Despite numerous investigations, the impact of tizanidine, an anti-spastic medication, on changes in reflex and muscle mechanical properties in spasticity remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
This study was designed to help us understand the mechanisms of action of tizanidine on spasticity in spinal cord injured subjects with incomplete injury, by quantifying the effects of a single dose of tizanidine on ankle muscle intrinsic and reflex components. (biomedcentral.com)
The current study was designed to determine the impact of an important anti-spasticity medication, tizanidine, by quantifying the effect of single dose tizanidine on reflex and intrinsic components of muscle response to stretch in individuals with spinal cord injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypertonia, defined as an abnormal increase in muscle tone [ 4 ], is a defining feature of spasticity and has both diagnostic and therapeutic significance [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the spectrum of activity for tizanidine is broad, making it likely that tizanidine affects different symptoms of spasticity such as hypertonia, flexor reflexes, spasms and clonus. (biomedcentral.com)
Spasticity (from Greek spasmos- 'drawing, pulling') is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia. (wikipedia.org)
Clinically, spasticity results from the loss of inhibition of motor neurons, causing excessive velocity-dependent muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
Although the result of spasticity is problems with the muscles, spasticity is actually caused by an injury to a part of the central nervous system (the brain or spinal cord) that controls voluntary movements. (wikipedia.org)
Clonus tends to not be present with spasticity in patients with significantly increased muscle tone, as the muscles are constantly active and therefore not engaging in the characteristic on/off cycle of clonus. (wikipedia.org)
ITB therapy SM improves muscle strength in the spasticity-affected limbs and does not alter the strength in the unaffected limbs. (medtronic.com)
ITB therapy SM shows superior efficacy in reducing spasticity of lower and upper limbs vs. oral antispasticity medication as measured by Ashworth scale. (medtronic.com)
Spasticity is increased, involuntary, velocity-dependent muscle tone that causes resistance to movement. (medscape.com)
Published prevalent data of a severe spasticity (defined as increased muscle tone equal or more than 2 of the modified Ashworth scale [MAS]) and a disabling PSS (defined as spasticity that does need treatment) showed that up to 13%-16% of stroke survivors suffer from this complication after stroke [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. (e-arm.org)
Spastic hypertonia3
Spastic hypertonia and movement disorders: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and quantification. (mcw.edu)
Intrathecal baclofen management of poststroke spastic hypertonia: implications for function and quality of life. (mcw.edu)
Continuously infused intrathecal baclofen over 12 months for spastic hypertonia in adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy. (medtronic.com)
Flexor1
It is most commonly noted in the flexor muscles of the upper extremities, the proximal extensor muscles of the lower extremities, and the distal flexor muscles of the lower extremities. (medscape.com)
Clonus1
Clonus results due to an increased motor neuron excitation (decreased action potential threshold) and is common in muscles with long conduction delays, such as the long reflex tracts found in distal muscle groups. (wikipedia.org)
Involuntary1
PSS is characterized by involuntary activation of skeletal muscles resulting in phasic and/or tonic muscle activity during rest and voluntary movement resulting in the PS-SMD in involved body-parts [ 2 ]. (e-arm.org)
Clinical2
Muscle tone is a frequently used clinical term that has no clear definition, no unambiguous interpretation in terms of possible mechanisms, and no universally accepted method of measurement [ 3 , 13,14 ] . (down-syndrome.org)
Most of the prevalent data of PSS originates from studies that only used the criterion of velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone as a clinical marker of PSS [ 1 , 2 ]. (e-arm.org)
Cerebral palsy1
Preterm Fetal Hypoxia-Ischemia Causes Hypertonia and Motor Deficits in the Neonatal Rabbit: A Model for Human Cerebral Palsy? (jneurosci.org)
Stiffness3
In contrast, there were no significant changes in intrinsic muscle stiffness after the administration of tizanidine. (biomedcentral.com)
It is also colloquially referred to as an unusual "tightness", stiffness, or "pull" of muscles. (wikipedia.org)
There is a critical need for more objective measures of muscle tone or stiffness and the design and testing of interdisciplinary interventions to maximise physical activity, health, and community participation in the Down syndrome population. (down-syndrome.org)
Tone2
Virtually all papers on motor control, motor development, and motor learning in Down syndrome mention low muscle tone or hypotonia as a major contributor to the typical differences between movements performed by individuals with and without Down syndrome. (down-syndrome.org)
This operational definition, although suboptimal (since it relies on a subjective feeling of the examiner), allows to identify a few potential contributors to muscle tone . (down-syndrome.org)
