• In Arabidopsis thaliana, 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • 7. The Arabidopsis thaliana ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE8 encodes a novel protein mediating abscisic acid and sugar responses essential for growth. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Knockout of AtDjB1, a J-domain protein from Arabidopsis thaliana, alters plant responses to osmotic stress and abscisic acid. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Overexpression of the MYB37 transcription factor enhances abscisic acid sensitivity, and improves both drought tolerance and seed productivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. (nih.gov)
  • The transcriptional coactivator ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) stimulates cell proliferation during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development, but the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. (nih.gov)
  • The RING domain protein RGLG2 (for RING domain Ligase2) from Arabidopsis thaliana can be N-terminally myristoylated and localizes to the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • The plant-specific GeBP TF family of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) comprises 21 members, all of unknown function. (gao-lab.org)
  • We have investigated the recovery from freezing to sub-lethal temperatures in leaves of non-acclimated and cold acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana plants over a period of 6 days. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies have shown that transgenic arabidopsis thaliana lines transgenic with rat neural NO synthase (nNOS) exhibit high levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, and the photosynthetic capacity, stress tolerance and hormone content of plants are all affected by nNOS transgenic. (researchsquare.com)
  • Our current knowledge about cytokinins comes mainly from studies of the herbaceous annual model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas a few studies have been conducted with woody model plant, poplar. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • It has been well studied in the genomes of various plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and quinoa. (ikksignal.com)
  • At present, a large number of NAC genes have been identified from various plants using transcriptome or genomic data, such as 105 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Ooka et al. (ikksignal.com)
  • 6] Oh J E, Kwon Y, Kim J H, Noh H, Hong S W, Lee H. A dual role for MYB60 in stomatal regulation and root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana under drought stress. (chinacrops.org)
  • In this work, the effects of different AHLs on the post-embryonic development of Arabidopsis thaliana root were characterized to determine their activity in plants. (umich.mx)
  • En este trabajo se caracterizaron los efectos de diferentes AHLs sobre el desarrollo post-embrionario de la raíz de Arabidopsis thaliana para determinar su actividad en las plantas. (umich.mx)
  • We used the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant ein 3-1 eil 1-3 as the research material. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana Transcription Factor Ethylene-insensitive3(EIN3) Inhibits the Synthesis of Anthocyanins[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2018, 38(1): 148-154. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • The formation of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions in Arabidopsis thaliana and implications for the sequestration of anthocyanin pigments[J]. Molecular Plant,2010,3(1):78-90. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 2022. A group of CLE peptides regulatesde novoshoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana. (wanwuhe.com.cn)
  • We evaluated the effects of higher ACC accumulation on A. thaliana seedlings in response to abiotic stressors such as flooding, salinity, cold, and drought. (springeropen.com)
  • Variation around the tightly-linked light response genes PHYC and FRS10 correlated with latitude and longitude and temperature, and with precipitation for PHYC . (nature.com)
  • Similar associations characterized the growth-promoting cytokinin response regulator ARR1, and the wood development genes KAK and MED5A . (nature.com)
  • Here we report that GeBP/GPL genes represent a newly defined class of leucine-zipper (Leu-zipper) TFs and that they play a redundant role in cytokinin hormone pathway regulation. (gao-lab.org)
  • A triple loss-of-function mutant of the three most closely related genes gebp gpl1 gpl2 shows a reduced sensitivity to exogenous cytokinins in a subset of cytokinin responses such as senescence and growth, whereas root inhibition is not affected. (gao-lab.org)
  • We find that transcript levels of type-A cytokinin response genes, which are involved in the negative feedback regulation of cytokinin signaling, are higher in the triple mutant. (gao-lab.org)
  • Our results indicate that GeBP/GPL genes encode a new class of unconventional Leu-zipper TF proteins and suggest that their role in the cytokinin pathway is to antagonize the negative feedback regulation on ARR genes to trigger the cytokinin response. (gao-lab.org)
