• Enterotoxins are frequently cytotoxic and kill cells by altering the apical membrane permeability of the mucosal (epithelial) cells of the intestinal wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The action of enterotoxins leads to increased chloride ion permeability of the apical membrane of intestinal mucosal cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Slightly modified, fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF mod , 8 mL) was used as the apical medium of the D/P system. (simulations-plus.com)
  • Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) maintain the intestinal barrier while regulating the permeability of ions, nutrients, and water. (researchsquare.com)
  • By inhibiting NHE3 on the apical surface of the enterocytes, IBSRELA reduces absorption of sodium from the small intestine and colon, resulting in an increase in water secretion into the intestinal lumen, which accelerates intestinal transit time and results in a softer stool consistency. (knighttx.com)
  • IBSRELA has also been shown to reduce abdominal pain by decreasing visceral hypersensitivity and by decreasing intestinal permeability in animal models. (knighttx.com)
  • Genetic deletion of Dnmt3a in intestinal epithelial cells ( Dnmt3a ΔIEC ) in mice confirms the phenotype of an altered epithelial ultrastructure with shortened apical-junctional complexes, reduced Goblet cell numbers and increased intestinal permeability in the colon in vivo. (nature.com)
  • By reducing dietary sodium absorption, IBSRELA retains luminal water content, which accelerates intestinal transit time and results in a softer stool consistency. (ibsrela-hcp.com)
  • By decreasing intestinal permeability, IBSRELA reduces abdominal pain. (ibsrela-hcp.com)
  • In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
  • Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water-specific channel located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells in several sites in mammals, including corneal and pancreatic epithelium, secretory cells in salivary and lacrimal glands, and airway submucosal glands, bronchial epithelium and type I pneumocytes of the respiratory tract. (plos.org)
  • Airway epithelial cells can dynamically regulate paracellular permeability in response to both physiologic and pathologic stimuli [6] , [11] . (plos.org)
  • AQP5 can regulate paracellular permeability in primary airway epithelial cells [6] . (plos.org)
  • In airway epithelial cells, altered AQP5 abundance is associated with changes in actin organization and in desmoplakin localization, which could contribute to the changes in paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
  • The TJ is a multi-protein complex that forms a selectively permeable seal between adjacent epithelial cells and demarcates the boundary between apical and basolateral membrane domains [9]. (researchsquare.com)
  • This study provides a detailed ultrastructural comparison of epithelial cells in the anterior chamber and the papillate region with focus on cuticle ultrastructure, apical and basal plasma membrane labyrinths, and cell junctions. (pensoft.net)
  • However, this does not account for the dynamic control of AQPs that may be necessary to rapidly alter membrane water permeability in response to environmental or cellular signals. (idplink.net)
  • In addition, translocation can regulate the number of AQP molecules present in the prospective membrane, altering membrane water permeability by changing the number of pores present. (idplink.net)
  • In addition, it separates and regulates access between the apical and basolateral membrane domains of polarized epithelia. (plos.org)
  • Forskolin stimulation triggered chimeric AQP2 to translocate from acidic organelles to apical plasma membrane. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Calcium is a structural component of the cell wall and is involved in the permeability of the plasma membrane. (creaunhuerto.com)
  • The apical plasma membrane in both hindgut regions forms an apical plasma membrane labyrinth of cytoplasmic strands and extracellular spaces. (pensoft.net)
  • This triggered an increase in paracellular permeability via cellular redistribution of claudin 3 (CLDN3) from TJs into cell nuclei followed by disruption of epithelial integrity and formation of epithelial lesions. (springer.com)
  • In addition to regulating transcellular water permeability, AQP5 can regulate paracellular permeability, though the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been determined. (plos.org)
  • Microtubules also regulate paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
  • Specifically, reduced levels of AQP5 correlated with lower levels of assembled microtubules and decreased paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
  • Regulation of paracellular permeability has two main functions. (plos.org)
  • Dynamic changes in airway epithelial paracellular permeability allow for receptor-ligand access across the airway epithelium, and thereby regulate cell signaling [11] . (plos.org)
  • [6] . Others have shown a similar change in paracellular permeability regulated by AQP5 in salivary glands, however in that system it was associated with alterations in claudin-7, claudin-3, and occludin [5] . (plos.org)
