• Paradoxically, carriers of this mutation have very low HDL-C (HDL-Cholesterol) levels, but no increase in the risk of heart disease, often living to age 100 or older. (wikipedia.org)
  • All of these protein changes lead to a reduction of functional apolipoprotein B. As a result, the transportation of dietary fats and cholesterol is decreased or absent. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 4 Investigators examined two biomarkers: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) in serum. (fda.gov)
  • KYNAMRO ® is an oligonucleotide inhibitor of apolipoprotein B-100 synthesis indicated as an adjunct to lipid-lowering medications and diet to reduce low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apo B), total cholesterol (TC), and non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) ( 1 ). (nih.gov)
  • Mutations in this gene or its regulatory region cause hypobetalipoproteinemia, normotriglyceridemic hypobetalipoproteinemia, and hypercholesterolemia due to ligand-defective apoB, diseases affecting plasma cholesterol and apoB levels. (genetex.com)
  • It has been found that levels of ApoB are a better indicator of heart disease risk than total cholesterol or LDL. (portea.com)
  • and the percentage change from baseline in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL-C ratio, ApoB/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) ratio, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, HDL-C and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). (prnewswire.com)
  • High triglycerides are associated with increased risk for CAD in patients with other risk factors, such as low HDL-cholesterol, some patient groups with elevated apolipoprotein B concentrations, and patients with forms of LDL that may be particularly atherogenic. (cdc.gov)
  • Apolipoprotein A (Apo A) is the primary portion of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) which plays an important role in transporting cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver, where it can be excreted. (meridianbioscience.com)
  • Diagnostic assays that measure the levels of Apo B-100 help determine the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and sometimes help monitor treatment for high cholesterol. (meridianbioscience.com)
  • ApoB is not equivalent to non-LDL-C, because the latter reflects the cholesterol content of all atherogenic lipoproteins rather than the total number of circulating atherogenic particles. (medscape.com)
  • ApoB plays a central role in carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver and gut to utilization and storage sites. (medscape.com)
  • Many doctors will recommend the same general measures to lower apoB as they do for lowering LDL-C. Thus, reducing the amount of saturated fats and cholesterol is often recommended together with increased consumption of vegetables, fiber and mono-and polyunsaturated (omega-3) fatty acids. (healthmatters.io)
  • ApoB levels can also be reduced by cholesterol lowering drugs (statins). (healthmatters.io)
  • The apolipoproteins have a primary responsibility for the transport of lipids and cholesterol. (medscape.com)
  • Urinary iodine, serum levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and apolipoprotein B (apoB), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined. (bvsalud.org)
  • Importance: Protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in apolipoprotein B (APOB) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) are associated with significantly lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. (northwestern.edu)
  • Objective: To evaluate the association of PTVs in APOB and PCSK9 with LDL cholesterol concentrations and CHD risk. (northwestern.edu)
  • mean [SD] age, 52 [17] years), 139 (0.7%) carried an APOB or PCSK9 PTV, which was associated with 49 mg/dL (95% CI, 43-56) lower estimated untreated LDL cholesterol level. (northwestern.edu)
  • Conclusions and Relevance: Among 209537 individuals in this study, 0.4% carried an APOB or PCSK9 PTV that was associated with less exposure to LDL cholesterol and a 49% lower risk of CHD. (northwestern.edu)
  • Another interesting cardiovascular benefit is resveratrol's effect on Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), a primary component of many lipoproteins such as LDL (the gbad cholesterol h) that are involved in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
  • Conclusions: Patients with metabolic syndrome displayed several changes in plasma apolipoprotein composition consistent with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Apolipoprotein AI is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in plasma. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is a significant reduction in non-high density lipoprotein CH but not apolipoprotein B-48/100 (apoB-48/100) in plasma from CD-treated mice after a 4 h fast. (nih.gov)
  • Circulating Lipoprotein Lipids, Apolipoproteins and Ischemic Stroke. (nih.gov)
  • Apolipoproteins, as the carrier proteins for lipids, are involved in the development of breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Apolipoproteins are lipid transport proteins, helping to move lipids (and fat-soluble vitamins) in the body. (meridianbioscience.com)
  • According to the median urinary iodine of the population in the investigated village, they were divided into appropriate iodine group (100-299 μg/L) and iodine excess group (≥300 μg/L) . Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the effects of iodine nutrition and other factors on oxidative stress indexes and blood lipids. (bvsalud.org)