  • Interestingly, also the expression of genes encoding regulatory proteins, such as 14-3-3 proteins, was increased suggesting their role as regulators of repair processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The process was accompanied by transcriptional changes including genes encoding regulatory proteins redirecting the previous cold response to repair processes, e.g. to cell wall remodeling, maintenance of the cellular proteome and to ROS scavenging. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 4) Analysis of the time dependent progress in drought-induced wood anatomical changes in P. nigra and to examine whether these changes are accompanied by changes in the transcript abundance of cytokinin signalling, biosynthesis and degradation genes in the transcriptome of developing xylem. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The contrasting responses of some key flowering induction pathway genes provides new insights into the divergence of GA-DELLA regulations between annual and perennial species in GA-DELLA signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a key component in the GA signaling cascade, DELLA genes, such as Rht1 from wheat and GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE ( GAI ) from Arabidopsis , have been extensively studied [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AHK3 and AHK4 are also involved in the root iron uptake machinery in Arabidopsis by negatively regulating the expression of genes which are induced by iron deficiency [23]. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • To further investigate the regulatory functions of NACs in S. miltiorrhiza, we analyzed the response of 10 selected NAC genes to methyl jasmonate and used NAC2 for transgenic experiments. (ikksignal.com)
  • 1] Ambawat S, Sharma P, Yadav N R, Yadav R C. MYB transcription factor genes as regulators for plant responses: an overview. (chinacrops.org)
  • Through multiple comparisons between libraries, 1801 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which the 902 up-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in cell wall organization and response to oxidative stress and auxin, while the 898 down-regulated ones participated in translation, regulation of transcription, DNA-templated and cytoplasmic translation based on GO annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6. Pelletier M K,Murrell J R,Shirley B W. Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis (further evidence for differential regulation of 'early' and 'late' genes)[J]. Plant Physiology,1997,113(4):1437-1445. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Ethylene signal transduction in plants is conducted by the two-component system (TCS) which consists of histidine kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and response regulators (RRs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • cytokinin receptors, ethylene receptors and phytochromes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plants to modulate their growth and development depend on different types of substances commonly known as plant growth regulators or phytohormones, among which are auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins and abscisic acid. (umich.mx)
  • The mathematical model was extended with rules for discontinuous cell dynamics so that cell divisions were also governed by auxin, and by another morphogen Division Factor which combines the actions of cytokinin and ethylene on cell division in the root. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, its involvement in ethylene biosynthesis in response to abiotic stresses remains unclear. (springeropen.com)
  • Moreover, ACC increases in response to abiotic stress lead to the production of ethylene. (springeropen.com)
  • In higher plants, increased levels of ethylene are produced in response to a number of different biotic and abiotic stressors. (springeropen.com)
  • Additionally, ethylene has been shown to be a signaling molecule for different stress responses and for pathways that control plant growth and development. (springeropen.com)
  • In plants, TCS consists of three members for the signal transduction comprising histidine kinase or hybrid HK (containing both sensory as well as receiver domain), histidine containing phosphotransmitter (HPT) and response regulator (RR) proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type-A RRs are primary cytokinin response proteins consisting of a Rec domain along with a short C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altogether, our results suggest the possible role of OsHOX22/OsHOX24 homeobox proteins as negative regulators in abiotic stress responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Changes in the abundance of PIN family auxin transport proteins and synthetic lethality with a mutation in the auxin transport regulator BIG suggest that the directional flow of auxin is modulated by RGLG activity. (nih.gov)
  • To exert their biological functions, CK signaling is mediated by a multi-step phosphorelay that consists of CK receptor histidine kinases (AHKs), phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs) and response regulators (ARRs). (amparinhibitor.com)
  • The ROS produced at very early stages of the stress response act as signaling molecules activating defense mechanisms, whereas those produced at later stages in an uncontrolled way are detrimental to plant cells by damaging lipids, DNA, and proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • Calcineurin B-like protein-interacting proteins kinases (CIPKs) participate in a Ca2+ mediated CBL-CIPK network in response to tension [4]C[7]. (technuc.com)
  • 9. Farnesylation mediates brassinosteroid biosynthesis to regulate abscisic acid responses. (nih.gov)
  • 4] Abe H, Urao T, Ito T, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Arabidopsis AtMYC2 (bHLH) and AtMYB2 (MYB) function as transcriptional activators in abscisic acid signaling. (chinacrops.org)