  • However, trafficking of fluorescent tagged AQP2, which resembles the vectorial translocation of native AQP2 from cytoplasm to apical membrane has not been demonstrated at real time. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Results: Chimeric AQP2 expressed in mpkCCD cell conferred osmotic water permeability to the cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • By serendipity, the rate of apical accumulation was found to increase when mEos2 was tagged to the carboxyl-terminus in at least one of the AQP2 molecules within the tetramer. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Conclusion: Functional photoconvertible chimeric AQP2 was successfully expressed in mpkCCD cells, in which forskolin induced apical trafficking and accumulation of chimeric AQP2. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In the kidney aquaporin-2 (AQP2) provides a target for hormonal regulation of water transport by vasopressin. (uniba.it)
  • Shortterm control of water permeability occurs via vesicular trafficking of AQP2 and long-term control through changes in the abundance of AQP2 and AQP3 water channels. (uniba.it)
  • AQP2 is redistributed to the apical membrane of collecting duct cells through activation of a cAMP signaling cascade initiated by the binding of vasopressin to its V2-receptor. (uniba.it)
  • The best-characterised example of this type of rules is definitely that of human being AQP2 in the kidney: AQP2 large quantity in the apical membrane is dependent on vasopressin-activated phosphorylation of a carboxy-terminal serine residue (Ser 256) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) [7]. (idplink.net)
  • Secretion of ions from villi lining the gut alter normal osmotic pressures and prevent uptake of water, eventually causing diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Apical mannitol addition slows DTPA clearance by creating a transepithelial osmotic gradient determining direction of water absorption, and is used as a "zero convection case" which allows us to determine whether there are basic permeability differences between CF and non-CF epithelia. (confex.com)
  • AQPs passively transport water in response to osmotic gradients, while excluding the movement of ions and protons [1] and thus are important for cell volume rules [2]. (idplink.net)
  • Increased chloride permeability leads to leakage into the lumen followed by sodium and water movement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Establishing and maintaining the air-liquid interface needs balanced ion and water transport as well as an appropriate paracellular barrier that ensures diffusion of solvent and solute between airway surface and interstitium while preventing uncontrolled leakage. (springer.com)
  • this study assessed through apical dye leakage, the influence of irradiation with two types of laser, regarding to the quality of apical sealing of endodontic fillings. (bvsalud.org)
  • The linear values of apical marginal leakage were obtained with the aid of an optical microscope connected to a computer using the Image Lab® software. (bvsalud.org)
  • IBSRELA (tenapanor) is a locally acting inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3), an antiporter expressed on the apical surface of the small intestine and colon primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary sodium. (knighttx.com)
  • The apparent permeability coefficient across the MDCK II cell monolayer was estimated in a buffer solution (pH 6.5). (simulations-plus.com)
  • The octanol/water distribution coefficient (Log D) was measured at pH 6.5 by a flask shaking method. (simulations-plus.com)
  • LDTD-MS/MS validation with UPLC-MS/MS 11 commercial compounds with a wide range of chemical properties and molecular weights were incubated for permeability study and the permeability coefficient for each compound was obtained following the analysis in UPLC-MS/MS and in LDTD-MS/MS (Table 1). (pdfhall.com)
  • Conclusions The LDTD-MS/MS allows determining accurate and reproducible permeability coefficient as confirmed by a cross-validation against an UPLC-MS/MS system performed on 11 commercial compounds. (pdfhall.com)
  • The incubation was "stopped" by protein precipitation adding one part of acetonitrile for one part of Basal or Apical solution followed by a centrifugation at 3000 rpm. (pdfhall.com)
  • The morphology of apical and basal plasma membranes and localisation of Na + /K + -ATPase are compared with other arthropod-transporting epithelia according to different functions of the anterior chamber and the papillate region. (pensoft.net)
  • In summary, we demonstrate a role of motile cilia in TGF-β1 sensing and showed that TGF-β1 disturbs TJ permeability of conductive airway epithelia by redistributing CLDN3 from TJs into cell nuclei. (springer.com)
  • Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules, causing increased excretion of sodium and water, as well as of potassium and hydrogen ions. (medscape.com)
  • Chemical changes produced inside cells, for example by respiration, create different electrical charges in different compartments (inside and outside of capillaries, for example) which affect the movements of water and ions, by simple physical processes, not by molecular pumps. (raypeat.com)
  • Diabetic microvasular complications, which are considered as an important group of hyperglycemia imperfections, caused by increased endothelial permeability and can progress to severe impairments in several organs. (scialert.net)
  • Specific hallmarks of the disease include dysregulation of inflammation, accumulation of leukocytes and platelets with the activation of coagulation pathways, and disruption of the endothelial and epithelial barriers in the alveoli increasing their permeability to proteins ( 4 ). (amegroups.org)
  • We suggest that collectively these pathways regulate cellular water circulation. (idplink.net)
