• It is a cell-surface receptor that recognizes apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), their remnants-i.e. intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The receptor also recognizes apolipoprotein E (ApoE) which is found in chylomicron remnants and IDL. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E receptors mediate the effects of beta-amyloid on astrocyte cultures. (uchicago.edu)
  • Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors modulate A beta-induced glial neuroinflammatory responses. (uchicago.edu)
  • Engineering mouse apolipoprotein A-I into a monomeric, active protein useful for structural determination. (uchicago.edu)
  • Naturally occurring variant of mouse apolipoprotein A-I alters the lipid and HDL association properties of the protein. (uchicago.edu)
  • lthough the importance of human apolipoprotein E (apoE) in vascular diseases has clearly been established, most of the research on apoE has focused on its role in cholesterol metabolism. (xula.edu)
  • A portion of apolipoprotein E (apoE) internalized by hepatocytes is spared degradation and is recycled. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
  • The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is located on chromosome 19 and encodes a glycoprotein that is 299 amino acids long. (dovepress.com)
  • After several decades of study, AD is now considered as a complex disease that results from both genetic and environmental factors, such as age, gender, family history of AD, Down syndrome (DS), and the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • Amyloidosis depots contain not only the major fibrillar component but also minor nonfibrillar components such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), apolipoprotein E (apoE), and serum amyloid P (SAP) components [ 3 ]. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • Serum lipids profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ (apoA-Ⅰ), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and clinicopathologic data were analyzed. (researchsquare.com)
  • The goal of this application is to engage a multidisciplinary team of leading environmental, cardiovascular and proteomics researchers in the study of the pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways by which ambient pariculate matter (PM) enhance atherogenesis in apolipoprotein (apoE) and LDL receptor (LDL-R) deficient mice. (grantome.com)
  • The apolipoproteinE (APOE) gene provides instructions for the production of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein. (randox.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with central roles in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. (randox.com)
  • One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Proteins enriched in HDL from patients with ESRD (ESRD-HDL) included surfactant protein B (SP-B), apolipoprotein C-II, serum amyloid A (SAA), and α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor. (lww.com)
  • Scavenger receptors expressed on the surface of macrophages that may contribute to the uptake of modified lipoproteins include SR-A, CD36, SR-BI, PSOX, MARCO, and lectin-like OxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1). (jci.org)
  • LDL/IgG complexes can be internalized via Fc receptors, and lipoproteins bound by IgM or C-reactive protein (CRP) can in turn bind complement and undergo enhanced binding via complement receptors. (jci.org)
  • Influence of dietary lipids on hepatic mRNA levels of proteins regulating plasma lipoproteins in baboons with high and low levels of large high density lipoproteins. (uchicago.edu)
  • Lipoproteins produced by ApoE-/- astrocytes infected with adenovirus expressing human ApoE. (uchicago.edu)
  • Self-assembly of HEK cell-secreted ApoE particles resembles ApoE enrichment of lipoproteins as a ligand for the LDL receptor-related protein. (uchicago.edu)
  • The 22 kDa fragment has reduced affinity for lipoproteins, suggesting that apoE recycling is linked to the ability of apoE to bind directly to a recycling receptor. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
  • APOE serves as a ligand for members of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family and is involved in the removal of lipoproteins from the circulation for excretion in the liver. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE is a 299 amino acid plasma glycoprotein associated with LDL, VLDL, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (dovepress.com)
  • In the plasma, APOE will associate with most lipoproteins. (dovepress.com)
  • Ng lipoproteins are taken up by two functionally significant low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors: the prototypic LDL receptor (LDLR) along with the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • ApoE is an important constituent of all plasma lipoproteins. (caslab.com)
  • Lipoproteins are aggregates of proteins and lipids that facilitate the circulation of hydrophobic lipids in the body. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lipoprotein disorders can be described as abnormalities in the level of the lipids, which include cholesterol and triglycerides, or as abnormalities in the levels of lipoproteins that include LDL , HDL, VLDL and chylomicrons . (wikidoc.org)