  • 11. Arabidopsis type B cytokinin response regulators ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12 negatively regulate plant responses to drought. (nih.gov)
  • Ubiquitin lysine 63 chain forming ligases regulate apical dominance in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • The cytokinins (CKs) regulate various processes within plants, including cell division and root and shoot Licochalcone A morphogenesis. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • There are twoCytokinins Regulate Low K Signalingclasses of IPTs in Arabidopsis. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • Finally, we provide evidence that CKs negatively regulate low K response.CK MeasurementsFor measuring CK content, four-day-old seedlings were transferred to +K or 2K LSM, and then the roots and shoots from Arabidopsis grown in either +K or 2K conditions for 1, 3 or 7 days were harvested. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • 12. A subset of Arabidopsis RAV transcription factors modulates drought and salt stress responses independent of ABA. (nih.gov)
  • Key transcription factors drive developmental changes, but transitions also require the attenuation of previous states and removal of negative regulators. (biorxiv.org)
  • Moreover, mutations in the cytokinin transcription factors type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (B-ARRs) ARR10 and ARR12 restore the developmental defects caused by over-accumulation of capped ASL9 transcript upon ASL9 overexpression. (biorxiv.org)
  • Homeobox transcription factors are well known regulators of plant growth and development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our results not only confirmed many previous DELLA study findings in annual species, but also revealed new DELLA targets and responses in grapevine, including the roles of homeodomain transcription factors as potential co-regulators with DELLA in controlling the development of grapevine which uniquely possess both vegetative and reproductive meristems at the same time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plant-specific NAC (No apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF), and Cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC)) transcription factors form one of the largest families in plants. (ikksignal.com)
  • 3] Baldoni E, Genga A, Cominelli E. Plant MYB transcription factors: their role in drought response mechanisms. (chinacrops.org)
  • This group is unable to function as phosphotransmitter protein and participates in cytokinin signalling by inhibiting phosphorelay from phosphorylated AHP1 to ARR1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, compressing the shoot apical meristem externally with an indenter results in an elastic response that is more compatible with a pressurized shell than an aggregate of cells [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene duplicates from the paleohexaploid event were enriched for transcriptional regulation, whereas tandem duplicates were overrepresented by environmental responses. (nature.com)
  • 17. The ARF2-ANT-COR15A gene cascade regulates ABA-signaling-mediated resistance of large seeds to drought in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • 18. The Arabidopsis tandem zinc finger protein AtTZF1 affects ABA- and GA-mediated growth, stress and gene expression responses. (nih.gov)
  • These cells detect the target analyte via some more-or-less specific receptor and generate a detectable response, most commonly by induction of a reporter gene. (nih.gov)
  • In silico analyses of the tissue-specific expression patterns of the whole PtRR type-A family of poplar showed that PtRR10, the closest ortholog to the Arabidopsis ARR5 gene, was usually the most highly expressed gene in all tissues. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • In this study, gene expression and tissue-localization indicated high activity of cytokinins not only in summer, but also in winter. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3-YODA gene cascade induces anthocyanin accumulation by regulating sucrose levelsg[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2016,7:1728. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Only one gene, has been characterized in wheat, which is involved in light, nutrient deprivation and cytokinin signaling [24], [25]. (technuc.com)
  • Natural Variation among Arabidopsis Accessions in the Regulation of Flavonoid Metabolism and Stress Gene Expression by Combined UV Radiation and Cold. (mpg.de)
  • Mitosch K. Timing, variability and cross-protection in bacteria - insights from dynamic gene expression responses to antibiotics. (ista.ac.at)
  • Numbers of seedlings per metre-long segment were significantly lower in response to both concentrations of salicylic acid applied. (sisef.it)
  • Over-expression of OsHOX24 imparted higher sensitivity to stress hormone, ABA, and abiotic stresses in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants as revealed by various physiological and phenotypic assays. (frontiersin.org)
  • metabolic and phenotypic changes in transgenic GA-deficient poplar [ 8 ] were found similar to their Arabidopsis mutant counterpart [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gibberellins (GAs) and their regulator DELLA are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development and most of our current knowledge in the DELLA-facilitated GA signaling was obtained from the studies of annual species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Wood anatomy and cytokinin-related responses in poplar (Populus sp. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • To address these research gaps, the goals of this study were: (1) Investigation of the presence and cellular localization pattern of active cytokinins in apical buds, leaves, along the stem and fine roots of Populus × canescens in the active growth phase and during dormancy. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Since their discovery, cytokinins have been implicated to play a role in almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, and photomorphogenic development ( Mok and Mok, 1994 ). (bioone.org)
