• The results suggest that remifentanil postconditioning exhibits neuroprotective effects against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, and its mechanisms might involve inhibition of neuronal apoptosis through the PI3K pathway. (springer.com)
  • Yuan Y, Guo Q, Ye Z et al (2011) Ischemic postconditioning protects brain from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through PI3K-Akt pathway. (springer.com)
  • These effects of the compounds were associated with inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Altogether, we are the first to demonstrate that NETs inhibition with Cl-amidine ameliorated neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological deficits via STING-dependent IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compound C-induced apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species production, cytochrome c release and caspases cleavage, indicating intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation. (usuhs.edu)
  • Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional proteins in the apoptosis regulatory pathway (i.e. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, causes DNA replication stress and activates the ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related protein (ATR)-checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway. (figshare.com)
  • Here, we identified a feedback loop in Ewing sarcoma cells in which inhibition of the ATR-CHK1 pathway depletes RRM2, the small subunit of RNR, and exacerbates the DNA replication stress and DNA damage caused by RNR inhibitors. (figshare.com)
  • 2014). 'Ginsenoside Rg1 Induces Apoptosis through Inhibition of the EpoR-Mediated JAK2/STAT5 Signalling Pathway in the TF-1/Epo Human Leukemia Cell Line', Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention , 15(6), pp. 2453-2459. (waocp.org)
  • The purpose of the research is to investigate the roles of Jak-STAT3 signaling pathway in bufalin-induced apoptosis in colon cancer SW620 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Western Blot was used to determine the protein expression of the apoptosis inhibitors livin and caspase-3, the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2, as well as the key protein kinases in the Jak-stat3 signaling pathway, stat3 and p-stat3. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of caspase-3, up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of livin and Bcl-2, as well as inhibition of Jak-stat3 signaling pathway might be the important mechanisms for the bufalin-induced apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effects of maslinic acid on cellular apoptosis, ROS generation, cell migration and invasion, caspase activation and targeting MAPK/ERK signaling pathway were investigated. (springeropen.com)
  • Passage control and SWCNT-transformed human lung epithelial cells were treated with known inducers of apoptosis via the intrinsic (antimycin A and CDDP) or extrinsic (FasL and TNF-a) pathway and analyzed for apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, annexin-V expression, and caspase activation assays. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, knocking down BDNF partially reversed esketamine-mediated activation of the mBDNF/TrkB/PI3K signaling pathway and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in propofol-induced rats. (degruyter.com)
  • [ 1 ] Thus, tracing research of the COX pathway is essential to an understanding of COX deficiency, and examining the variable effects of COX inhibition are advantageous. (medscape.com)
  • It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21 Cip/Waf and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. (nature.com)
  • These data show that di-GA exhibits three distinct anticancer activities: induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest and disruption of cancer cell-induced lymphendothelial disintegration. (nature.com)
  • Inhibition of C5 strongly inhibited late inflammation, as measured by neutrophil influx and induction of the murine CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2, KC, and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Inhibition of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxylmethyltransferase Induces Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through p21 and p21-Regulated BNIP3 Induction in Pancreatic Cancer. (duke.edu)
  • Thus, PD potentiated proliferative inhibition and apoptotic induction of both AKT inhibitor and siRNA. (edu.hk)
  • Instead, NADPH accumulation resulting from FAS inhibition was found to stimulate NADPH oxidase to generate reactive oxygen species and highly associated with apoptosis induction. (oncotarget.com)
  • mouse brain resulted in an induction of apoptosis similar to Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead what is observed in natural infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Apoptosis induction vested and lysed at 48 h postinjection. (cdc.gov)
  • Taken together, the current study provides mechanistic evidence that alcohol consumption-induced let-7a suppression results in the upregulation of RB1, thereby promoting hepatic apoptosis through induction of pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., p73), and by, at least in part, preventing MDM2-mediated p53 degradation. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • c-Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by STI571 treatment, but inhibited STI571-induced erythroid differentiation. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Moreover, c-Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (apicidin, sodium butyrate, and MS275) treatment, but inhibited HDAC inhibitors-induced erythroid differentiation. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Chondrocyte metabolism is influenced by several cytokines and growth factors, which drive two qualitatively distinct functional programs in these cells: the catabolic program is induced by proinflammatory stimuli and characterized by the secretion of proteases, suppression of matrix synthesis, and induction of chondrocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More than 15 years ago, cholesterol decrement was first shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, metastasis of tumor cells, and induction of apoptosis (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Inhibition of miR-149-5p can induce apoptosis in THP-1 cells. (medscimonit.com)
