EF-Tu receptor, abbreviated as EFR, is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that binds to the prokaryotic protein EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (wikipedia.org)
The plant Arabidopsis thaliana has a genome with only around 135 megabase pairs (Mbp), making it small enough to fully synthesize. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report the structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1 ligand-binding domain, determined by X-ray diffraction at 2.5 Å resolution. (nature.com)
Here we describe a transcriptomic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, one used as female and the other as male. (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis thaliana and Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato ( Pto ) provide an excellent plant-bacteria model system to study innate immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
The best studied PAMP recognition systems in plants are represented by the bacterial flagellin recognized by the Arabidopsis thaliana FLS2 receptor and the fungal chitin recognized by the CEBiP receptor [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ALD1 ( ABERRANT GROWTH AND DEATH2 [ AGD2 ]- LIKE DEFENSE1 ) is one of the key defense regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana . (ppjonline.org)
BAK17
Utilizing Arabidopsis mutants previously shown to be defective in flg22-induced ROS, we demonstrate that ROS elicited by live Pto was fully or in part dependent on RbohD and BAK1 , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
FLS2 and CEBiP are found associated with RLK proteins like BAK1 in Arabidopsis and CERK1 in rice respectively [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, the Arabidopsis receptor protein FLAGELLIN-SENSING (FLS2) associates with the co-receptor protein BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-SSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) in a complex to sense the bacterial PAMP molecule flg22 (Sun et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutation in FER gene leads to the reduction of the ligand-induced assembly of immune receptor complexes FLS2-BAK1 and EFR-BAK1 (Stegmann et al. (biomedcentral.com)
The plasma membrane-localized BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) functions as a co-receptor with several receptor kinases including the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is involved in growth, and the receptors for bacterial flagellin and EF-Tu, FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), respectively, which are involved in immunity. (illinois.edu)
We first produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag in the homozygous bak1-4 bkk1-1 double null background. (illinois.edu)
Furthermore, untagged BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants were as responsive as plants expressing BAK1 (in the bak1-4 background) and wild-type Col-0 plants toward treatment with the EF-Tu- and flagellin-derived peptide epitopes elf18- and flg22, respectively, as measured by reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and seedling growth inhibition. (illinois.edu)
Bacterial3
but comparably little is known whether in Arabidopsis , ROS is produced in response to intact live Pto and whether this response can be used to dissect genetic requirements of the plant host and live bacterial pathogens in planta . (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report of a fast and robust bioassay to quantitatively assess early ROS in Arabidopsis leaves, a tissue commonly used for pathogen infection assays, in response to living bacterial Pto strains. (biomedcentral.com)
We provide evidence and necessary control experiments demonstrating that in planta , this ROS bioassay can be utilized to rapidly screen different Arabidopsis mutant lines and ecotypes in combination with different bacterial strains to investigate the genetic requirements of a plant host and its pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
Receptor5
Like EFR, FLS2 (flagellin-sensing 2) is a plant receptor-like kinase that acts as a PRR in the plant innate immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Shiu, S. H. & Bleecker, A. B. Receptor-like kinases from Arabidopsis form a monophyletic gene family related to animal receptor kinases. (nature.com)
The FLS2 protein belongs to the Receptor-like Kinase (RLK) gene family. (biomedcentral.com)
Consistent with strong induction of abnormal cell growth by HrcC(-), we found that the PTI elicitor flg22 also activates abnormal cell growth, depending on a functional flg22-receptor FLS2. (omicsdi.org)
Peptide1
thus for experimental ease, many studies utilize single synthesized PAMPs such as flg22, a short protein peptide derived from Pseudomonas flagellin. (biomedcentral.com)
Flg221
Flg22 recognition by ArabidopsisFlagellin Sensing 2 (FLS2) initiates a plethora of signaling responses including rapid production of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS). (biomedcentral.com)
Pseudomonas2
Dynamics of defense responses and cell fate change during Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae interactions. (omicsdi.org)