  • During this transport process, lipids are bound to special hydrophilic apolipoproteins . (amboss.com)
  • The trial also demonstrated that pegozafermin had positive effects on atherogenic lipids, including improvements in levels of non-HDL-C and apolipoprotein B (ApoB), across the majority of patients. (89bio.com)
  • Usually less than 100 mg/dL is considered desirable in low or intermediate risk individuals. (healthmatters.io)
  • At 14 days after 15 mg CD/kg apoA-I and apoB-100 proteins but not CYP3A11 protein in hepatic microsomes are similar to controls. (nih.gov)
  • ApoB-100 is a member of a large lipid transfer protein superfamily and is one of the main apolipoproteins found on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, the dynamics of apoB-100 during particle size transitions was examined by comparing VLDL and LDL computational models and using experimental cross-linking data. (nih.gov)
  • Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a structural protein that constitutes a major component of the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (medscape.com)
  • as a result, the total serum apoB level corresponds to the total number of VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles. (medscape.com)
  • Apo B-100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor. (nih.gov)
  • LDL receptor analysis can be used to identify the specific LDL receptor defect, and LDL receptor or apoB-100 studies can help distinguish heterozygous FH from the similar syndrome of familial defective apoB-100. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the proposed model of receptor-ligand binding of apoB-100 provides new insights into some of its functions. (nih.gov)
  • Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) is caused by mutations in the genes coding for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). (edu.pl)
  • They are produced in the small intestine and the liver and each apolipoprotein have a specific function in lipid transport and metabolism. (meridianbioscience.com)
  • Hematological and biochemical laboratory parameters including apolipoprotein (Apo)A1 and ApoB, oxidative stress biomarker pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), homocysteine, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and lipid profile were evaluated. (ac.ir)
  • DISCUSSION: Higher level of some risk factors like PAB values, apoB/A1 ratio concentration, and lipid profiles is able to involve in the prognostic pathological consequences in patients with beta-thalassemia major. (ac.ir)
  • Previous studies suggested that apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) may result in lipid metabolism disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ApoA5 is an important apolipoprotein which involved in plasma lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluate the pilot phase cohort (n = 6,140 adults) of the Qatar Biobank (QBB) for FH using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria, followed by an in-depth characterization of all genetic alleles in known dominant ( LDLR , APOB , and PCSK9 ) and recessive ( LDLRAP1 , ABCG5 , ABCG8 , and LIPA ) FH-causing genes derived from whole-genome sequencing (WGS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • What does it mean if your Apoprotein B100 (ApoB 100) result is too high? (healthmatters.io)
  • Lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) contains the LDL apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B100), which is covalently linked via a disulfide bridge to an apolipoprotein (a) molecule (which is highly homologous to plasminogen). (medscape.com)
  • The ratio apoB-100/apoA-I (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prognostic Value of Serum Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Treated with Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • The INTERHEART study found that the apoB/apoA1 ratio is more effective at predicting heart attack risk, than either the apoB or apoA1 measure alone. (healthmatters.io)
  • There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of insulin in AG and EG groups ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-IR ( P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-B ( P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively), ApoB ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio ( P = 0.016 and P = 0.04, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • while there were significant differences in insulin ( P = 0.04), HOMA-IR ( P = 0.03), HOMA-B ( P = 0.01), ApoB ( P = 0.02), and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio ( P = 0.03) among the groups but ApoA1 had no significant change. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The balance between pro-atherogenic particles and antiatherogenic particles has been markedly reflected in the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio (Apo B/A1), and this ratio has been shown to be the strongest single lipoprotein-related cardiovascular risk factor. (smjonline.org)
  • Apolipophorin II/I, apolipoprotein B, vitellogenin, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein genes are derived from a common ancestor. (expasy.org)
  • High levels of ApoB can lead to plaques causing atherosclerosis & heart disease. (portea.com)
