Apoptosis during viral infection. Medical search. Frequent questions

Key viral factors include mode of host entry, tissue tropism, replication, effects of cytokines, ability to establish persistent or latent viral infections, and alterations of host antigens. (medscape.com)
Viral replication leads to the host entering an immune-compromised state, evolving towards subsequent bacteraemia by opportunistic bacteria. (nature.com)
Triggering apoptosis early in the infection essentially causes minimal tissue damage and confines viral replication, thus limiting severe illness. (kashmirtimes.com)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
Several studies indicate that the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities observed in HIV infected individuals are not a direct effect of viral replication in the CNS, rather these neurological abnormalities are associated with amplification of HIV specific signals by unknown mechanisms. (benthamscience.com)
Using proteomics approaches, we have discovered the interaction of EBNA1 with host proteins that control cell proliferation and apoptosis (USP7 and CK2) and with host nucleosome associated proteins that regulate DNA replication and transcription through histone modifications. (utoronto.ca)
Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods [1] . (bionity.com)
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a critical role in multiple steps of the viral life cycle and participates in viral replication, transcription, and assembly. (ijbs.com)
The primary roles of N protein are to assemble with genomic RNA into the viral RNA-protein (vRNP) complex and to localize to the replication transcription complexes (RTCs) to enhance viral replication and transcription. (ijbs.com)
N protein can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with viral genome RNA and inhibit stress granules to facilitate viral replication and assembly. (ijbs.com)
In this review article, we are focusing on the signaling mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in viral replication, cell death and inflammation. (ijbs.com)
During latent infection, EBV genome exists as a circular episome and replicates by recruiting the cellular replication machinery [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Prevents smallpox viral replication in vitro and inhibits smallpox viral infection in vivo. (lclabs.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
Small RNAs include microRNA (miRNA), siRNA, tRFs, piRNA, and rasiRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a wide range of processes such as viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
miRNAs regulate gene expression in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as in immune response and viral replication [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
copying (replication) of cells' genetic material in preparation for cell division, DNA repair, cell death (apoptosis), and other processes. (medlineplus.gov)

In its activated form RNase L cleaves all RNA molecules in the cell leading to autophagy and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
It was found that inhibition of autophagy attenuated the NS5A‑mediated apoptosis inhibition of HepG2 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Liu et al ( 13 ) reported that Beclin 1 gene deletion by either RNA interference or the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (MA) significantly enhances melatonin-induced apoptosis in mouse hepatoma H22 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Thus, the present study hypothesized that NS5A inhibits apoptosis by inducing Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
Transcriptomics analyses showed pathways related to TCR signaling, cytotoxicity and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly enriched in Tet lo found in both regressing and progressing tumors compared with Tet hi , whereas genes related to DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy were downregulated. (bmj.com)
Overexpression of miR-21 inhibits apoptosis and is vital for inducing pro-survival autophagy. (drtaheriazam.com)

When a cell is in the antiviral state, it is highly resistant to viral attacks and is also ready to undergo apoptosis upon successful viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
Infected cells can undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). (medscape.com)
Human cells can undergo apoptosis in response to coronavirus infection as well, but the study found human cells do so much less frequently than porcine cells. (kashmirtimes.com)
Pig cells are roughly 100 times more likely to undergo apoptosis than human cells, according to the study. (kashmirtimes.com)
Many cells normally undergo a programmed form of death (apoptosis). (medicalxpress.com)
By forcing the cell to undergo apoptosis or cell suicide, release of progeny into the extracellular space is possible. (bionity.com)

Fig. 2: GR Ncr1 -iCre mice display greater inflammation in the spleen than that of WT Ncr1 -iCre mice, but their viral titers are unaffected. (nature.com)
Viral arthritis is inflammation of the joints from a viral infection. (medscape.com)
Pathological inflammation is worsened by chronic bacterial lung infections and susceptibility to recurrent acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), typically caused by viral and/or bacterial respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review emerging mechanisms into why COPD patients are susceptible to chronic bacterial infections and highlight dysregulated inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as central causes. (frontiersin.org)
The pathogeneses of bacterial and viral exacerbations are significant as clinical symptoms are more severe and there is a marked increase in neutrophilic inflammation and tissue damage. (frontiersin.org)
Objective: Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that HIV infection targets cell to cell communication by altering all these communication systems resulting in enhanced bystander apoptosis of uninfected cells, inflammation and viral infection. (benthamscience.com)
Previous studies suggest that berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has shown various biological activities that may help against COVID-19 and SARS, including antiviral, anti-allergy and inflammation, hepatoprotection against drug- and infection-induced liver injury, as well as reducing oxidative stress. (touro.edu)

