Artificial chromosome in bacteria bacterial artificial clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Any DNA molecule that has the ability to replicate inside the host to which the desired gene is integrated for cloning- include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, BAC, yeast vectors, shuttle vectors etc. (biologyexams4u.com)
Cloning vectors are used for obtaining millions of copies of the cloned DNA fragments. (biologyexams4u.com)
The cloned genes in these vectors are not expected to express themselves at the transcription or translation level. (biologyexams4u.com)
Cloning vectors (Cloning vehicles) are used for creating genomic libraries, preparing probes, genetic engineering, or other basic studies. (biologyexams4u.com)
The most important requirement for recombinant DNA technology is the cloning vector and expression vectors. (biologyexams4u.com)
Cosmids are the novel cloning vectors which possess properties of both plasmid and phage. (biologyexams4u.com)
Cosmid can be defined as the hybrid vectors derived from plasmids that contain cos site of phage which is essential for packaging of nucleic acid into protein coat plus essential features of plasmids and several unique restriction sites for the insertion of DNA to be cloned. (biologyexams4u.com)
The vectors of this series contain genes of the moderate bacteriophage P1, which ensure replication of the phage chromosome in infected bacterial cells. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
The vectors are DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. (cbsetuts.com)
Before discussing how a gene is cloned, the properties of vectors are considered. (istudy.pk)
The next key trait of cloning vectors is an easy way to detect their presence in the host organism. (istudy.pk)
The four types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids and artificial chromosomes. (byjus.com)
The insertion of vectors into bacteria is called transformation, into eukaryotic cells is called transfection and insertion of viral vectors is called transduction. (byjus.com)
Vectors that are able to carry larger gene sequences than any other vector are referred to as artificial chromosomes. (byjus.com)
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) are artificially constructed vectors. (byjus.com)
YAC vectors are DNA constructs that are used for cloning DNA in yeasts. (byjus.com)
1-2 vectors are found per bacterial cell. (byjus.com)
We have engineered a vector, pPAC-ResQ, a derivative of pClasper, which was previously used to capture inserts from yeast artificial chromosome clones, pPAC-ResQ contains DNA fragments flanking the inserts in P1 and PAC vectors as recombinogenic ends. (psu.edu)
These are vectors that much bigger, in order to compensate for larger cloning. (pbworks.com)
Cloning vectors in yeast include yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). (fullsportpress.net)
M13 phage has been variously modified to give rise to a MP13 mp series of cloning vectors which can be used for cloning of a wide variety of DNA fragments DNA cloning is an experimental technique that produces identical copies of DNA genetic code sequences. (fullsportpress.net)
Cloning vectors. (fullsportpress.net)
Characteristics of a cloning vectors. (fullsportpress.net)

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), Human artificial chromosomes (HACs), and Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are some examples of artificial chromosomes. (byjus.com)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) are DNA constructs that are used for transformation and cloning in bacterial cells, mostly E.coli . (byjus.com)
The generation of BACs is quicker and more efficient, and also, it gives a better chromosome coverage map. (byjus.com)
To study genomics, large pieces of DNA are cloned, and BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes). (pbworks.com)
Most genome projects have relied on the sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which encompass 100-300 kb of genomic DNA. (hal.science)
Given the large size of BACs, most if not all regulatory sequences of a gene are present and can be used to direct faithful and tissue-specific expression of heterologous genes in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in BAC-transgenic mice. (hal.science)
LB Broth (Lennox) has been used for culturing Escherichia coli and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). (sigmaaldrich.com)

Plasmids are extrachromosomal, self-replicating, usually circular, double-stranded DNA molecules, found naturally in many bacteria and also in some yeast. (cbsetuts.com)
The numbers and types of plasmids available for cloning have grown. (istudy.pk)
Most bacterial plasmids satisfy the first three requirements. (istudy.pk)
Bacterial cloning plasmids often have antibiotic resistance genes that make bacteria resistant to particular antibiotics. (istudy.pk)
Some plasmids exist in just one or a few copies in their host cells whereas others exist in multiple copies. (istudy.pk)
Then, known segments of the marked chromosomes (which can contain very small fragments of DNA) are cloned in plasmids . (learner.org)
Name an eukaryotic organism that has plasmids, and can be used as a host in gene cloning experiments. (mcqexams.com)
Custom host cells can also be made using plasmids. (hideyuki-ts.com)