  • 5. The Arabidopsis J protein AtJ1 is essential for seedling growth, flowering time control and ABA response. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we show that inducible nuclear localization of AN3 during initial leaf growth results in differential expression of important transcriptional regulators, including GROWTH REGULATING FACTORs (GRFs). (nih.gov)
  • 4 Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic. (nih.gov)
  • Jasmonic acid (JA) and nitric oxide (NO) are the main signaling molecules in response to plant stress, which play a significant role in both biological and abiotic stress and in plant growth and development. (researchsquare.com)
  • Jasmonates, as environmental signaling molecules, not only participate in the regulation of plant growth and development under normal conditions, but also participate in the response and defense of plants to stress when induced by environmental stress. (researchsquare.com)
  • The analysis of cytokinin activity is of particular interest, as growth maintenance under unfavourable environmental conditions is the basis to increase poplar productivity. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • For instance, the cytokinin levels differ between the season of active growth and dormancy and under drought. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • 2) Investigation of drought-induced changes of active cytokinins at tissue and cellular levels in different organs of P. × canescens and to compare the patterns with growth responses, physiological and morphological drought acclimation. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • GUS activity indicated changes in the tissue- and cell type-specific pattern of cytokinin activity during dormancy compared with the growth phase. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Hen changing root hair and MedChemExpress 3PO primary root growth and up-regulating HAK5 expression in Arabidopsis [13]. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • Four-day-old seedlings were transferred to +K or 2K med.Hen changing root hair and primary root growth and up-regulating HAK5 expression in Arabidopsis [13]. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • The large family is involved in many plant growth and developmental processes, as well as in abiotic/biotic stress responses. (ikksignal.com)
  • Adventitious root formation in ornamental plants: The effects of plant growth regulators. (lublin.pl)
  • 1) Cell kinetics of auxin transport and activity in Arabidopsis root growth and skewing. (desktopsnob.com)
  • 3) Cell-Type Action Specificity of Auxin on Arabidopsis Root Growth. (desktopsnob.com)
  • Moreover, SA is an endogenous regulator of plant growth and development ( [14] , [36] ). (sisef.it)
  • In addition to the exogenous factors, endogenous factors such as the phytohormone, cytokinins affect wood formation. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • It serves as an exogenous elicitor of plant defence responses. (sisef.it)
  • Using a GPL version that acts as a constitutive transcriptional activator, we show that the regulation of Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs) is mediated by at least one additional, as yet unknown, repressor acting genetically downstream in the GeBP/GPL pathway. (gao-lab.org)
  • Nitrate treatment induces the biosynthesis of CKs by up-regulating IPT3 [18] and also triggers the expression of type-A ARRs in Arabidopsis [19]. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • 10. Meng L S. Transcription coactivator Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 modulates anthocyanin accumulation and light-induced root elongation through transrepression of Constitutive Photomorphogenic1[J]. Plant,Cell and Environment,2015,38(4):838-851. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 3. AtJ3, a specific HSP40 protein, mediates protein farnesylation-dependent response to heat stress in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • 4. The Arabidopsis heat-intolerant 5 (hit5)/enhanced response to aba 1 (era1) mutant reveals the crucial role of protein farnesylation in plant responses to heat stress. (nih.gov)
  • 20. ASG2 is a farnesylated DWD protein that acts as ABA negative regulator in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • 2018), biotic and abiotic stress responses (An et al. (ikksignal.com)
  • 6. Functional characterization of Arabidopsis HsfA6a as a heat-shock transcription factor under high salinity and dehydration conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Hurny A. Identification and characterization of novel auxin-cytokinin cross-talk components. (ista.ac.at)
  • Three cytokinin receptors (AHK2, AHK3, AHK4) contain a structure of cyclase/HK-associated sensory extracellular (CHASE) domain which is the putative site for the recognition of cytokinin [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AtNAC032 represses anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to high sucrose, oXidative, and abiotic stresses (Mahmood et al. (ikksignal.com)
  • Genetic improvement of stress resistance in wheat is highly desired and understanding the molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress responses is therefore necessary. (technuc.com)