  • This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Humans have a peripheral lipoprotein profile where low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent the dominant lipoprotein fraction and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a minor lipoprotein fraction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approaches to visualising endocytosis of LDL-related lipoproteins. (otago.ac.nz)
  • LCAT deficiency resulted in a 12-fold increase in the ratio of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins in LDLr-/- mice and a 3-fold increase in the apoE-/- mice compared with their counterparts with active LCAT. (eurekamag.com)
  • We conclude that LCAT deficiency in LDLr-/- and apoE-/- mice fed an atherogenic diet resulted in increased aortic cholesterol deposition, likely due to a reduction in plasma HDL, an increased saturation of cholesteryl esters in apoB lipoproteins and, in the apoE-/- background, an increased plasma concentration of apoB lipoproteins. (eurekamag.com)
  • The N-terminal type A repeats in LDL receptor bind the lipoproteins. (embl.de)
  • Lipoprotein metabolism is con-trolled by the activity of functional proteins (enzymes, cell surface receptors, receptor ligands) that deter-mine the rate at which lipoproteins enter and leave the system, and by the physicochemical properties of the lipoprotein themselves. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Surface proteins present on lipoproteins. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • The apoE protein binds with lipid forming lipoproteins which are responsible for the transportation of cholesterol and other lipids through the bloodstream 1 . (randox.com)
  • The key function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors. (randox.com)
  • In humans, the LDL receptor protein is encoded by the LDLR gene on chromosome 19. (wikipedia.org)
  • Individuals with disruptive mutations (defined as nonsense, splice site, or indel frameshift) in LDLR have an average LDL-cholesterol of 279 mg/dL, compared with 135 mg/dL for individuals with neither disruptive nor deleterious mutations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein belongs to the LDLR family and is made up of a number of functionally distinct domains, including 3 EGF-like domains, 7 LDL-R class A domains, and 6 LDL-R class B repeats. (wikipedia.org)
  • LDLR and LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) can mediate uptake of aggregated LDLs (including native or enzymatically modified LDLs), and secreted apoE can bind to such complexes and facilitate uptake, particularly via LRP1. (jci.org)
  • After being absorbed by the Caco-2 monolayer, GID-Alcalase increased the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in HepG2 cells by enhancing the protein level of the LDL receptor (LDLR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Finding out the position of a selected gene in atherosclerosis usually requires a time-consuming and sometimes tough means of producing double knockouts or transgenics on ApoE-/- or LDL receptor (LDLR)-/- background. (aabioetica.org)
  • Our partial carotid ligation mannequin is used to quickly develop atherosclerosis by inducing disturbed movement within the left frequent carotid artery inside 2 weeks in ApoE-/- or LDLR-/- mice. (aabioetica.org)
  • We induced high fat diet (HFD) obesity in low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out Leiden (Ldlr −/− .Leiden) mice, and studied the morphological structure of the testes and histologically examined the proportion of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes and spermatids in the seminiferous tubules. (nature.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency would accelerate atherosclerosis development in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLr-/-) and apoE (apoE-/-) knockout mice. (eurekamag.com)
  • After 16 weeks of atherogenic diet (0.1% cholesterol, 10% calories from palm oil) consumption, LDLr-/- LCAT-/- double knockout mice, compared with LDLr-/- mice, had similar plasma concentrations of free (FC), esterified (EC), and apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, increased plasma concentrations of phospholipid and triglyceride, decreased HDL cholesterol, and 2-fold more aortic FC (142 +/- 28 versus 61 +/- 20 mg/g protein) and EC (102 +/- 27 versus 61+/- 27 mg/g). (eurekamag.com)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, acting to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells. (embl.de)
  • To investigate the intracellular routing of recycling apoE, primary hepatocyte cultures from LDL receptor-deficient mice and mice deficient in receptor-associated protein [a model of depressed expression of LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)] were incubated with human VLDL containing 125 I-labeled human recombinant apoE3. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This receptor family includes seven family members that are closely related and include the LDL receptor, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, apoE receptor 2, multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 7 (MEGF7), glycoprotein 330 (gp330/megalin/LRP2), LRP1 and LRP1B. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • APOE is also involved in the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL and affects the activity of other lipid metabolism-associated proteins and enzymes, such as hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE is an integral component of chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL in the peripheral system ( Table 1 ). (dovepress.com)