  • Exposure of mammalian cells to agents that induce apoptosis results in a rapid and substantial inhibition of protein synthesis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Background Heart ischemia may rapidly induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via mitochondrial permeability transition-induced cytochrome em c /em launch. (gasyblog.com)
  • The aim of this study was designed to investigate whetherRg1 could induce apoptosis in TF-1/Epo cells and further to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. (waocp.org)
  • Herewe found that Rg1 could inhibit TF-1/Epo cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in vitro in a concentrationand time dependent manner. (waocp.org)
  • Carbon nanotube s induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells through FLICE-inhibitory protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic exposure to single-walled carbon nanotube s (SWCNT) has been reported to induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • These induce extracellular Daxx to translocalize into the cytoplasm following an association with ASK1 (Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1). (wikipedia.org)
  • However, AKT inhibition relieves the feedback inhibition of upstream receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that may weaken the efficiency of AKT inhibitors. (edu.hk)
  • To clarify the molecular basis of si-Vav3- and docetaxel-induced apoptosis, we analyzed alterations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, extracellular signal-regulate kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and AR pathways using kinase inhibitors in LNCaPH cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herein, we confirmed that FAS was highly expressed in breast cancers and FAS inhibition by its inhibitors or knockdown induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, unlike the two COX-2 inhibitors, mPGES-1 inhibition did not reduce endothelial prostacyclin production. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this project is to explore the mechanism of TRAIL resistance and to focus on the role of PI3K and HSP90 signalling and the ability of PI3K or HSP90 inhibitors to reverse resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. (ncri.org.uk)
  • Huang, HM & Liu, JC 2009, ' c-Jun blocks cell differentiation but not growth inhibition or apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells induced by STI571 and by histone deacetylase inhibitors ', Journal of Cellular Physiology , vol. 218, no. 3, pp. 568-574. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • For Hsp90β inhibition, two different chemical inhibitors (Geldanamycin and Novobiocin) were employed, or siRNA transfection procedures were carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the target gene was co-transfected with miR-149-5p inhibitor, and then the cell apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins were assessed. (medscimonit.com)
  • AO/EB and annexin V/PI staining assays along with western blotting were used to monitor the apoptosis and expressions of apoptosis connected proteins. (springeropen.com)
  • Everolimus-mediated apoptosis was also associated with an upregulation of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA-α) proteins, an increase in Bax proteins and downregulation of Bcl-x(L) proteins in all tested HTLV-I-positive and -negative malignant cell lines. (edu.lb)
  • It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statin in effect prevents the synthesis of mevalonic acid, a precursor of nonsteroidal isoprenoids, lipid attachment molecules for small G proteins, such as Ras, Rho, and Rac. (cdc.gov)
  • Apoptosis is one of the major mechanisms that lead to neuronal death after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. (springer.com)
  • We found remifentanil postconditioning markedly improved the spatial learning and memory as well as attenuated neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. (springer.com)
  • Cl-amidine, 2′3′-cGAMP (an activator of stimulating Interferon genes (STING)), C-176 (a selective STING inhibitor), and Kira6 [a selectively phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha [IRE1α] inhibitor] were administrated to explore the mechanism by which NETs promote neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies have suggested that neutrophils as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first peripheral immune cells to reach the contused brain are highly involved in regulating neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal apoptosis after brain injury [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labelling ( TUNEL ) staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis of basal temporal lobe . (bvsalud.org)
  • Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavoprotein that is normally confined to the mitochondria, but translocates to the nucleus, as shown by in vitro models of neuronal injury. (utmb.edu)
  • Zhou L, Guo X, Chen M, Fu S, Zhou J, Ren G, Yang Z and Fan W: [Retracted] Inhibition of δ‑opioid receptors induces brain glioma cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial and protein kinase C pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Summary The outcomes indicate that NO quickly protects the ischemic center from apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via PKG-mediated blockage of mitochondrial permeability changeover and cytochrome em c /em launch. (gasyblog.com)
  • Suggested systems include: enhancing coronary vascular perfusion, reducing monocyte infiltration, enhancing contractile function, starting of mitochondrial K+ATP stations, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability changeover or inhibition of apoptosis [2]. (gasyblog.com)