Toward a better understanding of PTI, ETS, and ETI, we systematically examined various defense-related phenotypes of Arabidopsis infected with different Pseudomonas syringae pv. (omicsdi.org)
Protein1
One of the control mechanisms of EFR is the protein Arabidopsis stromal-derived factor-2 (SDF2). (wikipedia.org)
Defense1
Thus, our study has revealed a comprehensive picture of dynamic changes of defense phenotypes and cell fate determination during Arabidopsis-P. syringae interactions, contributing to a better understanding of plant defense mechanisms. (omicsdi.org)
Receptors1
The immune response triggered by FLS2 is very similar to the one that is triggered by EFR and the enzymes that are activated by both receptors likely come from a common pool that is found in many cells. (wikipedia.org)
Perception1
Because fls2 mutants did not produce any ROS, flagellin perception by FLS2 is the predominant recognition event in live Pto -elicited ROS in Arabidopsis leaves. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins3
Other proteins that are required for the proper synthesis of EFR include Arabidopsis CRT3 and UGGT, which are members of the EFR-QC and act as chaperones to help folding. (wikipedia.org)
In Arabidopsis , Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase ( Cr RLK1L) proteins play vital roles in regulating both PTI and ETI (Mang et al. (biomedcentral.com)
The functions of Cr RLK1L proteins are conserved in cell growth, cell-cell communication and cell wall integrity (CWI) in Arabidopsis and rice (Lindner et al. (biomedcentral.com)
One of these is the PRR/DAMP pair between the Arabidopsis Wall-Associated Kinase 1 (AtWAK1) and oligogalacturonides (OGs) [ 9 ] derived from the pectin embedded in the cell-wall of most plants [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Plant1
For future experiments, this robust bioassay can be easily extended beyond Arabidopsis - Pto to diverse plant-pathosystems including crop species and their respective microbial pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
Present1
Instead of binding to EF-Tu, it binds to flagellin, another highly conserved structure present on many pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Lead1
2018 ). For example, mutations in Arabidopsis FER lead to sterile and growth defection with semi-dwarf, abnormal trichomes, box-shaped epidermal cells, defected root hair (Duan et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Control1
Nadeau, J. A. & Sack, F. D. Control of stomatal distribution on the Arabidopsis leaf surface. (nature.com)
Bak13
The analysis of the crystal structure of Arabidopsis FLS2 and BAK1 ectodomains in complex with flg22 revealed that FLS2 LRRs bind specific residues of flg22, while BAK1 recognizes the C-terminus of FLS2-bound flg22 5 . (nature.com)
The physical interaction between FLS2 and BAK1 leads to the activation of their intracellular kinase domains and the initiation of immune signalling 6 . (nature.com)
Structural basis for flg22-induced activation of the Arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex. (nih.gov)
Immunity1
We provide evidence here that T3SS effector-based suppression does not appear to be sufficient to overcome FLS2-based immunity during Pst DC3000 infection, but that the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) produced by Pst DC3000 also plays a critical role. (duke.edu)
Highly conserved1
Instead of binding to EF-Tu, it binds to flagellin, another highly conserved structure present on many pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Downstream1
We selected the WRKY29-promoter reporter line to identify mutants in the signaling pathway downstream of FLS2. (uea.ac.uk)
Flg22-induced1
In this chapter we describe the instrument setup for high-throughput imaging of leaves, protocols for flg22-induced endocytosis, image acquisition for fluorescent-tagged FLS2 receptors and subcellular markers, automated image analysis of cellular parameters, and data outputs of FLS2 endocytosis. (uea.ac.uk)
Solanum1
The RLK resistant genes FLS2, BIR2, ERECTA, IOS1, and AtSERK1 from Arabidopsis and SLSERK1 from Solanum lycopersicum were present in different pairwise syntenic blocks among the legume species. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes2
We generated nine transgenic Arabidopsis reporter lines expressing the LUC gene fused to multiple promoter sequences of defense-related genes. (uea.ac.uk)
Although five flg22-insensitive awf mutants harbored mutations in FLS2 itself, Lumi-Map revealed three genes not previously associated with PTI. (uea.ac.uk)
Molecular2
Only limited knowledge exists on how EFR and FLS2 function at the molecular level. (upm.es)
Although bacteria are thought to carry multiple microbe-associated molecular patterns, stomata of fls2 plants are completely unresponsive to COR-deficient mutant Pst DC3000 bacteria. (duke.edu)
Immune1
Quantification of endosomes containing FLS2 can thus be used as a direct readout of immune response activation at the cellular level. (uea.ac.uk)
Gene1
Meanwhile, only the LYM1- RLP resistant gene from Arabidopsis shared a syntenic blocks with Glycine max . (biomedcentral.com)
Wild type1
COR-deficient mutants of Pst DC3000 are severely reduced in virulence when inoculated onto the leaf surface of wild-type Columbia-0 plants, but this defect was rescued almost fully in fls2 mutant plants. (duke.edu)