  • Secondly, Fredrickson's classification of hyperlipoproteinemia s took into consideration the elevation in chylomicrons , LDL , VLDL but did not include abnormalities in HDL levels. (wikidoc.org)
  • 1. VLDL remnants are cleared from the circulation or incorporated into LDL. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Find methods information, sources, references or … Endogenous pathway of lipid transport: VLDL and LDL metabolism. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • As apoE2 binds defectively to LDL receptors, apoE2 homozygosity can precipitate type III hyperlipoproteinemia, however, only occurs when another condition, including: diabetes, oestrogen deficiency, hypothyroidism, or obesity, leads to the overproduction of VLDL or fewer LDL receptors, overwhelming the limited ability of apoE2 to mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich β-VLDL. (randox.com)
  • The lipoprotein-binding preference of apoE4 to large (30-80nm), triglyceride-rick VLDL, is associated with elevated levels of LDL. (randox.com)
  • The enrichment of VLDL with apoE4 accelerates their clearance from the plasma by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver and consequently, LDL receptors are downregulated, and LDL levels rise 3 . (randox.com)
  • EnzyChrom Cholesterol Assay Kit (ECCH-100) EnzyChrom Triglyceride Assay Kit (ETGA-200) and EnzyChrom HDL and LDL/VLDL Assay Kit were purchased from BioAssay Systems (Hayward CA USA). (tech-strategy.org)
  • Several studies also suggest that vitamin D receptor (VDR, the receptor to which vitamin D binds to in the body) deficiency, or inhibition, could be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • APOE binds to cell-surface receptors to deliver lipids and to the hydrophobic amyloid-β peptide, regulating amyloid-β aggregations and clearances in the brain. (dovepress.com)
  • It also binds with the LDL receptor (apo B/E). Defects in ApoE are a cause of hyperlipoproteinemia type III. (caslab.com)
  • The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (wikipedia.org)
  • The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to clathrin-coated pits and for triggering receptor-mediated endocytosis after binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following receptor-mediated endocytosis, ApoE is recycled for the plasma membrane, and cholesterol is used for cell membrane turnover and repair, myelin formation, synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release [146]. (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • The oxysterol 7-hydroxycholesterol (7-OHC) also derives from cholesterol oxidation within the brain, following its interaction with amyloid precursor protein (APP) plus a [28]. (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • Mutations in three genes coding for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ), presenilin 1 ( PS-1 ), and presenilin 2 ( PS-2 ) account for most cases of early onset, autosomal dominant familial AD (FAD), but only for 2% of all the AD cases. (bmj.com)
  • Reduction of total cholesterols (TC) and LDL-C by dietary alterations and medications that affect lipid metabolism [ 14 ] is found to reduce the occurrence of atherosclerosis in animals and clinical cardiovascular events in human [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • report that Apoe-/- mice deficient in either CD36 or SR-A did not have less atherosclerosis at the level of the aortic valve than did wild-type Apoe-/- mice. (jci.org)
  • Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
  • Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is crucial in the development of atherosclerosis, and low LDL levels reduce the risk of major events in patients with CVD [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • ApoE3 increases LDL levels in plasma and the risk of atherosclerosis. (randox.com)
  • MCP-1) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) antioxidant capcity CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) Mn-SOD NADPH p22phox subunits inducible nitric oxidesynthase (iNOS) endothelial marker eNOS and 81 atherosclerosis-related genes in ApoE-deficient mice. (tech-strategy.org)
  • It belongs to the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. (wikipedia.org)
  • relationship between vitamin D and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) has revealed that the two may work together to possibly clear amyloid-beta (Aβ), a deposition that is linked to the progression of neurological dysfunction. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Among Aβ scavenger receptors, low density lipoprotein receptor related protein ( LRP-1 ) has been most extensively studied. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Other homologous domains occur in related receptors, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, and in proteins which are functionally unrelated, such as the C9 component of complement. (embl.de)
