• CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic defect causes a lack of certain membrane proteins in the body, which appear as neutral amino acid transporters in healthy people. (homethodology.com)
  • These amino acid transporters smuggle both neutral and aromatic amino acids through the body cells. (homethodology.com)
  • SLC7 family members may be divided into two major groups: cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) and glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (gpaATs). (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Cationic amino acid transporters are 14 TM proteins, which mediate pH- and sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids (system y + ), apparently as an exchange mechanism. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Liu X, Bush DR. ( 2006 ) Expression and transcriptional regulation of amino acid transporters in plants. (academictree.org)
  • Ortiz-Lopez A, Chang H, Bush DR. ( 2000 ) Amino acid transporters in plants. (academictree.org)
  • They proposed that Lys158 is central to proton-coupled transport and that the amine group serves the same functional role as the Na2 ion in LeuT, thus demonstrating common principles among proton- and sodium-coupled transporters. (tcdb.org)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Briefly, the transporters are homotrimers with each protomer consisting of a centrally located scaffold or trimerization domain and a peripheral transport domain that harbors the L-aspartate (L-asp) and three sodium (Na + ) ions binding sites. (elifesciences.org)
  • These redox-active Fn-5HOW derivatives exhibit tyrosine-like proton-bound oxidation and are associated with the spectroscopic characteristics of neutral radicals that are easily distinguishable from natural aromatic amino acids. (ecu.edu)
  • Catecholamines are any of a group of amines (nitrogen-contain organic compounds) derived from the amino acid tyrosine and containing a catechol group (aromatic chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • SLC3A2 comprises the heavy subunit of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) that is also known as CD98 (cluster of differentiation 98). (wikipedia.org)
  • Dündar E, Bush DR. ( 2009 ) BAT1, a bidirectional amino acid transporter in Arabidopsis. (academictree.org)
  • 2001 ) ANT1, an aromatic and neutral amino acid transporter in Arabidopsis. (academictree.org)
  • have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
  • The effects of the gene defect appear most clearly in body tissues with increased amino acid uptake, although they are in principle not limited to these tissues. (homethodology.com)
  • Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. (docksci.com)
  • However, it is unlikely that this second uptake system contributes greatly to L-alanine uptake. (docksci.com)
  • Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the '%''-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. (docksci.com)
  • Amino acids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of compounds commonly concentrated by active transport, and their uptake has been studied in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian systems. (docksci.com)
  • 68) via uptake systems specific for single amino acids or groups of structurally related amino acids. (docksci.com)
  • D . M . SCOTT AND J. A. PATEMAN ever, L-alanine also appeared to be capable of transport via a second "leucine preferring" uptake system. (docksci.com)
  • Uptake assay procedure Amino acid uptake was examined using a modification of the method described by Hatanaka et al. (docksci.com)
  • Here, molecular mechanism involved in the Si uptake by root and subsequent transport to areal tissues is also illustrated. (researchsquare.com)
  • This process results in higher nutrient uptake leading to accumulation of sugars, chlorophyll synthesis and amino acids in plants. (soilscapesolutions.com)
  • This thesis is focused on the synthesis of unnatural substrates and tryptophan amino acids to study these effects in enzyme reactions. (ecu.edu)
  • Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This amino acid was demonstrated to be preferentially transported into BHK2l -C13 cells via a relatively low affinity, high capacity active transport system of broad specificity. (docksci.com)
  • Stalevo, a combination drug consisting of levodopa (aromatic amino acid), carbidopa (aromatic amino acid decarboxylation inhibitor), and entacapone (catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor) is indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
  • Carbidopa, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation, is a white, crystalline compound, slightly soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 244.3. (rxlist.com)
  • A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. (lookformedical.com)
  • A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain. (lookformedical.com)
  • An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE , forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • These unnatural fluorinated 5HOW derivatives may act as reporters for tryptophan-mediated biological electron transport. (ecu.edu)
  • L-Tryptophan is a neutral aromatic amino acid containing indolyl, which is white or yellowish crystal or powder. (professionchem.com)
  • L-Tryptophan is a precursor to niacin (vitamin B3), which is important for maintaining a healthy immune system. (professionchem.com)
  • L-Tryptophan is important for maintaining the overall amino acid balance in animal diets. (professionchem.com)
  • Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
