• Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a large family of proteins activated by a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. (molvis.org)
  • Other important surface exposed DAMPs are heat-shock proteins (HSPs), namely HSP70 and HSP90, which under stress condition also translocate to the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • C1QBP significantly increased ROS level, apoptosis, and the expression of apoptotic proteins such as cleaved caspase-3 and bax/bcl2 via regulating XDH. (medsci.org)
  • Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Lacking proteosomal function on aggregates of unfolded proteins, ER stress may induce autophagic machinery. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Activated Nrf2 mediates induction of a battery of cytoprotective genes encoding phase 2 detoxification enzymes and antioxidative proteins that inhibit ROS production and apoptosis by Cr(VI). (cdc.gov)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a self-protective mechanism resulting from an imbalance in quality control of unfolded proteins when cells are stressed, which plays an active role in lung cancer development, but the relationship between ERS and the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of LUAD patients remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a state induced by increased synthesis of intracellular proteins, accumulation of mal-folded proteins, changes in cytosolic calcium levels, or imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox homeostasis [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptosis regulatory proteins are delicately balanced. (bmj.com)
  • The key regulator of this process, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), can initiate apoptosis by inducing high concentrations of proapoptotic proteins, such as BNIP3, and can cause stabilisation of p53. (bmj.com)
  • GDC-0152 is a potent small-molecule antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. (abmole.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, which leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) through three transmembrane protein sensors located in the ER membrane. (helsinki.fi)
  • The most important enzymes involved in apoptosis are caspases, which hydrolyze important structural and functional proteins of the cell, ultimately leading to apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) inhibit apoptosis by interacting with and then regulating the functions of caspase-8 or caspase-9, -3 and -7 ( 9 , 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Stable monoubiquitinated form of wild type p53, accumulates in the cytoplasm and interacts with BAK or BAX proteins in mitochondria to induce apoptosis Thus Kevetrin activates both transcription dependent and transcription independent pathways to promote apoptosis. (shu.edu)
  • Blood vessels produce beneficial phase 2 enzymes that help protect cells from carcinogens in response to shear stress, but in the joints high shear stress increases cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme levels, resulting in pain, inflammation and suppression of phase 2 enzymes, and the eventual death of cartilage cells known as chondrocytes. (lifeextension.com)
  • The phase 2 enzymes inhibited the inflammation and the apoptosis -- the cellular suicide we'd observed. (lifeextension.com)
  • Silent information regulator transcript-1 (Sirt1) is a histone deacetylase that is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) reliant and closely associated with several cellular processes, including cell metabolism, aging, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EMPs possess both physiological and pathological effects and may promote oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. (edu.au)
  • Unlike inflammation, apoptosis is a 'programmed cell death' mechanism, whereby enzymatic reactions lead to cell apoptosis and phagocytes remove the debris without stimulating an inflammatory response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with lentinan-supplemented (L) and control (C) diets for 37 days, fish were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical inducer of inflammation. (nofima.no)
  • However, clinical practice and experiments have shown that ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammatory cell infiltration at the injured site will produce a large amount of ROS, forming an oxidative stress microenvironment. (researchsquare.com)
  • Recent findings indicate that hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) promotes cardiomyocytes apoptosis during chronic IH, but the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. (hal.science)
  • Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocyte cell apoptosis is critical in developing myocardial infarction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apoptosis can be induced in response to hypoxia. (bmj.com)
  • Cells adapt to this environmental stress, so that after repeated periods of hypoxia, selection for resistance to hypoxia induced apoptosis occurs. (bmj.com)
  • During hypoxia, an intricate balance exists between factors that induce or counteract apoptosis, or even stimulate proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • Understanding the regulation of apoptosis during hypoxia and the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis might lead to more specific treatments for solid tumours. (bmj.com)
  • 7 Severe hypoxia in the presence of energy stimulates cells to undergo apoptosis, whereas oxygen levels above 0.5% prevent cell death. (bmj.com)