  • The largest of the homologs, SorLA is 250 kDa and contains a host of receptor binding domains including 14 different low density lipoprotein receptor sites, and EGF repeat, and a fribronectin type III repeat. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Monocytes in the arterial wall differentiate into activated macrophages that are efficient scavengers of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 15] found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in serum was higher in ovarian cancer patients than in control subjects, but total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) showed no such association. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mutations in the gene encoding the LDL receptor are known to cause familial hypercholesterolaemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • LDL receptor-related protein 1: unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Mutations in the LDL receptor gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia. (embl.de)
  • Definitive diagnosis can be made only with gene or receptor analysis. (medscape.com)
  • The N-terminal domain of the LDL receptor, which is responsible for ligand binding, is composed of seven sequence repeats (~50% identical). (wikipedia.org)
  • The exact mechanism of interaction between the class A repeats and ligand (LDL) is unknown, but it is thought that the repeats act as "grabbers" to hold the LDL. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • Binding of ApoB requires repeats 2-7 while binding ApoE requires only repeat 5 (thought to be the ancestral repeat). (wikipedia.org)
  • ApoE-/- LCAT-/- mice fed the atherogenic diet, compared with apoE-/- mice, had higher concentrations of plasma FC, EC, apoB lipoprotein cholesterol, and phospholipid, and significantly more aortic FC (149 +/- 62 versus 109 +/- 33 mg/g) and EC (101 +/- 23 versus 69 +/- 20 mg/g) than did the apoE-/- mice. (eurekamag.com)
  • LDL receptor analysis can be used to identify the specific LDL receptor defect, and LDL receptor or apoB-100 studies can help distinguish heterozygous FH from the similar syndrome of familial defective apoB-100. (medscape.com)
  • of ApoE4 messes dynamic inside tissue cell so that ApoB turns to use Scavenger Receptors to try to start cascade which gets signal transducer (Specificity Protein 1) to up-regulate the cell membrane transporter protein ( ABCA1, ATP binding cassette transporter A1) that puts excess cholesterol out from that cell. (undoctored.com)
  • Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their identification of LDL-R and its relation to cholesterol metabolism and familial hypercholesterolemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of brain proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism showed export and clearance defects during endocrine aging and a decline in mobilization during post-menopausal chronological aging. (gremjournal.com)
  • It's a member of the LDL receptor family, which plays various different roles related to enzyme activation, the entry of bacterial toxins and viruses into cells, and the metabolism of a proteins that transport and combine with fats in the blood . (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. (dovepress.com)
  • Emerging study has shown that APOE and APOE isoform functions may extend beyond lipid metabolism to include maintenance of normal brain function. (dovepress.com)
  • ApoE belongs to a group of proteins that bind reversibly with lipoprotein and play an important role in lipid metabolism. (caslab.com)
  • It's interaction with specific ApoE receptor enables uptake of chylomicron remnants by liver cells, which is an essential step during normal lipid metabolism. (caslab.com)
  • Cholesterol-related disorders have been associated with sEH, which plays an important role in the metabolism of cholesterol precursors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cholesterol metabolism in the brain is independent of peripheral tissues due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that impairs the entrance of the protein-bound lipid into the central nervous system (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Cysteine-rich repeat in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that plays a central role in mammalian cholesterol metabolism. (embl.de)
  • Our study identifies ILRUN as a completely novel regulator of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that promotes hepatic lipoprotein … Two plasmalipoproteins, LDL and HDL, and one plasma lipid, triglyceride (TG), play an important role in this pathway. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • Clinical studies have found that chemerin is tightly associated with metabolic syndrome and related diseases through the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These receptors internalise apoE-containing lipoprotein particles and so apoE participates in the distribution or redistribution of lipids among various tissues and bodily cells. (randox.com)
  • Macrophage scavenger receptors, such as CD36 and class A scavenger receptor (SR-A), have previously been thought to play a central role in foam cell formation and atherogenesis by mediating the uptake of oxidized LDL. (jci.org)
  • There are 5 broad classes of mutation of the LDL receptor: Class 1 mutations affect the synthesis of the receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (wikipedia.org)