  • People who generally undergo the apolipoprotein b test are suspected to be at a high risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis and/or hyperlipidemia. (portea.com)
  • We developed the concept of immunomodulation of atherosclerosis using oxidized LDL and ApoB-100-related peptide antigens in a vaccination strategy against atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and hypertension. (theheartfoundation.org)
  • More importantly, human clinical research 12 has demonstrated that 100 mg/day of resveratrol significantly reduced arterial stiffness (a major indicator of atherosclerosis) compared to placebo, and also lowered systolic blood pressure by 5.5 points in patients with type 2 diabetes. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
  • For patients with no significant additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the authors suggest that keeping LDL below 85 mg/dL from birth throughout life would likely delay onset of atherosclerosis complications until age 100 years or more. (lifeextension.com)
  • Apolipoprotein B-100 XbaI gene polymorphism in gallbladder cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, several clinical trials have shown that apoB is a better marker for monitoring patients on statin therapy for residual risk than LDL-C. For example, a study by Johannesen et al indicated that in patients treated with statins, an association exists between high levels of apoB and non-HDL-C and greater residual risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
  • Several studies have shown that apoB may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease risk than LDL-C. Furthermore, it has been shown that apoB may be elevated despite normal or low concentrations of LDL-C. ApoB also appears to predict on-treatment risk, when LDL-C has been lowered by statin therapy. (healthmatters.io)
  • Apolipoprotein B-100 allows LDLs to attach to specific receptors on the surface of cells, particularly in the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It occurs in plasma as two main isoforms, apoB-48 and apoB-100: the former is synthesized exclusively in the gut and the latter in the liver. (genetex.com)
  • IHC-P analysis of human liver tissue using GTX15664 Apolipoprotein B antibody [F2C4]. (genetex.com)
  • Despite its clinical significance for the development of cardiovascular disease, there is limited information on apoB-100 structure. (nih.gov)
  • Apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels are used to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular disease. (medscape.com)
  • Incontestable data support the concept that apoB is a better tool to assess cardiovascular disease than LDL-C and non-HDL-C. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, apoB seems to be a very important parameter in assessing cardiovascular risk in the setting of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, since patients with these conditions tend to have small, dense LDL particles with relatively normal LDL-C but high apoB levels. (medscape.com)
  • ApoB is an important component of many of the most atherogenic lipoprotein particles. (healthmatters.io)
  • Each of these particles contains a single apoB molecule. (healthmatters.io)
  • Therefore, measurements of apoB represent the total burden of the main lipoprotein particles involved in the atherosclerotic process. (healthmatters.io)
  • Usually, 85-90 percent of apoB represent LDL particles. (healthmatters.io)
  • Retention of ApoB containing lipoprotein particles within the arterial wall is an essential part of the process. (healthmatters.io)
  • The intestinal and the hepatic forms of apoB are encoded by a single gene from a single, very long mRNA. (genetex.com)
  • Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) contents of hepatic lipoprotein-rich and microsomal fractions of CD-treated mice are higher than controls. (nih.gov)
  • Quite a lot of studies have determined the cardioprotective abilities of tocotrienols and have been shown to possess novel hypocholesterolemic effects together with an ability to reduce the atherogenic apolipoprotein and lipoprotein plasma levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apo B, specifically the form ApoB-100, is the main lipoprotein of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and which are the primary driver of plaques that cause vascular disease. (meridianbioscience.com)
  • More than 100 mutations in the APOB gene are known to cause familial hypercholesterolemia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The presence of two APOB gene mutations results in a more severe form of hypercholesterolemia that usually appears in childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More than 120 mutations in the APOB gene have been found to cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL), a disorder that impairs the body's ability to absorb and transport fat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most APOB gene mutations that cause FHBL lead to the production of apolipoprotein B that is abnormally short. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The severity of the condition largely depends on the length of the abnormal apolipoprotein B. Some mutations in the APOB gene lead to the production of a protein that is shorter than apolipoprotein B-100, but longer than apolipoprotein B-48. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other mutations result in a protein that is shorter than both apolipoprotein B-48 and apolipoprotein B-100. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our findings imply that major rearrangements of the LDLR gene as well as 2 point mutations (p.G592E in LDLR and p.R3527Q in APOB) are frequent causes of ADH in Poland. (edu.pl)