  • ADH binds V2 receptors on renal principal cells in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts, raising cAMP levels and causing intracellular vesicles to fuse with the apical membrane. (passmed.uk)
  • In their membrane these vesicles have water channels called aquaporins, which increase the water permeability allowing greater water reabsorption and concentration of urine. (passmed.uk)
  • Magadi tilapia gill pavement cells exhibited a trafficking of dense-cored vesicles between the well-developed Golgi cisternae and the apical membrane. (mcmaster.ca)
  • While regulation of local water flux could contribute to these processes, the specific mechanisms by which these processes are mediated are not defined. (plos.org)
  • In vitro, apical mannitol addition is shown to reduce DTPA clearance and liquid absorption in CF and non-CF HBEs, while hyposmotic Ringers addition increases DTPA clearance and liquid absorption. (confex.com)
  • The apical surface of the membrane was cultured with ARPE-19 cells and the underside was decorated with poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) degradable nanoparticles by electrospraying. (frontiersin.org)
  • The permeability coefficients were calculated using the following equation : Pt = CBasal x VBasal / S x Ct=o x t Where S = Surface, t the incubation time. (pdfhall.com)
  • The apical surface of reconstructed human epidermis was exposed to triclosan (0.05-0.2%) once for 6, 24, or 48h or daily for 5 consecutive days. (cdc.gov)
  • The computed urea permeability of A. grahami gill is 4.74×10−5±0.38×10−5 cm s−1 (mean ± S.E.M., N=11), some 10 times higher than passive permeability through a lipid bilayer and some five times higher than that of even the most urea-permeable teleosts studied to date (e.g. the gulf toadfish). (mcmaster.ca)
  • Hypercalcemic nephropathy is commonly characterized by relative vasopressin resistance with decreased renal concentrating ability and increased free water diuresis (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), manifesting as polyuria and polydipsia. (medscape.com)
  • Experiments used apical mannitol addition to modulate ASL absorption rate. (confex.com)
  • A hyposmotic case was also tested using apical addition of diluted (150 mOsm) Ringers solution, thereby creating an environment favoring liquid absorption. (confex.com)
  • The action of different types of lasers results in changes representing the increase in permeability of dentinal tissue (Er: YAG) or sometimes by a decrease in melting and recrystallization of dentin (Nd: YAG). (bvsalud.org)
  • They are heat labile (>60⁰), of low molecular weight and water-soluble. (wikipedia.org)
  • showed that the effect of H2O2 on corn seed germination was significantly greater than for seed treated with aerated water but no H2O2. (researchgate.net)
  • Germination of selected vegetable seeds including corn (Zea mays L.), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was studied in water with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution ranging from 0, 0. (researchgate.net)
  • This prospective observational study evaluated adult patients undergoing water-seal chest drainage, admitted to our hospital and accompanied by residents and tutors, aiming to check their care. (bvsalud.org)
  • Following the incubation period, the Apical solution sample was diluted 1/20 with a HBSS solution at pH 7.4 containing 5 % of BSA. (pdfhall.com)
  • The UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed on the supernatant while a dilution (50/150) with a solution of methanol/water (75/25) containing clomiphene (internal standard) at 50ng/mL was performed for the LDTDMS/MS analysis. (pdfhall.com)
  • Exposure to triclosan increased epidermal permeability and altered the expression of genes involved in formation of the skin barrier. (cdc.gov)
  • For an adequate apical sealing, in addition to other factors, the presence of smear layer and the type of the endodontic cement to be used must be considered. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review describes how water-immersion stress ulcer model, Helicobacter pylori ulcer model, and acetic acid ulcer models were established in experimental animals. (go.jp)
  • When cRNA transcribed from mtUT cDNA was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, phloretin-inhibitable urea uptake was enhanced 3.4-fold relative to water-injected controls. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Intro The flux of water across biological Chlorpheniramine maleate membranes is definitely facilitated by transmembrane protein channels called aquaporins (AQPs). (idplink.net)
  • Each test drug was applied to the apical side of the D/P system as a suspension at one-hundredth of the clinical dose. (simulations-plus.com)
  • Galen recommended bathing in alkaline mineral waters, which might have contained lithium, for the treatment of mania as early as 200 AD. (medscape.com)
  • It was concluded that the laser does not have influence on the apical sealing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Telomerase is a GAP power then reviewed of a coupled extravasation reduction mediating a hexosamine NER Purification( change water mosaic, TERT)( Lingner et al. (erik-mill.de)
  • Root dentine treatment with various solutions may change the structural and chemical composition of the dentine, which may cause alteration in the dentine solubility and permeability [ 4 ]. (jrmds.in)
  • The apical sealing of the canal system is crucial for endodontic therapy success. (bvsalud.org)
  • The distribution of arsenic, molybdenum and tungsten in natural waters in basaltic terrain, N-Iceland. (cdc.gov)