  • Class 2 mutations prevent proper transport to the Golgi body needed for modifications to the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the mutations in APOE, their structural properties, and their isoforms is important to determine its role in various diseases and to advance the development of therapeutic strategies. (dovepress.com)
  • Numerous familial hypercholestorolemia mutations of the LDL receptor alter the calcium coordinating residue of LDL-A domains or other crucial scaffolding residues. (embl.de)
  • Other dominant and recessive mutations in apoE that affect residues in or around the receptor binding region also causes type III hyperlipoproteinemia 3 . (randox.com)
  • Using data from the second phase (1991-1994) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we examined associations between 22 polymorphisms in 13 candidate genes and four serum lipids: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). (cdc.gov)
  • Variants within APOE (rs7412, rs429358), PON1 (rs854560), ITGB3 (rs5918), and NOS3 (rs2070744) were found to be associated with one or more blood lipids in at least one race/ethnic group in crude and adjusted analyses. (cdc.gov)
  • We report the significant associations of blood lipids with variants and haplotypes in APOE , ITGB3, NOS3 , and PON1 in the three main race/ethnic groups in the U.S. population using a large, nationally representative and population-based sample survey. (cdc.gov)
  • The fifth domain is the cytoplasmic tail that directs the receptor to clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • Several major APOE isoforms can be distinguished: E2, E3, and E4. (dovepress.com)
  • ApoE has three major isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) all of which have different effects on lipid and neuronal homeostasis (fig 1). (randox.com)
  • ABC transport proteins ABCA1 and ABCG1 and probably others, such as ABCA4, ABCA7, and SR-BI/II, can mediate the export of cholesterol, phospholipids, and/or oxidized phospholipids to apoAI, HDL, or other acceptors. (jci.org)
  • These receptors bind various cargo proteins via their luminal Vps10p domains and have been shown to mediate a variety of intracellular sorting and trafficking functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Statins reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and improve endothelial function via stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity, and mediate antioxidant effects that result in enhanced NO bioactivity. (radcliffecardiology.com)
  • Both apoE and pro-heparanase bind the LRP-1. (xula.edu)
  • LRP1 is a member of the LDL receptor family, which contains several structurally homologous receptors that are composed of modular structures. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Recent evidences reveal that post 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 treatment, LRP1 expression increases significantly for both in-vivo and in-vitro studies, since Vitamin D receptors (VDR) are broadly expressed in brain. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. (dovepress.com)
  • 3 In this review, we discuss the biological functions of human APOE and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular dementia (VD), and ischemic (occlusive) stroke (IS). (dovepress.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the toxicity and mechanisms of amyloid protein aggregation will be emphasized in this review. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • Alzheimer's possesses complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. (benthamscience.com)
  • Alzheimer's & Related Disorders Society of India. (benthamscience.com)
  • Geng, M. Alzheimer's disease hypothesis and related therapies. (benthamscience.com)
  • The efficacy of LDL-C-lowering therapies to reduce risk of all-cause dementia and AD is now important to address as recent studies demonstrate a role for LDL in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as in all-cause dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SorLA has been shown to be down regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains, interact with ApoE, and modulate Aβ production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The in vivo experiment showed that long-term intervention of Alcalase-SCH ameliorated hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-/- mice fed with a Western diet (WD). (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to explore the effects of chemerin on the functions of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and to investigate its role in lipid accumulation in ApoE-knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings imply a functional relationship between apoE and endothelial cell matrix because the deregulation of these molecules can be inhibited by a short peptide derived from the receptor-binding region of apoE. (xula.edu)