  • We could show that inhibition of COX-2 causes increased apoptosis, mediated through activation of caspase-8, cleavage of Bid and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. (lu.se)
  • Interrupting Vav3 signaling enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells under chronic hypoxia by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt, ERK, and AR signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FAS inhibition induces cell death in vivo and in vitro , rendering FAS as an attractive target for cancer therapy, but the defined mechanism is still not well understood. (oncotarget.com)
  • Suppression of NADPH oxidase almost totally blocked reactive oxygen species generation while significantly potentiated the in vitro and in vivo killing of breast cancers by FAS inhibition. (oncotarget.com)
  • Hence, CRC may be a potential therapeutic antioxidant for TRPM2 activation and HCQ treatment-induced retinal oxidative injury and apoptosis. (opticnervenetwork.com)
  • Similarly, activation of CDK2 by inhibition or knockdown of the WEE1 kinase also depletes RRM2 and causes DNA damage and apoptosis. (figshare.com)
  • Knockdown or chemical inhibition of c-FLIP abrogated the apoptosis resistance of SWCNT-transformed cells. (cdc.gov)
  • This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
  • Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide double staining of nuclear chromatin and the formation of gaps into the lymphendothelial barrier in a three-dimensional co-culture model consisting of MCF-7 tumour cell spheroids and human lymphendothelial monolayers. (nature.com)
  • This inhibition is associated with the increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2) α, increased association of eIF4E with the inhibitory eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), and specific cleavages of eIF4B and eIF2α. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, our data suggest that neither increased phosphorylation of eIF2α nor increased [eIF4E.4E-BP1] complex formation is essential for the inhibition of overall translation by the DNA-damaging agent. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Interrupting Vav3 signaling using siRNA enhanced docetaxel-induced cell growth suppression compared with that induced by docetaxel alone by inhibition of Akt and ERK phosphorylation, resulting in AR phosphorylation inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to increased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) phosphorylation through JNK signaling in response to docetaxel, si-Vav3 enhanced docetaxel-induced apoptosis, as characterized by the accumulation of sub-G1 phase cells and DNA fragmentation, through Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad) dephosphorylation, resulting in increased caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Jeffrey, I. W. , Bushell, M. , Tilleray, V. J. , Morley, S. and Clemens, M. J. (2002) Inhibition of protein synthesis in apoptosis: differential requirements by the tumor necrosis factor alpha family and a DNA-damaging agent for caspases and the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Similar experiments with embryonic fibroblasts from control mice and animals defective for expression of the double-stranded RNA-regulated protein kinase (PKR) reveal requirements for both caspase activity and PKR for inhibition of protein synthesis in response to TNFα. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect has not yet been explained exhaustively. (jci.org)
  • Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit by small molecule inhibitor NU7026 sensitizes human leukemic K562 cells to benzene metabolite-induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was elevated prompting us to study the effect of LTD4 on survival and apoptosis. (lu.se)
  • AML cell line THP-1 was transfected with miR-149-5p mimic or inhibitor, and then cell apoptosis was determined using the APO Percentage assay kit. (medscimonit.com)
  • In this study, combinatorial activity of AKT inhibitor MK2206 and PD on cell proliferation, apoptosis and related signaling were disclosed. (edu.hk)
  • Exposure of leukemic cells to the commercial AMPK inhibitor compound C resulted in massive apoptosis only in cells with MLL gene rearrangements. (usuhs.edu)
  • GSK3ß inhibitor TDZD8 ameliorates brain damage through both ROS scavenging and inhibition of apoptosis in hyperglycaemic subarachnoid haemorrhage rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast to the effects of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, mPGES-1 inhibition had no effects on Akt kinase activity in OAC cells. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The apoptosis rate was 34.63 ± 2.57% (vs 19.69 ± 1.63%, P = 0.002) in JAK kinase inhibitor AG490 plus bufalin treatment group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand inhibit overall translation by a mechanism that requires caspase (but not necessarily caspase-3) activity. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Open up in another window Shape 3 Leucine deprivation induces apoptosis of human being breast tumor BAY 293 cell(A and B) MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells had been incubated in charge (+leu) or leucine-deficient (?leu) moderate for 48h, accompanied by dedication of cleaved caspases inside a and annexin-V assay in B. (C and D) Nude mice. (racetab.org)
  • Using 3D tumor organoids and orthotopic PDX models we showed that KSP-inhibition is a powerful treatment strategy against neuroblastoma. (lu.se)
  • One such example is triple PIM/PI3K/mTOR inhibition which, in combination with chemotherapy, is a promising anti-neuroblastoma treatment strategy ( Mohlin*, Hansson* et al, EMBO Mol Med, 2019 ). (lu.se)
  • Previous work has demonstrated that signalling through PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) can prevent TRAIL-induced apoptosis in different cancer cell types. (ncri.org.uk)