New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
Small RNAs are important regulators that modulate development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of organisms [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

In fruit flies, apoptosis is activated by proteins known as Grim, Hid and Reaper. (elifesciences.org)
created 'undead' cells in which one of these proteins was turned on, but other downstream proteins (that are responsible for the cellular execution phase of apoptosis) had been turned off: these cells were undergoing apoptosis, but could not complete the process and die. (elifesciences.org)
In addition, we have generated a library of over 200 herpesvirus proteins (from EBV, CMV and HSV-1) that are used in proteomics approaches to determine which viral proteins manipulate specific cellular processes. (utoronto.ca)
Many host proteins can also function as cofactors for viral entry, such as heparin sulfate proteoglycans, C-type lectins, neuropilin-1 and furin [ 10 - 13 ]. (ijbs.com)
After being entry, the viral and host membranes can fuse together and then release the positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 that directly translates into the structural and nonstructural proteins [ 9 ]. (ijbs.com)
The mechanisms and functions of viral channel proteins have been reviewed by Fischer and Hsu ( 2011 ) and Fischer et al. (tcdb.org)
2011). Viral channel forming proteins - modeling the target. (tcdb.org)
2012). Mechanism of function of viral channel proteins and implications for drug development. (tcdb.org)

OAS is only activated under a viral infection, when a tight binding of the inactive form of the protein with a viral dsRNA, consisting of the retrovirus' ssRNA and its complementary strand, takes place. (wikipedia.org)
Degradation of all RNA within the cell (which usually occurs with cessation of translation activity caused by protein kinase R) is the cell's last stand against a virus before it attempts apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Interferon α 2A (IFN-α 2A) belongs to the type I interferon protein family and is produced by many cell types in response to viral infection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) modulates cellular apoptosis, which is involved in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
The present findings suggest that local IFN production may interact with a genetic factor ( PTPN2 ) to induce aberrant proapoptotic activity of the BH3-only protein Bim, resulting in increased β-cell apoptosis via JNK activation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. (diabetesjournals.org)
ER alerts a self-protective mechanism that is called ER stress during nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, alterations in redox status, intraluminal Ca 2+ levels and folding defective protein conditions ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Innate immunity to viruses involves receptors such as RIG-I, which senses viral RNA and triggers an IFN-β signaling pathway involving the outer mitochondrial membrane protein MAVS. (nih.gov)
Several of our studies involve the EBNA1 protein of EBV, which is expressed in both latent and lytic forms of infection, is the only viral protein needed to replicate and maintain EBV genomes in human cells and contributes to cell transformation. (utoronto.ca)
Besides the function in viral life cycle, N protein can bind GSDMD to antagonize pyroptosis but promotes cell death via the Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. (ijbs.com)
2003). The cationic amphipathic α-helix of HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) binds to nucleic acids, permeabilizes membranes, and efficiently transfects cells. (tcdb.org)
A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)

Both pathways culminate in the induction of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-12), type I interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta), or apoptosis. (antibodies-online.com)
We presently evaluated the mechanisms by which PTPN2 , a candidate gene for T1D, modulates β-cell apoptosis after exposure to type I and II interferons (IFNs), cytokines that contribute to β-cell loss in early T1D. (diabetesjournals.org)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)

Fig. 6: The glucocorticoid-PD-1 regulatory pathway is required for protection against infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
found that the JNK pathway activated apoptosis in anterior cells. (elifesciences.org)
The DEGs-set enrichment analysis significantly detected some crucial biological processes (immune response, regulation of angiogenesis, apoptotic process, cytokine production and programmed cell death, response to hypoxia and oxidative stress), molecular functions (transcription factor binding and oxidoreductase activity) and pathways (transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer, pathways in cancer, chemokine signaling pathway) that are associated with SARS-CoV-1 infections as well as SARS-CoV-2 infections by involving HubGs. (bvsalud.org)

