalud.org)
Congenital anomalies, commonly referred to as "birth defects", describe conditions that develop in the fetus at conception or during pregnancy. (gc.ca)
They can be identified during pregnancy, after birth, or later in life. (gc.ca)
Exposures to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide in early to mid-pregnancy are significantly associated with lower birth weight, researchers found. (news-medical.net)

Originally published 20 Apr 2022 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.022589 Journal of the American Heart Association. (ahajournals.org)

Population-based, retrospective birth cohort study. (napcrg.org)

There is a modest positive association between birth weight and lung function which indicates that intrauterine factors might have a role in lung development. (bmj.com)
Associations have been reported between intrauterine growth restriction and the incidence of several chronic conditions in later life such as type 2 diabetes mellitus[ 1 ] or cardiovascular diseases[ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Low birth weight is a marker of intrauterine stress and is associated with susceptibility to CVD. (scientificarchives.com)

The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. (nature.com)

In findings of a new study published this week in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) , researchers warn that children conceived through ART may be at a 60% increased risk of developing any types of childhood cancer when compared to children conceived naturally or those born to parents with an infertility diagnosis that did not use ART. (aboutlawsuits.com)

Findings from studies of prenatal exposure to pesticides and adverse birth outcomes have been equivocal so far. (mdpi.com)
A high hemoglobin concentration ( ⩾ 150 g/l), however, was not associated with adverse birth outcomes. (nature.com)
Declining birth weight in the United States might therefore lead to adverse health outcomes in both early life and later adulthood. (dukeupress.edu)

The foetal complications and outcome parameters were birth weight, Apgar score at the time of birth and at five minutes, need of high dependency unit care, and perinatal mortality. (hindawi.com)

Weighted polygenic scores (PS) for type 2 diabetes and birthweight were calculated to assess the impact of genetic predispositions. (lu.se)
Results were robust to adjustments for PS representing weighted genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes and birthweight. (lu.se)

Aims/hypothesis: Low birthweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes but it is unknown whether low birthweight is associated with distinct clinical characteristics at disease onset. (lu.se)
We examined whether a lower or higher birthweight in type 2 diabetes is associated with clinically relevant characteristics at disease onset. (lu.se)

Poor lung function in adulthood is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality even among life long non-smokers, but the explanation for these associations is unclear. (bmj.com)
Despite this, ambient O 3 was associated with a decrement in mean birth weight and significant increases in the risk of LBW were associated with traffic density, proximity to roads and ambient O 3 . (biomedcentral.com)
What seems to be consensus in the literature is the fact that intervention studies are needed before we can fully accept that periodontal infection is indeed a risk factor for preterm delivery and / or low birth weight. (bvsalud.org)
Liang J, Gu1 A. Commentary on Association between Birth Weight and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from UK Biobank. (scientificarchives.com)
There was a J-shaped correlation between birth weight and CVD, in which low birth weight was strongly correlated with the occurrence of CVD, and macrosomia (high birth weight) also had a certain increase in the risk of CVD, notably coronary heart disease. (scientificarchives.com)
we redefined a more precise birth weight range with a lower risk of CVD, based on the WHO standard birth weight range. (scientificarchives.com)
Birth weight lower than ~2500 g and higher than ~4000 g had a positive effect on CVD risk. (scientificarchives.com)
To identify neonatal risk factors for cerebral palsy among very preterm babies and in particular the associations independent of the coexistence of antenatal and intrapartum factors. (bmj.com)
Hämäläinen H, Hakkarainen K, Heinonen S . Anaemia in the first but not in the second or third trimester is a risk factor for low birth weight. (nature.com)
Diabetes increased the risk of shoulder dystocia , even at lower birth weight thresholds than at which cesarean delivery is currently offered. (bvsalud.org)
Guidelines providing the option of cesarean delivery for suspected macrosomia may have decreased the risk of shoulder dystocia at higher birth weights . (bvsalud.org)
However, the magnitudes of metabolic associations with birthweight are modest in comparison to the effects of adiposity, implying that birthweight is only a weak indicator of the metabolic risk profile in adulthood. (nih.gov)
This article develops a clinical indicator of household energy security and assesses possible associations with food security, health, and developmental risk in children ≤ 36 months of age. (childrenshealthwatch.org)
Based on final results we will be concluding whether birth weight status and/or elevated BMI trajectory persisting from birth through childhood and adolescence result in an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile in during that time and through adulthood. (napcrg.org)
We already know air pollution is linked to low birth weight and future disease risk. (news-medical.net)
The study reviewed birth and cancer data of more than 1.6 million children born in Norway, and found children born using fertility procedures, such as IVF, have a 67% higher risk developing leukemia. (aboutlawsuits.com)
Based on estimated lifetime risk, each American woman is expected to have 3.2 pregnancies, of which 2 will be a live birth, 0.7 will be an induced abortion, and 0.5 will be a miscarriage. (medscape.com)
Low birth weight is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age and increases the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood. (science20.com)

Note on language: When I first posted the questions for the prenatal testing FAQs, I used the term "birth defects" (except for question 7 of the Prenatal Testing Overview FAQ). (faqs.org)

Therefore, ultrasound is recommended only for indicated reasons such as bleeding, inaccurate dates, large or small for dates, family history or past history of structural birth defects that can be diagnosed by ultrasound, elevated AFP, abnormal triple screen, and for guidance at the time of amniocentesis. (faqs.org)
Although ATSDR wanted to study other birth defects and childhood cancers, not enough cases were identified to do so. (cdc.gov)