  • Considering the potential detrimental role of LDL in AD and the importance of HDL's beneficial effects on endothelial cells, high CETP activity may lead to compromised BBB integrity, increased CAA deposits and greater neuroinflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite that macrophages have low affinity for nonoxidized LDL, reducing LDL levels prevents oxidation, as recognized by European and American cardiac societies in their guidelines [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, mice exposed to smoke have increased levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in circulation and in the heart/aorta tissue, have increased macrophages in the arterial walls, and have decreased levels of adiponectin, an EC-protective protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different transporters and receptors present at the BBB have been described as playing roles in maintaining the integrity of the BBB and brain homeostasis. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Alignment of the amino acid sequence of aprotinin with the Kunitz domains of human proteins allowed the identification and design of a family of peptides, named Angiopeps. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Processed fish by-products are valuable sources of peptides due to their high protein content. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bitterness in peptides is mainly influenced by the source, preparation method, presence of hydrophobic amino acid groups, binding to bitter receptors, and amino acid sequence. (bvsalud.org)
  • After transepithelial transport, four novel peptides (TKY, LIL, FPK, and IAIM) were identified, and these peptides possessed dual hypocholesterolemic functions including inhibition of cholesterol absorption and promotion of peripheric LDL uptake. (bvsalud.org)
  • Generally, amyloid refers to misfolded peptides or proteins that demonstrate a stable, cross-beta super-secondary structure that renders it insoluble, fibrous-like, and resistant to proteolysis. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • The main pathological features of AD are characterised by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques caused by the progressive deposition of Aβ peptides in the brain, composed mainly of 39-43 peptides generated by proteolytic cleavage of the Aβ precursor protein (APP). (bmj.com)
  • It has been speculated that the domain may have ancestrally acted as a spacer to push the receptor beyond the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • In view of the observation that apoE and its functional domains impact extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, we hypothesized that apoE could also confer protection against ECM degradation by mechanisms independent of its role in cholesterol and lipoprotein transport. (xula.edu)
  • In contrast, similar studies by previous investigators found that deletion of these receptors decreased atherogenesis. (jci.org)
  • The reasons for the different results are not known, but these data suggest that the role of these receptors in atherogenesis remains unresolved. (jci.org)
  • Besides the importance of this process, oxidation of LDL is not the sole initiator of inflammation, as the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is also important for the process of atherogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Aim 3 will determine whether modified antioxidant defense mechanisms affect the induction of atherosclerotic lesions by CAPs in apoE deficient mice, which have been crossed with HO-1 transgenic as well as paraoxonase knockout animals. (grantome.com)
  • Therefore, a clearer understanding of how these toxic proteins accumulate in the brain of AD patients is significant for the development of more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • It additionally additional establishes NOX1 as a clinically related therapeutic goal in colorectal and small intestinal most cancers. (aabioetica.org)
  • Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies. (benthamscience.com)
  • The therapeutic potential of existing and emerging LDL-lowering therapies for VCID will be discussed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and 3) describing the functions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in regulating the LDL:HDL ratio in humans, including therapeutic strategies targeting CETP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the sEH phosphatase domain could represent an underexplored target for drug design and therapeutic strategies to improve symptoms related to neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well-established to cause cardiovascular disease and several LDL-C-lowering therapies are clinically available to manage this vascular risk factor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 , 2 Mortality remains above 20% per year in the United States with the use of dialysis, with more than one-half of the deaths related to cardiovascular disease. (lww.com)
  • This review will address the biology, actions, and regulation of three adipocyte hormones-leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and adiponectin-with an emphasis on the most recent literature. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Adiponectin production is stimulated by thiazolidinedione agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and may contribute to increased insulin sensitivity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Work in our laboratory has primarily focused on the biology and regulation of three key adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation-stimulating protein, and adiponectin. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Biological actions of Vitamin D are mediated via its nuclear hormone receptor VDR and is found to regulate many genes. (todayspractitioner.com)