Thus, there is an incomplete understanding of diseases in which a conserved consortium of micro-organisms co-operates to induce pathogenesis, diseases involving pathogens that cause immune deficiency followed by secondary infections, and diseases that are influenced by a series of host and environmental factors. (nature.com)
We identified a novel mode of communication by which apoptotic cells induce additional apoptosis in the same tissue. (elifesciences.org)
[9] For example, type I IFNs induce interferon-stimulated gene ( ISG ) expression, classically resulting in a robust anti-viral immune response. (wikidoc.org)
They localize to the nucleus, can induce apoptosis of infected cells and form ion channels in lipid bilayers. (tcdb.org)

According to a previous study, NS5A inhibits cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
Persistent Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may result in liver cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high incidence rate, especially in regions with high prevalence of viral hepatitis infection. (drtaheriazam.com)

Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. (cdc.gov)

Most countries prevent or control acute viral infections through widespread vaccination and improved sanitation. (news-medical.net)
This underlying chronic infection leaves COPD patients particularly vulnerable to acute viral infections, which further destabilize host immunity to bacteria. (frontiersin.org)

Ultimately, IFNGR1 mediated signaling regulates several biological processes including innate and acquired immune response, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (rndsystems.com)
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. (antibodies-online.com)
In turn, the host will trigger an innate immune response against Adv infection. (hindawi.com)

MDA5, an RNA helicase, is known to be activated by complex high molecular weight dsRNA transcribed from the viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
Rather, apoptosis is usually controlled and results in the cell's genome being chopped up, before apoptotitic bodies of dead cell material clump off the cell to be absorbed by macrophages. (bionity.com)
SARS-CoV-2 with ~30kb viral genome RNA is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the β-coronaviruses. (ijbs.com)

Ribonuclease L or RNase L (for latent), known sometimes as ribonuclease 4 or 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-dependent ribonuclease, is an interferon (IFN)-induced ribonuclease which, upon activation, destroys all RNA within the cell (both cellular and viral). (wikipedia.org)
Conclusion: In the current manuscript, we have described the mechanisms by which HIV "hijacks" these host cellular communication systems, leading to exacerbation of HIV neuropathogenesis, and to simultaneously promote the survival of HIV infected cells, resulting in the establishment of viral reservoirs. (benthamscience.com)
Also, viral infection has proved to have a great impact on cellular small RNA expression and gene expression [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

HAV infection accounts for 10-14% of cases of viral arthritis. (medscape.com)
HBV infection causes 20-25% of cases of viral arthritis. (medscape.com)
Newly emerging and recurrent cases of viral infections constitute a significant problem and a huge challenge to public health. (news-medical.net)

AECOPD triggered by a bacterial and viral co-infection increases circulating levels of the systemic inflammatory marker, serum amyloid A (SAA). (frontiersin.org)
Granzyme B plays an essential role in granule-mediated apoptosis and may have additional roles in rheumatoid arthritis and in bacterial and viral infections (3). (rndsystems.com)

Le Tulzo Y , Pangault C , Gacouin A , Guilloux V , Tribut O , Amiot L , Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated with poor outcome. (cdc.gov)

In contrast lytic infection induces cell cycle arrest and leads to amplification of the viral genomes for virion production. (utoronto.ca)
They facilitate infection of macrophage and induces cell cycle arrest in G2. (tcdb.org)

It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)