Background: Few population-based studies have evaluated the association between birth weight or gestation and subsequent clinically significant asthma. (cdc.gov)

Lower birthweight is associated with increased susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood, but the underlying molecular pathways are incompletely understood. (nih.gov)
The resemblance indicated that 1 kg lower birthweight is associated with similar metabolic aberrations as caused by 0.92 units higher BMI in adulthood. (nih.gov)

Exposure to air pollution is frequently associated with reductions in birth weight but results of available studies vary widely, possibly in part because of differences in air pollution metrics. (biomedcentral.com)
Both the American Academy of Dermatology and the Canadian Dermatology Association recommend that people use sunscreens to protect themselves from exposure to UV rays, which cause 80-90 percent of skin cancers. (healthline.com)
Although these associations are not conclusive, this study supports the accelerating efforts to minimize phthalate exposure. (science20.com)
First trimester exposure to PCE and vinyl chloride showed weaker associations for childhood leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (cdc.gov)

Birth information will be obtained from birth certificates and all other variables will be extracted from the Rochester Epidemiology Project tool with appropriate consents. (napcrg.org)

2500 g) yielded stronger associations. (lu.se)

Furthermore, low birth weight was found to be directly associated with CVD subtype, e.g. coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. (scientificarchives.com)

Birth weight in the United States declined substantially during the 1990s and 2000s. (dukeupress.edu)
Since the 1990s, secular trends in U.S. births have been characterized by a large decline in mean birth weight and an uptick in the incidence of low birth weight. (dukeupress.edu)

We use simulation techniques to estimate counterfactual changes in birth weight distributions if obstetric practices did not change between 1990 and 2013. (dukeupress.edu)
Results suggest that if rates of obstetric practices had not changed between 1990 and 2013, then the average U.S. birth weight would have increased over this time. (dukeupress.edu)

Niarchou M. Zammit S. Lewis G. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort as a resource for studying psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: a summary of findings for depression and psychosis . (bristol.ac.uk)
Birthweight and Childhood Cancer: Preliminary Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C). (bristol.ac.uk)
The survey asked parents of these children whether they had a birth defect or developed a childhood cancer. (cdc.gov)

Associations were consistent across cohorts with different ages at metabolic profiling, but the magnitudes were weak. (nih.gov)

To examine the association between a woman's birth weight and her subsequent fecundability. (rti.org)

Most associations between birthweight and clinical characteristics appeared linear, and a higher birthweight was associated with characteristics mirroring lower birthweight in opposite directions. (lu.se)

No such increase was observed for traffic density or proximity to major roadways, and a significant decrease in mean birth weight was associated with ambient O 3 concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Results: Each 1000 g decrease in birthweight was associated with a 3.3 year (95% CI 2.9, 3.8) younger age of diabetes onset, 1.5 kg/m 2 (95% CI 1.2, 1.7) lower BMI and 3.9 cm (95% CI 3.3, 4.5) smaller waist circumference. (lu.se)

To investigate association between maternofoetal complications and the amount of proteinuria measured by spot urine protein creatinine ratio in patients with preeclampsia. (hindawi.com)

The premating weight of Mis sheep mothers with 61 kg was optimal in this regard. (ac.rs)
The birth cohort consists of all children born between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 1982, to mothers in Olmsted County, MN. (napcrg.org)
Even more concerning, mothers with high stress scores who also live in the most environmentally burdened neighborhoods experienced greater decreases in birth weight. (news-medical.net)

4 Thus, a reduced supply of nutrients to the fetus may result in low birth weight and, depending on the timing, may result in specific detrimental effects to growing organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart and lungs. (bmj.com)
The ancient Romans did not consider a fetus a person until after birth, and abortion was practiced widely. (medscape.com)

Further insight is needed to identify the air pollution metrics most strongly and consistently associated with birth weight. (biomedcentral.com)

Data concerning the ewes premating age (PMA), premating weight of ewes (PMW), lambs birth weight (LBW), type of birth of lambs (BT), gender of lambs were collected from 122 lambs born. (ac.rs)
We used data from the Boston Birth Cohort. (ahajournals.org)
However, the dose-response relationship described in the meta-analysis was based on classification data of birth weight, which might affect the correlation compared to the direct analysis of continuous variables. (scientificarchives.com)
Most breed associations will not release EPDs that are based strictly on pedigree data. (gov.mb.ca)

Unmeasured confounders and/or measurement errors might have produced spurious positive associations between birth weight and some air pollution metrics. (biomedcentral.com)
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 19:638-644. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases48

Chemicals and Drugs4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment72

Psychiatry and Psychology15

Phenomena and Processes73

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena13

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science11

Named Groups18

Health Care68

Geographicals13

Preterm birth19

Gestational15

Infants15

Maternal19

Regression6

20231

Objective1

Newborns3

Premature birth2

Utero1

Methods1

Fetal growth3

Adult7

Trajectories2

Extremely low birth1

Pregnancy4

20221

Cohort study1

Intrauterine3

Infant mortality1

Researchers1

Adverse3

Perinatal mortality1

Genetic2

Type 2 diabet2

Risk18

Prenatal1

Defects2

Gestation1

Adulthood2

Exposure4

Epidemiology1

25001

Coronary heart d1

1990s2

Obstetric2

Childhood3

Cohorts1

Examine the association1

Clinical1

Decrease2

Investigate1

Mothers3

Fetus2

Strongly1

Data4

Pollution2