Lower1
We concluded that botulinum toxin injections showed effectiveness on lower limb hypertonia reduction of hemiplegic patients after stroke. (biostats.gr)
Findings1
Our findings demonstrate that tizanidine acts to reduce reflex mechanical responses substantially, without inducing comparable changes in intrinsic muscle properties in individuals with spinal cord injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Long-term1
The benefit of an early PS-SMD treatment by BoNT-A should predominate putative degenerative muscle changes due to long-term BoNT-A therapy by far. (e-arm.org)
Stretch1
Receptors in the muscles receive messages from the nervous system, which sense the amount of stretch in the muscle and sends that signal to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Results1
Antenatal hypoxia-ischemia at preterm gestation results in hypertonia and abnormalities in motor control. (jneurosci.org)
Patients1
The patients included in these studies had similar characteristics: age over 18 years, history of stroke and following hemiplegia, minimum modified Ashworth scale (MAS) score of 2 and duration since stroke over 6 months. (biostats.gr)
Motor2
Despite the enormous impact of CP, there is no animal model that reproduces the hypertonia and motor disturbances of this disorder. (jneurosci.org)
We report a rabbit model of in utero placental insufficiency, in which hypertonia is accompanied by marked abnormalities in motor control. (jneurosci.org)
Resistance1
Assuming that a person is relaxed completely, and during the examination muscle activation levels show no deviations from zero, joint resistance will be defined primarily by the mechanics of peripheral tissues. (down-syndrome.org)
Normal1
This reflex is important in coordinating normal movements in which muscles are contracted and relaxed and in keeping the muscle from stretching too far. (wikipedia.org)
Quality2
Quality assessment of all eligible studies was done using the PEDro scale. (cu.edu.eg)
According to PEDro scale, two studies were of high quality and one of a moderate quality. (cu.edu.eg)
Studies1
Dizziness Handicapped Inventory (DHI) was the main scale that measure dizziness in all included studies. (cu.edu.eg)
Activity1
This imbalance leads to increased activity (excitability) in the muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Groups1
All subjects in both groups were assessed through the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. (cu.edu.eg)
Balance3
The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles, leading to increased excitability in muscles. (wikipedia.org)
The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Balance was measured by Posturography, Berg Balance Scale and other scales and tests. (cu.edu.eg)
Peripheral1
A combination of axial hypotonia and peripheral hypertonia is indicative of a central process. (medscape.com)
Hypotonia1
Children with cerebral palsy may have an early period of hypotonia followed by hypertonia. (medscape.com)
Fugl-Meyer3
Clinical-scales- Modified Ashworth Scale, Active Range of Motion, Barthel-Index, Brunnstrom-stage and Fugl-Meyer (FM) scale and neurophysiological measures of cortical-excitability (using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) -Motor Evoked Potential and Resting Motor threshold, were acquired pre- and post-therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
0.05) higher improvement over CG in Modified Ashworth Scale, Active Range of Motion and Fugl-Meyer scale and FM Wrist-/Hand component. (biomedcentral.com)
The outcomes were changes in score on the upper limb section of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FM), Motricity Index (MI), and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) evaluated at the baseline (T 0 ), posttraining (T 1 ), and 1-month follow-up (T 2 ). (hindawi.com)
Electromyography1
Outcomes were measured using electromyography (EMG), Merz 5-point scales, and Face-Q scales (perceived age and lines between eyebrows). (bvsalud.org)
Significantly1
The Merz scale scores showed that the severity of forehead and glabellar lines significantly improved in the Low-PA group throughout this study compared with the other groups (p (bvsalud.org)
Elbow1
A meta-analysis has shown significant, homogeneous positive summary effect sizes (SESs) for upper limb motor function improvements and muscle strength with the use of elbow-wrist robots in a bilateral mode [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Movements2
This reflex is important in coordinating normal movements in which muscles are contracted and relaxed and in keeping the muscle from stretching too far. (wikipedia.org)
Russell Brain's first edition of Diseases of the Nervous System (1933, pp 6-8) refers to movements of flexion being stronger than extension in the upper limb and extension movements stronger than flexion in the lower limb as one negative feature of a unilateral pyramidal (internal capsular) lesion, albeit attributing this 'probably' to the distribution of hypertonia. (bmj.com)
Common1
Clonus results due to an increased motor neuron excitation (decreased action potential threshold) and is common in muscles with long conduction delays, such as the long reflex tracts found in distal muscle groups. (wikipedia.org)