A vector used to clone DNA fragments of 100-300 kb insert size in E.coli cells. (biologyexams4u.com)
One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
These cells are subjected to hypotonic lysis and individual chromosomes or fragments are isolated. (mcqexams.com)
The fragments of the chromosomes are incubated with whole cells/ eggs for transfection. (mcqexams.com)
Gene cloning involves separation of specific gene or DNA fragments from a donor cell, attaching it to small carrier molecule called vector and then replicating this recombinant vector into a host cell. (fullsportpress.net)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning). (fullsportpress.net)
Inclusion of a polylinker in a plasmid vector thus permits cloning of restriction fragments generated by cleavage of DNA with multiple different restriction enzymes. (fullsportpress.net)
A vector for cloning DNA fragments up to about 200 kb long in E. coli. (biologyideas.com)

YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome): A vector of hundreds to kilobases long used for cloning of DNA fragment. (biologyexams4u.com)

Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, and gene behavior in context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations. (wikipedia.org)
Should have one or more marker genes for identification ad isolation of subpopulation of bacteria containing vector. (biologyexams4u.com)
The F-plasmid encodes genes that regulate replication and control copy number (1-2 molecules per cell). (genomequebecplatforms.com)
Through this technology, it has become possible to transfer genes between distantly related organisms such as humans and bacteria or plants and bacteria. (cbsetuts.com)
Once a fragment of DNA has been cloned and inserted into a suitable vector, large amounts of DNA can be manufactured, the sequence can be determined, and any genes in the fragment can be expressed in other organisms. (istudy.pk)
This allows researchers to open the cloning vector at one site without disrupting any of the vector's replication genes. (istudy.pk)
Synthetic biologists introduce bacterial and poppy plant genes into yeast to manufacture morphine. (the-scientist.com)
Certain genes or the part of the chromosomes can be introduced in the cells to show the respective feature. (mcqexams.com)
Cloning is the method of producing identical genes through different procedures. (fullsportpress.net)
Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. (fullsportpress.net)
Second, host cells can be transformed with the genes that code for the rare tRNAs. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. (edu.au)
A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. (edu.au)
A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. (edu.au)

Artificial bacterial chromosomes are often used to sequence the genomes of organisms in various projects, such as the Human Genome project. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
Biotechnology is the use of organisms, their parts or processes for the manufacture or production of useful or commercial substances and for the provision of services such as waste treatment.The definition of biotechnology given by European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) is that the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts there of and molecular analogues for products and services. (cbsetuts.com)
In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. (fullsportpress.net)
Bacteriophages (phages), natural viruses known for infecting and killing bacteria, are the most diverse and abundant organisms on Earth. (cip.com.cn)
Artificial selection is the process in which organisms with desired traits are deliberately chosen to be parents of the next generation. (proprofs.com)
Isolated chromosomes from uncultivated organisms provide a specifically identifiable source material for hybridization, amplification and cloning. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In this study, these difficulties were overcome by cloning the entire AlHV-1 genome as a stable, infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). (microbiologyresearch.org)
The loxP -flanked BAC cassette was excised from the genome of reconstituted virions by growing them in permissive cells stably expressing Cre recombinase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cloning and mutagenesis of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. (microbiologyresearch.org)
First, a full-length functional ZIKV cDNA clone was engineered as a bacterial artificial chromosome, with each reporter gene under the cap-independent translational control of a cardiovirus-derived internal ribosome entry site inserted downstream of the single open reading frame of the viral genome. (mdpi.com)
We should think of the human genome as a database of critical information that serves as a tool for exploring the workings of the cell and, ultimately, understanding how a complex living organism functions. (learner.org)
Two general strategies have been used in the sequencing of large genomes: clone-based sequencing and whole genome sequencing (Fig. 1). (learner.org)
As a consequence, several thousand BAC clones are now mapped to the human and mouse genome. (hal.science)
The next step will be to insert a lab-built genome into a bacterial cell, creating a brand new living organism. (nextbigfuture.com)
We recently reported the chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a bacterial genome in yeast. (nextbigfuture.com)
To produce a synthetic cell, the genome must be transferred from yeast to a receptive cytoplasm. (nextbigfuture.com)
We cloned a Mycoplasma mycoides genome as a yeast centromeric plasmid, and then transplanted it into Mycoplama capricolum to produce a viable M. mycoides cell. (nextbigfuture.com)