  • Results showed that in vitro gastrointestinal digestion products of Alcalase-SCH (GID-Alcalase) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity of cholesterol absorption mainly through downregulating the expression of essential genes related to cholesterol transport in a Caco-2 monolayer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transcription of these transporters is regulated by PPARγ and liver X receptor (LXR), and they are also subject to posttranscriptional regulation by apoAI. (jci.org)
  • Most patients with homozygous FH do not survive adulthood beyond age 30 years unless treated with unusual methods, such as liver transplantation, LDL apheresis, or ileal bypass surgery to dramatically lower their LDLc levels. (medscape.com)
  • Targeting APOE may be a potential approach for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of various neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases in humans. (dovepress.com)
  • To date, at least 28 different proteins have been identified as amyloids in humans [ 3 , 5 - 7 ]. (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • The LDL:HDL ratio in humans is set mainly by CETP activity, which exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemerin is an adipocytokine involved in the recruitment of immune cells [ 11 ] and serves as a bridge between various immune cells from the initial stage of inflammatory diseases through the development process [ 12 ], and its receptor CMKLR1 (also named ChemR23 in humans) is a specific functional member of the G protein receptor family. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disruption of LDL-R can lead to higher LDL-cholesterol as well as increasing the risk of related diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). (hindawi.com)
  • Several well-known examples of human amyloid-related diseases and the official nomenclature and classification of their causative agents are shown in Table 1 (See link). (hyperthermicwellness.com)
  • Explore our series of high-quality proteins covering comprehensive diagnostic indicators in order to facilitate the in vitro diagnostic research of neurological diseases. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Pre-formed fibrils are an invaluable preclinical model for exploring pathogenesis of neurological diseases through aggregation of misfolded proteins. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • On the path to achieving this, we have developed SAIT, a novel therapy that stimulates the body to find and fight proteins that are central to the development and progression of these diseases. (affiris.com)
  • AFFiRiS is a clinical-stage biotechnology company located in Vienna, Austria, with a vision of using the immune system to identify and target human proteins central to the development and progression of chronic diseases, based on its proprietary patented AFFITOME® technology. (affiris.com)
  • We provide evidence that these receptors are substrates for presenilin dependent γ-secretase cleavage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Streptavidin is a tetrameric protein providing 4 high-affinity biotin binding sites. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Each repeat, referred to as a class A repeat or LDL-A, contains roughly 40 amino acids, including 6 cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds within the repeat. (wikipedia.org)
  • The amino acid changes could alter the protein charge and stability, inducing distinct physiological functions. (dovepress.com)
  • Using its AFFITOME technology, AFFiRiS develops amino acid sequences that mimic the epitopes of self-proteins, which are modified by mutating the original amino acid sequence. (affiris.com)
  • These amino acid sequences, termed AFFITOPEs®, are coupled to a carrier protein and are formulated with an adjuvant to further enhance the immune response. (affiris.com)
  • Here, we describe an association of the 3′-UTR +1073 C/T polymorphism of the OLR1 (oxidised LDL receptor 1) on chromosome 12 with AD in French sporadic (589 cases and 663 controls) and American familial (230 affected sibs and 143 unaffected sibs) populations. (bmj.com)
  • All identified γ-secretase substrates are type I transmembrane proteins [ 29 ] and contain a putative stop transfer sequence immediately following the transmembrane region [ 30 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The identification of genetic variants related to blood lipid levels within a large, population-based and nationally representative study might lead to a better understanding of the genetic contribution to serum lipid levels in the major race/ethnic groups in the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
  • Characterization of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor from plasma of baboons (Papio sp. (uchicago.edu)
  • EPCs were cultured and treated with chemerin together with the specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 203580 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compared with the control group and the inhibitor group, ApoE−/− mice treated with chemerin protein had more serious arterial stenosis, higher lipid contents in plaques and decreased collagen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ECM degrading enzyme, heparanase, is secreted by cells as pro-heparanase that is internalized through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) to become enzymatically active. (xula.edu)