Mechanistically, endogenous glucocorticoids produced shortly after infection induced selective and tissue-specific expression of the checkpoint receptor PD-1 on NK cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Infection with MCMV induces glucocorticoid-dependent PD-1 expression in spleen NK cells. (nature.com)
Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis: findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. (cdc.gov)
We hypothesize that a more rapid induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in bursal cells following IBDV infection leads to more severe disease in line W birds than in line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
There is growing evidence that host cells try to control Herpesvirus infections by activating the autophagic machinery. (mdpi.com)
Strong induction of apoptosis in one compartment of the Drosophila wing disc causes apoptosis of cells in the other compartment, indicating that dying cells can release long-range death factors. (elifesciences.org)
Apoptosis has been thought to resemble a form of silent suicide by cells, but more recent work suggests that apoptotic cells can also transmit signals. (elifesciences.org)
Strikingly, undead cells in the posterior (back) region of the wing imaginal disc-the tissue in the larva that gives rise to the wing in the adult fruit fly-could trigger apoptosis in cells in the anterior (front) half. (elifesciences.org)
when Eiger was absent from posterior cells in the wing imaginal disc, apoptosis in anterior cells ceased, indicating that Eiger might signal at long range. (elifesciences.org)
Apoptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death in which cells activate an intrinsic suicide program to self-destruct. (elifesciences.org)
br/>Human cells are more likely to go through necrosis, another form of cell death that's less controlled than apoptosis. (kashmirtimes.com)
br/>The researchers surmise that a wide-scale apoptosis response is helpful for avoiding disease because it disposes of infected cells quickly without the immune system overreacting, while wide-scale necrosis and the resulting hyperimmune response is less favorable to host cells. (kashmirtimes.com)
br/>The researchers say further study could lead to therapies designed to trigger apoptosis in human cells, allowing people infected with the coronavirus to avoid severe symptoms. (kashmirtimes.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
The mechanisms of apoptosis inhibition by NS5A in liver cancer cells remains unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
Therefore, in healthy individuals self-immunogenic T cells are targeted for apoptosis, while those yielding mild affinity to the MHC are released into the periphery for circulation ( 5 ). (biorxiv.org)
PTPN2 knockdown exacerbated type I IFN-induced apoptosis in INS-1E, primary rat, and human β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Of note, both Bim and JNK1 knockdown protected β-cells against IFN-induced apoptosis in PTPN2-silenced cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
Viral shedding refers to the successful production of virus progeny and that the progeny is leaving the cell to infect other host cells. (bionity.com)
It may not be in a virus's best interest to kill the cell in order to escape it for further infection of other host cells. (bionity.com)
Remarkably, EBV-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in latently-infected cells and serve important function in viral infection and pathogenesis. (ijbs.com)
EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
EBV can not be completely cleared once entry into the host cells and ultimately establishes life-long latent infection in host, indicating that EBV has developed elaborate strategies to evade host immune surveillance [ 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
Using a TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) assay, we found that IDV D/OK and D/600 infections induced apoptosis in epithelial cells lining alveoli and bronchioles, as well as nonepithelial cells in lung tissues. (cdc.gov)

Although most infections cause no symptoms and are self-limited, persistent HPV infection can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital cancers, oropharyngeal cancer, and genital warts in men and women. (cdc.gov)
Every day, new symptoms and infections were reported. (news-medical.net)
That shredding of the nucleus is a telltale sign of apoptosis, which may be a key in helping pigs avoid symptoms after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. (kashmirtimes.com)
The symptoms after infection mainly include fever, dry cough, and fatigue. (biomedcentral.com)
Individuals considering taking CBD oil to help manage viral infections or the symptoms of such diseases may take the substance using various administration methods. (cbdclinicals.com)
While this combination of signs and symptoms is typically associated with the immune system's response to a viral infection that is present at birth (congenital), no actual infection is found in these infants. (medlineplus.gov)

Here we found that the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was required for host survival after infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). (nature.com)
Notably, this regulation did not compromise viral clearance. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Organ-specific glucocorticoid regulation of the production of IFN-γ by NCR1 + ILCs in the spleen and liver after infection with MCMV. (nature.com)
This process plays a major role in development and tissue homeostasis, and abnormal regulation of apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases ( Fuchs and Steller, 2011 ). (elifesciences.org)
Furthermore, it was confirmed that Beclin 1 expression by NS5A was involved in the negative regulation of starvation‑induced liver cancer apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced p53 and apoptosis regulator Bax expression, as well as decreased caspase‑3/-7 activation. (spandidos-publications.com)

The paper of Prof. Joanna Goscianska from the Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry of Adam Mickiewicz University, Dr. Ralph Freund from the University of Augsburg, and Prof. Stefan Wuttke from BCMaterials Basque Center for Materials (Leioa) presents how nanotechnology can solve current problems related to the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of viral infections. (news-medical.net)

Such interventions may also have beneficial effects in chronic viral myocarditis once the virus has been cleared. (intechopen.com)
HHV-5, also known as cytomegalovirus (CMV), causes a primary infection of the salivary glands and other tissues, and it is believed to have a chronic form. (medscape.com)