  • These were Sara1b, a Ras related gene whose item is involved in protein transport from your ER to your Golgi, and Hmox one, which increases tolerance to hypoxia and protects against apoptosis. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Zoledronic Acid inhibits the differentiation and apoptosis of osteoclasts. (abmole.com)
  • Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) is a potent metal chelator that induces differentiation and apoptosis in teratocarcinoma F9 cells and tyrosinase, most likely via metal chelation. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We hypothesized that the combination of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and an ATF4 inducer promotes cell death by triggering catastrophic oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. (figshare.com)
  • 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an endogenous metabolite of 17β -estradiol (E2) with oral activity, is an apoptosis inducer and angiogenesis inhibitor with effective antitumor activity. (abmole.com)
  • Xevinapant (Debio1143,AT-406, SM-406) is a potentially first-in-class, highly potent oral antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), which not only promotes cancer cell death by inhibiting IAP, but also It can enhance the anti-tumor immune response by inhibiting IAP. (abmole.com)
  • Topotecan hydrochloride is a topoisomerase I inhibitor and an apoptosis inducer. (abmole.com)
  • The present study performed immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and western blot analysis and identified no significant changes in the expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) following radiation (P>0.05). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The concept of using ICD in antitumor therapy has started taking shape with the identification of some inducers mentioned above, which have a potential as anti-tumor vaccination strategies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the conventional activities of p53 such as cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis are well accepted as the major checkpoints in stress responses, accumulating evidence implicates the importance of other tumor suppression mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • Ferroptosis acts as an independent pathway for suppressing tumor growth and is tightly connected with metabolism and oxidative stress responses. (nature.com)
  • What is the physiological ferroptosis inducer(s) for p53 during tumor suppression? (nature.com)
  • Is p53-dependent ferroptosis sufficient for tumor suppression in the absence of cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis? (nature.com)
  • The initiation and development of tumor cell is accompanied by elevated stresses, such as oncogene activation, DNA damage, genome instability, and reprogrammed tumor metabolism. (nature.com)
  • To date, various mechanisms have been suggested to explain the powerful tumor-suppressive effect of p53, including the induction of cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Elesclomol (STA-4783) is a novel oxidative stress inducer that acts on tumor cells and promotes their apoptosis, and is a strong copper ion-carrier that can be used for cuproptosis studies. (abmole.com)
  • This can provide Ras-expressing tumor cells additional selective advantages under stress or damage. (aging-us.com)
  • These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. (hindawi.com)
  • Nrf2, an antioxidant-activated cap 'n' collar bZip transcription factor, has recently emerged as a critical regulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress, a prominent component in the pathogenesis of a broad range of disease and chemical toxicity including metal-induced cancer and toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Brain redox imbalance was also indicated by marked decreases in the cellular indicators of oxidative metabolic stress: reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG). (bvsalud.org)
  • Alterations in nutrient uptake homeostasis affect cellular energetics inducing cellular stress [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A similar trend was observed in metabolism of iron and xenobiotics, markers of oxidative and cellular stress. (nofima.no)
  • Genes with equal responses to LPS in L and C were related to cell communication (cytokines, chemokines and receptors), signal transduction, activation of immune cells, apoptosis, cellular maintenance and energy metabolism. (nofima.no)
  • this results in cytoplasmic recruitment of a protein known as the Fas-associated death domain (FADD), followed by recruitment of procaspase 8 and procaspase 10 and resultant cellular apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • Sec ondly, NO signaling inhibits apoptosis and induces ded ifferentiation of chondrocytes in vitro by means of p38 kinase and calveolin 1. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Apoptosis inducer 13 can induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion. (abmole.com)
  • Doxorubicin HCl (Adriamycin, DOX, RP 13057) hydrochloride is an antibiotic-like agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II and induces DNA damage and apoptosis. (abmole.com)
  • Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. (abmole.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanism of the oxidative stress on TM is as yet unclear. (molvis.org)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a major mechanism that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum. (elifesciences.org)
  • To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mechanism of action studies showed that Kevetrin strongly induced apoptosis by activation of Caspase 3 and cleavage of PARP. (shu.edu)