  • Activation of p38MAPK plays an important role in t BHP-induced apoptosis of iHTM cells. (molvis.org)
  • A complex cellular system like the human immune system only functions in a tightly regulated balance between activation and inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complement activation plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation and late apoptosis. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Further study on the mechanisms of p38MAPK in human TM cell apoptosis may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of POAG. (molvis.org)
  • As resistance to apoptosis is a foundation of neoplastic transformation and cancer development, we evaluated the apoptosis resistance characteristic of the exposed lung cells to understand the pathogenesis mechanism. (cdc.gov)
  • This study was aimed to reveal the role of miR-149-5p in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells apoptosis and the possible mechanism involved. (medscimonit.com)
  • Co-treatment of MK2206 with PD could abolish this feedback survival through decrease of EGFR, HER-2, and p-AKT, and profound inhibition of 4E-BP1, leading to an amplified anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity in NSCLC cells. (edu.hk)
  • Inhibition of PARP with INO-1001 reshifted the location of the apoptotic marker to the axons in the ipsilateral striatum. (utmb.edu)
  • Despite specificity for cancer cells, a percentage of tumour cells remain insensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. (ncri.org.uk)
  • CD95 ligand (CD95L)-induced apoptosis was synergistically enhanced by short-term/high concentration but not long-term/low concentration exposure to topotecan, suggesting that topotecan sensitizes human malignant glioma cells to CD95L-induced apoptosis via inhibition of RNA synthesis. (aspetjournals.org)
  • PARP inhibition markedly reduced infarct size and improved neurological status in both transient and permanent models of MCA occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats, with a therapeutic window of 6 h and 2 h in the transient and permanent ischemia models, respectively. (utmb.edu)
  • The underlying mechanism of cancer suppressive effects of maslinic acid was found to mediate via caspase-dependent apoptosis. (springeropen.com)
  • Conclusions: GE and SE inhibition of colon carcinogenesis with increased level of apoptosis and decrease level of dysplasia. (ui.ac.id)
  • Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play critical roles in apoptosis and contribute to the proliferation of cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Bufalin not only inhibited the growth of colon cancer SW620 cells, but also induced apoptosis of SW620 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of this enzyme reduces cancer risk and it is highly elevated in tumour tissue. (lu.se)
  • Taken together, these data suggest that FAS plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and its inhibition leads to NADPH accumulation-mediated apoptosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • abstract = "Inhibition of complement factor C5 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: inhibition of late apoptosis and inflammation.De Vries B, Matthijsen RA, Wolfs TG, Van Bijnen AA, Heeringa P, Buurman WA.Department of General Surgery, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.BACKGROUND: Complement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • Semithin (1.0-µm) sections resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)
  • We have tested simultaneous inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling by novel indolinone derivatives using 14 myeloid, including 11 human leukemic, cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that AR-42 targets HDAC5 and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Heterozygous mutations encoding abnormal forms of the death receptor Fas dominantly interfere with Fas-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. (duke.edu)
  • Analysis of purified magnetically labeled TNFR1 complexes from murine and human cells stably transduced with 14.7K revealed that prevention of TNFR1 internalization resulted in inhibition of DISC formation. (jci.org)
  • TNF-induced apoptosis was monitored by FITC-annexin V staining using FACS analysis. (jci.org)
  • Ding ZM, Wu B, Zhang WQ et al (2012) Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning on Global Brain Ischemia in Rats through the same effect on inhibition of apoptosis. (springer.com)
  • Mechanistically, we identified that the inhibition of ATR-CHK1 activates CDK2, which targets RRM2 for degradation via the proteasome. (figshare.com)
  • Inhibition of Hsp90β by the chemicals Geldanamycin (GA) and Novobiocin (NB) caused a dose-dependent decrease of the NO production induced by IL-1β in chondrocytes, up to basal levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition protect neurons and the white matter and regulates the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in stroke. (utmb.edu)
  • Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling by everolimus induces senescence in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and apoptosis in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. (edu.lb)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Fas preassociation required for apoptosis signaling and dominant inhibition by pathogenic mutations. (duke.edu)
  • We conclude that inhibition of mPGES-1 has potentially beneficial effects in OAC without the potentially detrimental effects on vascular endothelial prostacyclin synthesis. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Thus, PARP inhibition is neuroprotective and regulates the ischemic nuclear translocation of AIF in stroke. (utmb.edu)
  • The cleavage of eIF4GI, which specifically needs caspase-3 activity, is dispensable for the inhibition of translation in MCF-7 cells. (gla.ac.uk)
  • We are currently studying the exact prerequisites for this new mode of anergy and apoptosis in cells from normal donors and autoimmune patients. (biomedcentral.com)