  • 10% of total nonmethane organic carbon emission are aromatic hydrocarbons from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • We thus evaluated and applied lignin biomarkers to assess the diagenetic alteration of SOC in these boreal forest organic soils and directly compared the lignin diagenetic state with that of soil organic nitrogen (SON) assessed through amino acid composition. (copernicus.org)
  • The CBD in our CBD-infused Spirulina & Wheatgrass capsules is an aromatic hemp sourced from USDA organic Certified, third-party tested farms in Oregon. (blacktiecbd.net)
  • The composition is long-chain open organic acids and amino acid groups with high molecular weights. (soilscapesolutions.com)
  • Long-chain organic functional groups help in increasing nutrient exchange processes through the root system. (soilscapesolutions.com)
  • The term 'aliphatic' refers to non-aromatic hydrocarbons. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, since those affected by Hartnup's disease often also have a resorption disorder in the small intestine, the losses are usually serious overall, because certain essential amino acids are simply necessary for survival and a healthy body obtains a large part of these vital substances in the intestine through amino acid recycling. (homethodology.com)
  • A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. (lookformedical.com)
  • It ensures that animals receive the right proportion of essential amino acids, contributing to the overall nutritional quality of the feed. (professionchem.com)
  • Its high concentration of amino acids and essential fatty acid gamma linolenic acid allows Spirulina to deliver some of the most powerful and potent vitamins and minerals to the body. (blacktiecbd.net)
  • This is essential for molecular recognition, binding, gating, signal the case in protein (micro-)crystals and precipitates, which are transduction, transport, and chemical transformation in all living increasingly being studied with solid-state NMR techniques.5 systems. (lu.se)
  • Based on 3-d structures of APC superfamily members, Rudnick ( 2011 ) has proposed the pathway for transport and suggested a 'rocking bundle' mechanism of transport. (tcdb.org)
  • The obtained flux distributions indicate the presence of high fluxes through the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways, which could limit the availability of erythrose-4-phosphate for shikimic acid production even with high flux redirection through the pentose phosphate pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aromatic amino acid pathway (AAAP) branches from the central carbon metabolism (CCM) by the aldolic condensation of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), being present in bacteria and plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This membrane protein functions as an antiport system that exchanges phosphorylated-mainly three-, but also admits five- or six-carbon compounds-for orthophosphate. (oup.com)
  • Ortho-dimercury aromatic compounds were found to induce an adequate chloride-selectivity for physiological measurements. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. (lookformedical.com)
  • have been carried out to determine the characteristics of the active transport of neutral amino acids by either isolated mammalian cells or cells in culture. (docksci.com)
  • The studies reported in this paper describe the transport characteristics of certain neutral amino acids in monolayer cultures of the baby hamster kidney cell line BHK21-Cl3.Lalanine, which has been previously shown to be transported via the three major neutral amino acid transport systems in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Christensen, '69) was consequently examined in most detail. (docksci.com)
  • Abiotic hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids are known to be formed on Earth, notably during the hydrothermal alteration of mantle rocks. (nature.com)
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons , also known as arenes , which are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring . (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the abiotic formation of amino acids has been predicted both from experimental studies and thermodynamic calculations, its occurrence has not been demonstrated in terrestrial settings. (nature.com)
  • For renewable and sustainable bioenergy utilization with cost-effectiveness, electron-shuttles (ESs) (or redox mediators (RMs)) act as electrochemical "catalysts" to enhance rates of redox reactions, catalytically accelerating electron transport efficiency for abiotic and biotic electrochemical reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lifetime of neutral-carrier-based liquid membranes in aqueous samples and blood and the lipophilicity of membrane components. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • On the basis of previously reported correlations between the lipophilicity of membrane components, their partition coefficient between the membrane and the sample, and the lifetime of corresponding neutral-carrier-based sensors, the lipophilicities of ionophores and plasticizers in analytically relevant ion-selective electrodes, ISFETs, and optodes are analyzed and reported. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • In medicine, Hartnup disease or Hartnup syndrome is a metabolic disorder that affects the transport of amino acids through the cell membranes. (homethodology.com)