  • Validation of this score in European-Caucasian population has shown that 80% of the clinically diagnosed FH patients with no detectable mutations in LDLR, APOB ,and PCSK9 have a polygenic inheritance [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The intensity of the scattered light is proportional to the concentration of Apolipoprotein B in the sample. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, apoB reflects particle concentration, similar to LDL-P. Although measurements of apoB are not widely available, the assay has been standardized and does not require a fasting sample. (healthmatters.io)
  • We also evaluated the positions of cysteine residues involved in the eight known disulfide bonds in apoB-100, and each pair was measured within the expected 5.6 √Ö constraint. (nih.gov)
  • The primary endpoints were area under the effect curve (AUEC), which is a measure of the biomarker response over time, and maximum change from baseline of LDL-C and apoB in serum. (fda.gov)
  • Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the apolipoprotein composition of the three major lipoprotein classes in patients with metabolic syndrome to healthy controls. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Exposures: PTVs in APOB and PCSK9. (northwestern.edu)
  • Polygenic inheritance is the most likely cause of disease in patients with a clinical diagnosis of FH without detectable variants in the LDLR , APOB , and PCSK9 genes (variants in the novel genes were observed only in few cases) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was observed in a surveillance study of 1255 HIV-positive patients, in which mortality declined from 21.9 per 100 person-years in 1994 to 3.7 per 100 person-years by mid-1997.2 Combination therapy was associated with the greatest reductions in morbidity and mortality. (natap.org)
  • 001). Our findings indicate that serum FAS content is a marker for disease severity in patients with PAD, independent of concomitant T2D and smoking, and may play a key role in FAS and ApoB peripheral plaque progression. (nature.com)
  • In total, 100 sequence variations were identified in 234 (62%) patients. (edu.pl)
  • This study was conducted to determine the effects of R. ribes supplementation on glycemic indices and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consumption of R. ribes intake could have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and apolipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutational analysis included all exons, exon-intron boundaries and the promoter sequence of the LDLR, and a fragment of exon 26 of APOB. (edu.pl)
  • In these cases, no normal-length apolipoprotein B protein is produced. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The shorter apoB-48 protein is produced after RNA editing of the apoB-100 transcript at residue 2180 (CAA->UAA), resulting in the creation of a stop codon, and early translation termination. (genetex.com)
  • Low apoB levels may indicate Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome ( abetalipoproteinemia ), a very rare genetic condition characterized by apolipoprotein B deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Apolipoprotein B Is A Component Of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). (uniqpathlab.in)
  • In human clinical research 14 on overweight or obese individuals with mild hypertriglyceridemia, 1000 mg/day of resveratrol for one week followed by 2000 mg/day for two weeks reduced ApoB production rate by an impressive 22 percent. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
  • Finally, multiple domains were combined by applying constraints based on detected long-range DSSO cross-links to generate five subunits, which were subsequently merged to achieve an uninterrupted architecture for apoB-100 around a lipoprotein particle. (nih.gov)
  • Apolipoprotein AI (Apo-AI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a nonexchangeable lipoprotein that exists in two forms in humans, apoB-100 and apoB-48. (medscape.com)
  • Elevated Levels of Apolipoprotein B Are Associated With Increased Risk Of Heart Disease. (uniqpathlab.in)
  • The reference range of apoB levels in adults is less than 130 mg/dL (1.3 g/L). (medscape.com)
  • ApoB levels are higher in males than in females and tend to increase with age. (medscape.com)
  • ApoB levels may be increased during pregnancy or coffee consumption, as well as during the fall and winter seasons. (medscape.com)
  • At the baseline and at the end of the study, blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostatic model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), as well as apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current consensus generally suggests LDL blood levels should be below 100 mg/dL in healthy individuals and below 70 mg/dL in people at high coronary risk. (lifeextension.com)
  • Evolution of intestinal apolipoprotein B mRNA editing. (wustl.edu)
  • Apolipoprotein B is the main protein component of LDL and accounts for approximately 95% of the total protein content of LDL. (cdc.gov)
  • In an immunochemical reaction, Apolipoprotein B in the human serum sample form immune complexes with specific antibodies. (cdc.gov)