  • The main function of the CBL-CIPK network in response to abiotic stress has not been characterized in wheat. (technuc.com)
  • In the presence of cytokinin, it acts as kinase and phosphorylates HPT domain, while in the absence, acts as phosphatase and thus dephosphorylates HPT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histidine containing phosphotransmitters (HPTs) can mediate the transfer of a phosphate group from the Rec domain of AHK to the Rec domain of the response regulator [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This evidence indicated that AtCIPK24/AtSOS2 is usually a crucial regulator in the salt stress signaling network, which can mediate both Na+ homeostasis and the oxidative stress response. (technuc.com)
  • This system plays an important role in signal transduction during various cellular processes, including fruit ripening and response to multiple environmental cues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The processes of host-microbe recognition and infection require complex signal exchange and activation of downstream responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The flow rate and availability level of bioactive GA in various tissues are regulated by a de-repressible system in which GA interacts with its receptor GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) and negative regulator, DELLA, to form a trimeric GA:GID1:DELLA complex [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in plant responses to a variety of environmental stresses. (researchsquare.com)
  • In response to salinity and various other environmental stresses, plants accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). (mdpi.com)
  • Auxin and cytokinin levels are changed, and the plants show a decreased response to exogenously added auxin. (nih.gov)
  • It is fairly well known that interactions between nutrients and CKs influence nutrient signaling and adaptive responses in plants. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • Taken together, these studies demonstrate that CKs play a role in the response to the limitations of various nutrients in plants. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • Although N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) have been studied in great detail for their importance in cell-cell communication between Gram-negative bacteria, little is known about the response of plants to these compounds. (umich.mx)
  • In plants, several CIPKs have been reported to be involved in salt stress responses. (technuc.com)
  • CLE peptides: critical regulators for stem cell maintenance in plants. (wanwuhe.com.cn)
  • 15. A Role for Arabidopsis miR399f in Salt, Drought, and ABA Signaling. (nih.gov)
  • But the intraspecific variations in drought-induced wood anatomical changes and the underlying molecular responses are not clear. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • 3) Analysis of the intraspecific variation in the drought-induced changes in wood anatomy in P. nigra and the molecular responses underlying them. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • 7] Seo P J, Lee S B, Suh M C, Park M J, Go Y S, Park C M. The MYB96 transcription factor regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought conditions in Arabidopsis. (chinacrops.org)
  • GUS fusions to characterize promoters stemming from Arabidopsis, tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) or L. japonicus with respect to their expression in major cell types of the L. japonicus root differentiation zone, which shows molecular and morphological responses to symbiotic bacteria and fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 11 promoters from Arabidopsis (10) or tomato (1) with enriched activity in major L. japonicus root and nodule cell types have been identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A comparative transcriptomics and eQTL approach identifies SlWD40 as a tomato fruit ripening regulator. (mpg.de)
  • Sensing, signaling and the elaboration of acclimation responses will determine plant survival and performance in conditions of spatial and temporal variability of soil nutrient concentrations. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition to the free base forms, cytokinins can also be present in the plant as a riboside (in which a ribose sugar is attached to the 9 nitrogen of the purine ring) or a ribotide (in which the ribose moiety contains a phosphate group). (bioone.org)
  • In Arabidopsis, the key CK biosynthetic enzymes are adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferases (IPTs) [14]. (amparinhibitor.com)
  • Thus, the mRNA decay machinery directly targets ASL9 transcripts for decay to balance cytokinin/auxin responses during development. (biorxiv.org)
  • 5] Guo Y F, Gan S S. AtMYB2 regulates whole plant senescence by inhibiting cytokinin-mediated branching at late stages of development in Arabidopsis. (chinacrops.org)
  • These molecular events coordinate host responses across root cell layers during microbe invasion, ultimately triggering changes of root cell fates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arabidopsis TT19 functions as a carrier to transport anthocyanin from the cytosol to tonoplasts[J]. Molecular Plant,2012,5(2):387-400. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • 2) SIZ1 negatively regulates aluminum resistance by mediating the STOP1-ALMT1 pathway in Arabidopsis. (desktopsnob.com)
  • 8) Lv B, Hu K, Tian T, Wei K, Zhang F, Jia Y, Tian H, Ding Z* . The pre-mRNA splicing factor RDM16 regulates root stem cell maintenance in Arabidopsis. (desktopsnob.com)