  • In this work, a modeling approach was applied to describe the physiological behavior and the metabolic fluxes of a shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain lacking the major glucose transport system, grown on complex media. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This information was then used for an improved fed-batch process designed to preserve the metabolic conditions that were found to enhance shikimic acid productivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of dynamic metabolic modeling and experimental parameter response surfaces was a successful approach to understand and predict the behavior of a shikimic acid producing strain under variable substrate concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, there is an increasing interest into a more global and detailed understanding of the metabolic and regulatory network changes imposed by different genetic modifications or process conditions in various production systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral a-amino acids. (docksci.com)
  • The structures show that both substrate translocation and release involve movements of the bulky transport domain through the lipid bilayer. (elifesciences.org)
  • As the transport domain translocates into the IFS, HP2 replaces HP1 on the domains interface, while HP1 now lines an intracellular vestibule leading to the substrate-binding site ( Figure 1-figure supplement 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Therefore, knockout mutations of this translocator increase the allocation of recently fixed carbon into transitory starch, followed by the degradation of the starch in the light and the subsequent export of neutral sugars to the cytosol. (oup.com)
  • Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
  • A detailed knowledge of the response of complex molecular systems to ionization or excitation and its influence on chemical reactivity is required to fully understand processes in astrophysical environments, planetary atmospheres as well as mechanisms associated with radiation damage. (uam.es)
  • Soybean lipoxygenase-1 is a model enzyme system that catalyzes C-H activation reactions. (ecu.edu)
  • A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate. (lookformedical.com)
  • The time-dependent behavior of sensor systems based on enzyme membranes is treated theoretically. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • Unnatural and volume-filling fatty acid derivatives were designed to test with a mutant soybean lipoxygenase that has an expanded active site. (ecu.edu)
  • Therefore, bioelectricity generation occurs at the (bio)cathode along with water formation (i.e., ½O 2 + 2H + + 2e − → H 2 O). There are several mechanisms for biofilm formation, direct electron transfer, mediator electron transport, and direct interspecies electron transfer that affect the operating efficiencies of MFCs [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In turn, the orthophosphate released in the cytosol from biosynthetic processes is transported back into chloroplasts to replenish the ATP necessary for sustaining the assimilation of CO 2 and photosynthetic electron transport. (oup.com)
  • This deletion did not affect the overall fatty acid composition but modified the abundance of TAG. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most cases, the immune system in particular suffers permanent damage, so that those affected by Hartnup syndrome, for example, become ill more quickly. (homethodology.com)
  • CBD infused Spirulina & Wheatgrass capsules support a healthy immune system and promote healthy energy levels to take your health and wellness game to the next level. (blacktiecbd.net)
  • This amino acid appears to be transported essentially via a relatively low affinity, high capacity, sodium ion dependent transport system. (docksci.com)
  • However, little is known about the fatty acid transport mechanism in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this context, medicine assumes a total of 21 different mutations of SLC6A19 in chromosome five gene locus p15.33, each of which has different effects on the transport of amino acids in the body. (homethodology.com)
  • Additionally, SLC3A2 is a constituent member of the system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter, complexing with SLC7A11. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate transport of water and small solutes across cell membranes and play an important role in different physiological processes in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has a solubility of 1.14g (25°C) in water, soluble in dilute acid or dilute base, stable in lye, and decomposed in strong acid. (professionchem.com)
  • 2009 ) Salicylic acid transport in Ricinus communis involves a pH-dependent carrier system in addition to diffusion. (academictree.org)
  • The lipidomic analysis showed that disruption of NcACBP caused no obvious changes in the overall abundance and turnover of fatty acids while knockout resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The system was designed with a series of dividers so that the used drilling fluid moves from one cell to the next to slowly settle out the solids leaving clear water in the last cell. (scienceagogo.com)
  • The transport of L-alanine by the hamster kidney cell line BHK-21-C13. (docksci.com)
  • Szente L, Puskás I, Vellai T, Lohmann H ( 2021 ) Effects of alpha-cyclodextrin on water transport, cell hydration and longevity. (multichannelsystems.com)
  • These aromatic amino acids may have been formed through Friedel-Crafts reactions catalysed by an iron-rich saponite clay during a late alteration stage of the massif serpentinites. (nature.com)
  • Oxidative stress and glucose metabolism were analyzed using biochemical assays, Western blotting, dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining methods. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations in the alleles D173N or P265L have transport channels that are directly dependent on ACE2 in the gut or Tmem27 in the kidneys. (homethodology.com)
  • Although PPL is present in the bloodstream, no information is found on the interaction between PPL and rat serum albumin (RSA), the most abundant protein with the function of transporting endo/exogenous molecules. (nature.com)