Aberrant ADAR activity has been associated with a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, viral infections and autoimmune disorders. (biomedcentral.com)

Members of the human herpesvirus (HHV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) families cause the most common primary viral infections of the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Cytomegalovirus (CMV, human herpesvirus type 5) can cause infections that have a wide range of severity. (msdmanuals.com)

Viruses can cause infection or act as cofactors in the development of rheumatic diseases. (medscape.com)
HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Necroptosis plays a role in various pathological forms of cell death, including ischemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. (novusbio.com)

They may be primary or recurrent infections. (medscape.com)

In some cases the specific virus involved can be identified on the basis of the clinical features of systemic infection, but in many cases serologic testing is necessary for diagnosis, guided by clinical and epidemiologic data. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)

In addition, we found that EBNA1 disrupts the host PML nuclear bodies required for apoptosis and DNA repair, thereby promoting cell survival with DNA damage. (utoronto.ca)

Studies since the start of the pandemic have noted that pigs can be infected by the virus if exposed to high doses, but the infection is self-limited and pigs don't show clinical signs of disease nor do they transmit the virus to other animals. (kashmirtimes.com)
Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
This study aims to investigate the correlation between the extent of lung infection and relevant clinical laboratory testing indicators in COVID-19 and to analyse its underlying mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
A cross-sectional study method was carried out to explore the differences among the proportions of lung lobe infection and to correlate the percentage of infection (POI) of the whole lung in all patients with clinical laboratory examination values. (biomedcentral.com)

Infection from a broad range of viruses can result in arthralgias and arthritis. (medscape.com)

Gibb TR , Bray M , Geisbert TW , Steele KE , Kell WM , Davis KJ , Pathogenesis of experimental Ebola Zaire virus infection in BALB/c mice. (cdc.gov)
Our previous study demonstrated that the bat SARSr-CoV rRsSHC014S induces respiratory infection and lung damage in hACE2 transgenic mice but not wild-type mice. (bvsalud.org)
The SMA1901 infection caused interstitial pneumonia and inflammatory immune responses in both young and aged BALB/c mice after intranasal inoculation. (bvsalud.org)

We identified Eiger, the Drosophila tumor necrosis factor (TNF) homolog, as the signal responsible for apoptosis-induced apoptosis (AiA). (elifesciences.org)
During necrosis, the contents of a cell release into the surrounding space, provoking a strong hyperimmune response that isn't triggered during apoptosis. (kashmirtimes.com)

Baize S , Leroy EM , Georges-Courbot MC , Capron M , Lansoud-Soukate J , Debre P , Defective humoral responses and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients. (cdc.gov)
Despite ongoing efforts to reduce AECOPD rates with inhaled corticosteroids, COPD patients remain at heightened risk of developing serious lung infections/AECOPD, frequently leading to hospitalization and infection-dependent delirium. (frontiersin.org)
Enhanced apoptosis in the leukocytes of peripheral blood of PEM patients may be a marker of increased infection and immune disturbances. (who.int)
PEM in children is frequently associated with an increased incidence of bacterial, Patients fungal and viral infections [ 2 ] and is the The current study was performed on 42 in- most common cause of secondary immu- fants recruited from the Children's Hospital, nodeficiency [ 3-5 ]. (who.int)

IMPORTANCE The genetic diversity of SARSr-CoVs in wildlife and their potential risk of cross-species infection highlights the importance of developing a powerful animal model to evaluate the antibodies and antiviral drugs. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, animals that received a sham DNA vaccine (n = 12) had no detectable neutralizing antibodies against IDV, and viral RNA was readily detectable in respiratory tract tissues after intranasal challenge [3 x 10(5) TCID50] with IDV D/OK (n = 6) or D/660 (n = 6). (cdc.gov)

It has antiproliferative and antitumor activities, as well as induction of apoptosis and the inflammatory response. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer. (medicalxpress.com)

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in the body and are front-line fighters against bacterial and fungal infections. (umontreal.ca)

Functionally, MAVS Y9 phosphorylation contributed to MAVS antiviral function without interfering with its apoptosis property. (nih.gov)