A vector is a stretch of DNA that acts as a transport for carrying foreign genetic material into host cells, where it can replicate and express itself. (byjus.com)
The use of yeast artificial chromosomes has enabled the rapid genetic reconstruction of the novel coronavirus. (the-scientist.com)
The quest to understand the workings of human cells will not be over until we understand how this genetic blueprint is used to produce a particular set of proteins - the proteome - for each type of cell and how these proteins control the physiology of the cell. (learner.org)
Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA, molecular cloning, and transformation. (biologyonline.com)
Lytic cycle - the replication process in viruses in which the virus's genetic material uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses. (edrawmind.com)
Replication - the fundamental process of all cells, in which the genetic material is copied before the cell reproduces. (edrawmind.com)
The study of genetic diversity within bacterial species has provided information on aspects such as virulence ( 1 , 2 ), antimicrobial drug resistance ( 3 ), epidemiology, and microbial evolution ( 4 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
The mecA gene is carried as a mobile genetic element in a staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC), with the entire complex known as the SCCmec element. (medscape.com)
Bacteria can acquire resistance through several mechanisms, such as mutations of their chromosome and by acquiring the genetic code to destroy certain antibiotics. (cdc.gov)

The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)

First artificial cloning vector (1977) constructed by Boliver & Rodriguez from E .coli plasmid. (biologyexams4u.com)
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a vector system based on the E. coli F-plasmid, cos sites of the lambda phage and loxP of the P1 phage, used for cloning long (150-350 kbp) DNA sequences. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
pPAC-ResQ clones thus obtained can be further modified in yeast for functional analysis and shuttled to Escherichia coli to produce large quantities of cloned DNA. (psu.edu)
Typically and traditionally, the gene of interest (GOI) is incorporated into a plasmid vector via a ligation-dependent mechanism, then the plasmid is introduced into bacterial ( E. coli ) cells for expression. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Suitable for non-selective cultivation of E. coli strains for cloning, DNA plasmid production and production of recombinant proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Enterobacterales are a large order of bacteria, including E. coli and Klebsiella spp. (cdc.gov)

However, unlike the bacteriophage, which, during a latent (lysogenic) state, integrates its chromosome into the chromosome of the host bacteriophage, the P1 phage maintains the chromosome in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells in the form of a circular covalently closed molecule resembling a plasmid, the size of which is 100 kbp. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
A similar vector system called PAC (p1-derived artificial chromosome) was made on the basis of a bacterial P1 plasmid from the DNA of the P1 phage. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
The fascinating scientific history of phage therapy has been repeatedly reported, as drug-resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent. (cip.com.cn)

About 900 restriction enzymes are known that have been isolated from 230 strains of bacteria. (cbsetuts.com)
Some types of CRE are more likely to spread because they can share their resistance to carbapenem antibiotics among different strains of bacteria. (cdc.gov)

Usually, instead of using the full DNA sequence, cDNA is used in cloning because it does not contain introns. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Chimeric cDNA clones: a novel PCR artifact. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Viruses that attack bacteria. (biologyideas.com)
it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses. (edrawmind.com)

Host organism/cell. (cbsetuts.com)

So that it features which are useful for molecular cloning experiments. (biologyexams4u.com)
The contributions in this book provide the reader with a perspective on how pervasive the applications of molecular cloning have become. (fullsportpress.net)

the dna sequence is based on the bacterium mycoplasma genitalium. (metafilter.com)
Mycoplasma genitalium is a small parasitic bacterium which lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the primate genital and respiratory tracts. (metafilter.com)
In October of 2007, a team of scientists headed by controversial DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the M. genitalium bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed Mycoplasma laboratorium. (metafilter.com)
The Grey Lung agent (GLA) contains a 650 kb chromosome and is shown to be a Mycoplasma sp. (microbiologyresearch.org)
By transplanting the DNA of the first bacteria, Mycoplasma mycoides, into yeast, whose genetics are easier to manipulate, they were able to modify the bacterial chromosomes in two important ways. (nextbigfuture.com)
He has already shown that genomes can be built from scratch, by taking the gene sequence of the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium and constructing it in the lab. (nextbigfuture.com)