  • C1QBP promotes the catabolism of hypoxanthine and elevates the apoptosis of RCC cells by modulating XDH-mediated ROS generation. (medsci.org)
  • Inauhzin is a novel small molecule that effectively reactivates p53 by inhibiting SIRT1 activity, promotes p53-dependent apoptosis of human cancer cells without causing apparently genotoxic stress(IC50=3 uM, in A549 cell). (abmole.com)
  • The phase 2 inducers seemed to counteract the effects of that stress by inhibiting the expression of COX-2 enzyme. (lifeextension.com)
  • Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst 33258 staining and annexin V-PI labeling. (molvis.org)
  • Further study on the mechanisms of p38MAPK in human TM cell apoptosis may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of POAG. (molvis.org)
  • Immunogenic cell death contrasts to forms of cell death (apoptosis, autophagy or others) that do not elicit any response or even mediate immune tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The name 'immunogenic cell death' is also used for one specific type of regulated cell death that initiates an immune response after stress to endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)
  • ICD or immunogenic apoptosis is a form of cell death resulting in a regulated activation of the immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Frequently, low doses of natural chemical products activate an adaptive stress response, whereas high doses activate acute responses like autophagy and cell death. (hindawi.com)
  • Under oxidative stress conditions, hMSCs can promote protective autophagy and reduce cell apoptosis or the level of apoptosis caused by excessive autophagy. (researchsquare.com)
  • Autophagy is the process of maintaining cell homeostasis under oxidative stress conditions. (researchsquare.com)
  • Moreover, we determined that during purvalanol-mediated ER stress, autophagic machinery was also activated prior to apoptotic cell death finalization. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, if the stress on the ER is chronic or severe and quality control of protein folding cannot be met, ER activates its stress receptor, the unfolded protein response, which triggers programmed cell death [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, miR-323a-3p lowers caspase-3 expression, thereby limiting programmed cell death from inducers of apoptosis and ER stress. (escholarship.org)
  • It is released from the cell surface by proteolysis after oxidative stress or inflammatory stimuli, including bacterial endotoxins and activation of the Toll-like receptors TLR2 or TLR5 (7‑10). (rndsystems.com)
  • Once activated, p53 coordinates multiple downstream pathways, thereby maintaining the homeostasis of the host cell or organism (if the stress is mild, transient, and repairable) or eliminating damaged cells (if the stress is acute, prolonged, and difficult to resist). (nature.com)
  • 1 A new paper 1 reports on how the loss of autophagy along with beta cell expression of IAPP (amyloid islet polypeptide, also called amylin), a 37 amino acid protein coexpressed and released by pancreatic beta cells along with insulin, results in the death (apoptosis) of beta cells. (life-enhancement.com)
  • Depletion of ATF4 by shRNA led to downregulation of KLF9 expression and prevented oxidative stress-induced cell death. (figshare.com)
  • A hypoxic environment devoid of nutrients prevents the cell undergoing energy dependent apoptosis and cells become necrotic. (bmj.com)
  • The prominent MPs present in blood are endothelial microparticles (EMPs) described as complex submicron (0.1 to 1.0 μm) vesicles like structure, released in response to endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. (edu.au)
  • First of all, remedy of cultured insulin creating INS 1E cells with all the reversible ER stress inducer cyclopiazonic acid upregulated genes related to ER pressure when concurrently downregulating genes associated with differentiated cell functions. (atpasesignaling.com)
  • Docetaxel (Taxotere), a semi-synthetic analog of paclitaxel (Taxol), is a promoter of microtubule polymerization leading to cell cycle arrest at G2/M, apoptosis and cytotoxicity. (abmole.com)
  • JNJ-26854165 (Serdemetan) is a novel activator of p53 capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cell lines. (abmole.com)
  • In order to study the regulation or IRE1 branch of the UPR, and to identify the ER-stress-modulating compounds, a human luciferase reporter cell line (XBP1-NLuc) was created in this work. (helsinki.fi)
  • In line with XBP1-NLuc cell line, the IRE1-GFP cell line demonstrated an increased oligomerization of IRE1 upon ER stress induction. (helsinki.fi)
  • In conclusion, the XBP1-NLuc reporter cell line provided a reliable reporter of IRE1 endonuclease activity, whose expression is increased during the ER stress. (helsinki.fi)
  • Due to the effectiveness and accuracy, the XBP1-NLuc cell line can be further used in studying the regulation and activation of IRE1, as well as for the identification of ER-stress modulating molecules, which can be used for development of novel treatments for ER stress associated diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. (helsinki.fi)
  • Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various neurological damaging factors, including radiation ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • When exposing the C3-knockout INS-1 cells to β cells autophagy inducers (palmitate and IAPP), we observed significantly increased cell death caused by autophagy insufficiency. (lu.se)
  • Oxidative stress induced trabecular meshwork cells death is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). (molvis.org)