COVID-19 generally attacks within 14 days after infection, and its diagnosis depends on viral nucleic acid testing, which is susceptible to interference by some factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Knowing the miRNA expression profile will help understand the role of miRNAs in modulating the host response to adenovirus infection and possibly improve the diagnosis of adenovirus-infected pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
Also, the traditional diagnosis of Adv infection is limited. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, to discover the interaction between the virus and its host will help us to find novel treatment and diagnosis for Adv infection. (hindawi.com)
The diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection relies on detection of the virus using real-time RT-PCR. (cdc.gov)
Molecular tools for measles detection and differential diagnosis, and collection of appropriate specimens for molecular and serologic testing are essential to correctly diagnose suspected measles infection. (cdc.gov)

Determining the mechanisms by which these interactions contribute to EBV infection and EBV-induced cancers is an active area of study. (utoronto.ca)

EBV persists for the lifetime of the host due to abilities to alternate between latent and lytic modes of infection. (utoronto.ca)
EBV can establish life-long latent infection in host due to the balance between EBV and host immune system. (ijbs.com)
Accumulating evidence indicates that latent EBV infection is associated with a variety of human malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) [ 9 , 10 ]. (ijbs.com)

Over 500 products have been investigated for neuroprotective effects including those from the categories of free radical scavengers, anti-excitotoxic agents, apoptosis (programmed cell death) inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, neurotrophic factors, metal ion chelators, ion channel modulators, and gene therapy. (researchandmarkets.com)

Surprisingly, we find that shared antigen exposure to CMV leads to fewer shared TCRβ clones, even after controlling for HLA, indicative of a largely private response to major viral antigenic exposure. (biorxiv.org)
It is critical to obtain a complete history, including medication history, drug use, social history, occupational, recreational, and environmental respiratory exposure history, risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection, and review of systems, to ensure other causes of interstitial lung disease are excluded. (medscape.com)

RESULTS: Testing of 89 samples discarded for measles determined the etiologies for 10 (11.2%), including 1 rubella, 3 human herpes virus 6, and 6 measles infections. (cdc.gov)

Persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. (cdc.gov)
Persistent infections man tumours. (who.int)

Canertinib inhibited erbB receptor phosphorylation and induced growth inhibition and apoptosis at concentrations of 1 µM or more. (lclabs.com)

After infection, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to the production of glucocorticoids. (nature.com)
When active, RNase L cleaves and identifies viral RNA and feeds it into MDA5 activation sites, enhancing the production of IFN-β. (wikipedia.org)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Apoptosis through Caspase Activation. (bionity.com)

Hotchkiss RS , Tinsley KW , Swanson PE , Schmieg RE Jr , Hui JJ , Chang KC , Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans. (cdc.gov)
What they found could lead to new ways to treat humans who contract COVID-19, the disease that results from infection by the virus SARS-CoV-2, the researchers say. (kashmirtimes.com)

In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
The most common cause of inflammatory cardiomyopathy is lymphocytic myocarditis, which is most usually triggered by a viral infection, and occasionally by other infectious agents. (intechopen.com)
In some cases, primary EBV infection causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) in adolescents [ 8 ]. (ijbs.com)
MERS-CoV infection is an emerging infectious disease with a high mortality rate. (cdc.gov)

An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors in the enveloped varicella-zoster virus [6] . (bionity.com)
They are produced late in the viral life cycle and packaged in the viral particle. (tcdb.org)

Adv causes infections for 5-10% of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, which results in pneumonia and nearly 1.3 million deaths of children every year [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Upper tract swabs in viral transport media were forwarded to the Saudi Ministry of Health regional laboratory for Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) upE reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy30

Organisms24

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Replication17

Autophagy6

Undergo6

Inflammation7

Proliferation3

Proteins8

Protein12

Cytokines3

Pathway3

Induce4

Inhibits1

Hepatitis3

Vitro1

Acute viral infections2

Innate3

Genome3

Cellular3

Cases of viral3

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Lymphocyte1

Induces cell cycle arrest2

Immunity1

Cells25

Symptoms6

Regulation5

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Diseases3

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Systemic2

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Latent3

Programmed cell1

Exposure2

Rubella1

Persistent2

Inhibition1

Activation3

Humans2

Infectious4

Particle2

Respiratory2