10/21/2011 · What is the application of gene cloning in The chimeric DNA or rDNA formed by cloning is stable and can be used to propagate and sequence the DNA. (fullsportpress.net)
S. agalac-tiae neuA from tilapia maintains high structural homology and sequence identity with CMP-NeuNAc synthetases from other bacteria. (geneticsmr.com)
The approach is illustrated by isolating the chromosome of the uncultivated agent of rodent Grey Lung disease and using the purified chromosomes to amplify and directly sequence the evolutionarily conserved 16S rRNA gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The DNA will hybridize with specific DNA on the microarray, displaying what protein is made by that cell and relatively how much of it. (pbworks.com)
When the rare tRNAs are depleted to produce the recombinant protein, proliferation of the host cells is restricted, leading to low yield. (hideyuki-ts.com)
See also -- positional cloning, protein. (womenshealthsection.com)
Prion - an infectious particle that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain, and that appears to consist mostly or entirely of a single protein. (edrawmind.com)
iii) Marshall Nirenberg made cell-free system for protein synthesis and finally the code was deciphered. (infinitylearn.com)
Animations provided deal with topics such as protein purification, transcription, splicing reactions, cell division and DNA replication and SDS-PAGE. (vet-ebooks.com)

One first constructs a map of the chromosomes, marking them at regular intervals of about 100 kilobases (kb). (learner.org)

This insertion allowed the production of an AlHV-1 BAC clone stably maintained in bacteria and able to regenerate virions when transfected into permissive cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA, taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloningpurposes. (fullsportpress.net)

Bacterium (plural bacteria) - an individual prokaryotic cell or a single species that is in the domain. (edrawmind.com)

This approach provides a rapid method to modify P1/PAC clones for functional analysis. (psu.edu)
Gene Cloning and Its Medical Uses Qasim Munye 18th September 2014 Respond In its simplest form, for example in the treatment of single gene (monogenic) disorders, gene therapy can be considered the replacement of a defective gene in an individual with a functional "wild type" version of the gene to reverse the pathology. (fullsportpress.net)

b) The biolistic gun has been developed to introduce rDNA into mainly plant cells by using a gene / particle gun. (mcqexams.com)

Bacterial machinery does not have PTM mechanism, hence the expression of eukaryotic proteins becomes difficult. (byjus.com)

The size of the replicon, which is able to provide replication of the P1 chromosome in the lysogenic state, is only 1.5 kb. (genomequebecplatforms.com)
It contains origin of replication (ori) which allows production of multiple copies per cell. (cbsetuts.com)
Cloning vector is a small DNA molecule capable of self-replication inside the host cell. (fullsportpress.net)
A BAC contains the origin of replication of the F factor, a multiple cloning site, and a selectable marker. (biologyideas.com)
In addition, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) integrated with PCR array data showed that the JAK1/STAT3 pathway was significantly altered in cells overexpressing DEFB1, suggesting this to be one of the pathways by which defensin regulates IAV replication in HBEpCs. (cdc.gov)

These are highly antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria that can cause difficult-to-treat infections in both humans and animals, like pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. (cdc.gov)

Gene cloning is useful in understanding genetics. (pbworks.com)
The text also includes updated chapters on Genomics and Systems Biology, Proteomics, Bacterial Genetics and Molecular Evolution and RNA. (vet-ebooks.com)

Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism, while hybridization refers to the crossing of two different species to produce offspring with mixed traits. (proprofs.com)

a) Why must a cell be made 'competent' in biotechnology experiments? (mcqexams.com)
a) The cell must be made competent in biotechnology experiments because DNA being a hydrophilic molecule, cannot pass through cell membrane. (mcqexams.com)

One thing to keep in mind is that Prokaryotes, like bacteria have their DNA just floating around in the cell, unlike Eukaryotes (like us) who have their DNA in a nucleus. (metafilter.com)

After that, we examined the result of cultured conditioned mass media (CM) of IVF embryos on splenic immune system cells and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with stably presented ISG15 promoter-reporter constructs. (bioskinrevive.com)

The conserved sequences among the three viral species-MPXV, VACV, and VARV-were detected, and B and T cell epitopes containing the conserved elements were used for the design of the multi-epitope mRNA construct. (bvsalud.org)
The primers include additional restriction enzyme cleavage sites for the convinience of traditional ligation-dependent cloning, or other sequences for ligation-independent cloning (see Section 2.3 ). (hideyuki-ts.com)

It is the first artificial cloning vector constructed in 1977 by Boliver and Rodriguez. (cbsetuts.com)

The insertion of the fragment into the cloning vector is carried out by treating the vehicle and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme that creates the same … 6/5/2017 · Cloning vector-characteristics and types Cloning vector. (fullsportpress.net)
6/5/2017 · Cloning vector-characteristics and types Cloning vector. (fullsportpress.net)