  • This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
  • Activation of p38MAPK plays an important role in t BHP-induced apoptosis of iHTM cells. (molvis.org)
  • C1QBP knockdown and overexpression cells were established via lentiviral infection and subjected to apoptosis and ROS assay in vitro . (medsci.org)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Shear stress is generated when liquids move across surfaces, which in this case are the cells lining the blood vessels and the joints. (lifeextension.com)
  • After 24 hours, the researchers subjected the cells to a stress test designed to mimic the effects of exercise, which would normally produce an increase in COX-2. (lifeextension.com)
  • MAM structure was also investigated in H9C2 cells incubated with 1 mM CoCl2, a potent HIF-1α inducer. (hal.science)
  • STA significantly suppressed oxidative stress, reduced MDA content, and increased SOD activity in H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. STA reduced apoptosis in H9c2 cells exposed to H/R, as evidenced by the reduced TUNEL positive cells and caspase-3 activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. (mdpi.com)
  • In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. (mdpi.com)
  • Apoptosis Activator 2 strongly induces caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation which leads to the destruction of cells (Apaf-1 dependent) with IC50 of ~4 μM, inactive to HMEC, PREC, or MCF-10A cells. (abmole.com)
  • Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays an important role in cancer cells survival upon various conditions of intra- and extracellular stress. (aging-us.com)
  • Reduced β cells mass is often seen in T2D individuals, caused by enhanced β cells apoptosis. (lu.se)
  • It is now understood that several components drive β cells dysfunction and apoptosis. (lu.se)
  • These are glucose-and lipo-toxicity, ER stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, dysfunctions in autophagy, and β cells dedifferentiation. (lu.se)
  • EMPs release is triggered by inducer like angiotensin II, lipopolysaccharide, and hydrogen peroxide leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. (edu.au)
  • These activation inducers converge on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we hypothesize that IH-induced ER stress is associated with mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) alteration and mitochondrial dysfunction, through HIF-1 activation. (hal.science)
  • Results: In human atrial biopsies and mice, IH induced HIF-1 activation, ER stress and apoptosis. (hal.science)
  • In addition to clearing Hb‑Hp complexes, CD163 is also a scavenger receptor for free Hb (if Hp is depleted) and TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis), and can function as an erythroblast adhesion receptor (4, 13‑15). (rndsystems.com)
  • Finally, pro-ceramide genes, examined because ceramides cause insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration, were significantly up-regulated by HFD and/or NDEA exposure, but the highest levels were generally present in brains of HFD+NDEA treated rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genome-wide analysis of ATF4 interaction sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing revealed that among ATF4 target genes was KLF9 (Kruppel-like factor 9), which induces MTC apoptosis. (figshare.com)
  • 1] In 1995, defective lymphocyte apoptosis secondary to mutations in the FAS gene was identified as a molecular basis for ALPS. (medscape.com)
  • Defective apoptosis results in inappropriate persistence and accumulation of autoreactive or potentially oncogenic lymphocytes, leading to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with an increased risk of lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Cr(VI) at a non-toxic concentration activates Nrf2 by interacting with critical cysteine residues of Nrf2 and Keap1--a cytoplasmic Nrf2-binding partner that controls the degradation of Nrf2 in the absence of an inducer. (cdc.gov)
  • H2O2 can induce hMSCs to produce oxidative stress response. (researchsquare.com)
  • instead, through its metabolic targets, p53 is able to modulate the ferroptosis response in the presence of ferroptosis inducers such as GPX4 inhibitors or high levels of ROS. (nature.com)
  • PHENOTYPE: Homozygous mutation of this gene results in delayed apoptosis of embryonic fibroblasts in response to serum withdrawal or treatment with a mitochondrial stress inducer. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Autophagy can be either cytoprotective or cytotoxic in response to stress, chemotherapy or irradiation [ 2 - 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Meisoindigo, a derivative of Indigo naturalis, might induce apoptosis and myeloid differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (abmole.com)
  • The treatments were done with ER stress inducers thapsigargin and tunicamycin, and with IRE1 inhibitors KIRA6 and 4μ8c, or the combination of those. (helsinki.fi)
  • As expected, ER stress treatment increased the reporter expression, while IRE1 inhibitors decreased the expression of the reporter. (helsinki.fi)
  • The two metals produced brain oxidative stress and damage with marked increases in the indicators of oxidative processes: in vivo brain surface chemiluminescence (the sensitive organ non-invasive assay for oxidative free radical reactions), and the ex vivo processes of phospholipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Type I inducers cause stress to the ER only as collateral damage, mainly targeting DNA or chromatin maintenance apparatus or membrane components. (wikipedia.org)