The first section of the chapter talks about Gene cloning. (pbworks.com)

These species included dozens of bacteria and other microbes, as well as the model systems: yeast, fruit fly, nematode, and mouse. (learner.org)
Although phages outnumber other species combined in nature (10 31 in total), only a small fraction of them have been successfully exploited for fighting infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. (cip.com.cn)

The vector has a short portion of the β -galactosidase gene (the alpha fragment), and the bacterial chromosome has the rest of the gene. (istudy.pk)
If a piece of DNA is inserted into the alpha fragment gene, the bacteria cannot split X-gal and stay white. (istudy.pk)
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted. (fullsportpress.net)
Cloning vector is used for replicating donor DNA fragment within host cell. (fullsportpress.net)

killing (lysis) of a target cell by an effector lymphocyte. (womenshealthsection.com)

The primary barriers for invading respiratory pathogens are the respiratory tract epithelial cells and antimicrobial proteins generated by these cells. (cdc.gov)

A pair of homologous, synapsed chromosomes, consisting of four chromatids, during the first meiotic division. (biologyideas.com)

Significant downregulation of beta-defensin1 gene (DEFB1) expression was observed when human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs) were exposed to IAV. (cdc.gov)

Medical Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones and antibiotics. (fullsportpress.net)
The mecA gene produces transpeptidase PBP2a (penicillin-binding peptide) that decreases the bacterial affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics. (medscape.com)
When Enterobacterales develop resistance to carbapenem antibiotics, the bacteria are called carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). (cdc.gov)

Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. (fullsportpress.net)

An approach to characterizing uncultivated bacteria which combines a PFGE procedure for obtaining purified full-length chromosomes with PCR amplification is described. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The availability of purified chromosomes for DNA amplification should aid in examining the diversity of microbial populations and should also reduce the possibility of forming hybrid DNA artifact molecules. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Name the bacterium that yields a thermostable DNA polymerase. (mcqexams.com)
To study the structure and function of the S. agalactiae neuA gene, we isolated it from diseased tilapia, amplified it using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers, and cloned it into a pMD19-T vector. (geneticsmr.com)

Should have unique restriction sites as polylinkers or multiple cloning site (MCS). (biologyexams4u.com)
MCS stands for Multiple Cloning Sites in a vector where multiple restriction sites are present. (byjus.com)

For in vivo test: In vitro lifestyle and embryo freezing After IVF, oocytes encircled with cumulus cells had been placed in fresh new TCM-199 moderate, as well as the embryos had been co-cultured with cumulus cells, as previously defined [21]. (bioskinrevive.com)

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. (edu.au)

Recombinant DNAs based on them (insert size 150-200 kbp) are introduced into bacterial cells using electroporation. (genomequebecplatforms.com)

It is a single standard DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule, which is complementary to the DNA in a clone of cells. (mcqexams.com)
Hence, the cell should be made competent to accept the DNA molecule. (mcqexams.com)

Also, the process of reproductive cloning is described, in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is put into a anucleated oocyte, and placed in a surrogate till birth. (pbworks.com)
A highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive X chromosome found in the nuclei of somatic cells of female mammals. (biologyideas.com)

Moreover, the pro-tein had some B-cell epitopes, which suggests its potential in development of a vaccine against S. agalactiae infection. (geneticsmr.com)

Anatomy57

Organisms25

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Phenomena and Processes154

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Health Care3

Vectors23

BACs7

Plasmids8

Fragments8

Yeast Artificial1

Genes14

Organisms6

Genome11

Genetic9

Individual chromosomes1

Coli6

Phage3

Strains of bacteria2

CDNA2

Viruses2

Host organism1

Molecular Cloning2

Mycoplasma6

Sequence3

Protein6

Kilobases1

Stably maintained2

Prokaryotic1

Functional2

RDNA1

Eukaryotic1

Replication5

Antibiotic-resistant1

Genetics2

Hybridization1

Biotechnology2

Prokaryotes1

Constructs1

Sequences2

19771

Characteristics2

Chapter1

Species2

Fragment4

Lysis1

Proteins1

Homologous1

Epithelial cells1

Antibiotics3

Artificially1

Amplification2

Polymerase2

Restriction sites2

Vitro1

Copies1

Electroporation1

Molecule2

Somatic2

Epitopes1