• We found that the FERM domain in the tail region, which is known to bind to lipids as well as other proteins, is essential for both nuclear and chloroplast positioning, whereas the proximal MyTH4 domain plays a supporting role in chloroplast transport. (go.jp)
  • Cytosolic proteins that are associated with the plasma membranes are often localized based on their interaction with membrane lipids such as the phosphoinositides. (mechanobio.info)
  • Numerous intracellular signalling proteins interact with plasma membrane lipids of the cytoplasmic leaflet via specific lipid headgroup-binding domains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • GABA B receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and through coupling to different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms they mediate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Bettler et al. (springer.com)
  • Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • Reelin receptors and intracellular adaptor protein Dab1 were found to be necessary for formation of the aggregates. (jneurosci.org)
  • Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
  • In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. (lookformedical.com)
  • In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The establishment of this polarity initiates the polarized distribution of a group of proteins present in the zygote called the PARD proteins (partitioning defective), which are a conserved group of proteins that function in establishing cell polarity during development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
  • LKB1, also known as STK11 , is a master kinase that serves as an energy metabolic sensor and is involved in cell polarity regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, little work has been done on the roles of LKB1 in cell polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we tried to prove that loss of LKB1 disrupts breast epithelial cell polarity and causes tumor metastasis and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The roles of LKB1 in cell polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer were determined by using immunofluorescence, western blot assay, and cell migration and invasive assays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, the non-transformed human breast cell line MCF-10A was cultured in three dimensions to further reveal the role of LKB1 in breast epithelial cell polarity maintenance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, it was found for the first time that endogenous LKB1 knockdown resulted in abnormal cell polarity in acini formed by non-transformed breast epithelial cells grown in 3D culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knockdown of endogenous LKB1 gave rise to dysregulation of cell polarity and invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LKB1 also plays crucial roles in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Par4, a homologue of human LKB1, has been found to control Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic polarity by regulating activities of anillin family scaffold proteins [ 8 ],[ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dlkb1, another homologue of LKB1 in Drosophila melanogaster , is required for early anterior-posterior polarity and apical-basal polarity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, LKB1 helps establish and maintain cell polarity in mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we reconstructed Par-dependent polarity using non-polarized Drosophila S2 cells expressing all three components endogenously in the cytoplasm. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, this reconstruction system provides an experimental paradigm to study features of the assembly process and structure of Par-dependent cell-autonomous polarity. (elifesciences.org)
  • We used Drosophila Schneider cells (S2 cells) of mesodermal origin, as host cells for cell-autonomous reconstruction of cell polarity ( Schneider, 1972 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins PAR-3, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and PAR-6 critically regulate the apical membrane development required for epithelial organ development. (silverchair.com)
  • Adherens junctions (AJs) are thought to be key landmarks for establishing epithelial cell polarity, but the origin of epithelial polarity in Drosophila remains unclear. (rupress.org)
  • In particular, epithelial cell polarity is critical for the development, remodeling, and maintenance of epithelial structure. (rupress.org)
  • Indeed, loss of epithelial cell polarity is associated with tumor development and metastasis. (rupress.org)
  • AJs localize to the boundary between the apical and basolateral domains, and are thought to be critical landmarks for establishing epithelial polarity ( Nelson, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
  • Polarity is essential for generating cell diversity. (biologists.com)
  • The one-cell C. elegans embryo serves as a model for studying the establishment and maintenance of polarity. (biologists.com)
  • In addition to the PAR proteins, other proteins are required for polarity in many metazoans. (biologists.com)
  • In Drosophila and mammals, Lgl contributes to the maintenance of cell polarity and plays a role in asymmetric cell division. (biologists.com)
  • Polarity is critical for axis specification and for generating cell diversity during development. (biologists.com)
  • In metazoans, cell polarity is mediated in part by a conserved set of regulatory proteins, known collectively as the PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. (biologists.com)
  • The tumor suppressor gene LKB1, also known as serine/threonine protein kinase 11 (STK11 ), encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that has multiple cellular functions, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and promotion of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the early embryo, a myosin II-dependent contraction of the cortical meshwork asymmetrically distributes the highly conserved PDZ proteins PAR-3 and PAR-6, as well as an atypical protein kinase C (PKC-3), to the anterior. (biologists.com)
  • The PAR proteins include the PDZ domain-containing PAR-3 and PAR-6, the atypical protein kinase PKC-3, the serine/threonine kinase PAR-1 and, in nematodes, the putative ubiquitin E3 ligase PAR-2. (biologists.com)
  • The cytosolic ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase is recruited to the T cell plasma membrane via binding to the tyrosine phosphorylated TCR-complex [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Cancer-Induced Anorexia. (anonymityblaize.com)
  • We show for the first time that D. suzukii plasmatocytes cast extracellular traps to combat P. entomophila, along with other cell-mediated reactions, such as phagocytosis and the formation of filopodia. (bvsalud.org)
  • gem homozygous receptor mutant HCs display normal cell viability, afferent synaptogenesis, and peripheral innervation, yet exhibit strongly reduced extracellular potentials (∼50% of wild-type potentials). (jneurosci.org)
  • Nasal mucosal inflammation induces remodeling processes within the mucosa characterized by changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition, macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration, and histological structure. (molcells.org)
  • At the core of AJs, cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion through Ca 2+ -dependent homophilic interactions between their extracellular domains. (rupress.org)
  • 1 - 3 For example, in vivo light/dark transitions trigger RPE physiological changes that homeostatically maintain the chemical composition and volume of the extracellular spaces separating the apical membrane/photoreceptor and basolateral/Bruch membrane interfaces. (arvojournals.org)
  • Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • The cell biology of these events has been most studied in three animal models: the mouse, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Drosophila melanogaster, asymmetric cell division plays an important role in neural development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we summarize the major nanoscopic techniques and illustrate how these approaches were used in Drosophila model systems to revisit a series of well-known cell biological phenomena. (bvsalud.org)
  • sec5 mutations have been identified and characterized in Drosophila in order to delineate the role of the protein in neurons and particularly at synapses. (sdbonline.org)
  • We found apical accumulation of both Drosophila E-Cadherin (DE-Cad) and the apical cue Bazooka (Baz) as cells first form. (rupress.org)
  • One example is the conserved Drosophila tumor-suppressor protein Lethal giant larvae (Lgl). (biologists.com)
  • Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos. (nature.com)
  • Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. (nature.com)
  • Membrane events during milk fat secretion. (rupress.org)
  • Membrane events during milk fat secretion were analyzed by freeze-fracture of the rat mammary gland. (rupress.org)
  • Two modes of milk fat secretion were observed: extrusion of fat droplets surrounded by a portion of the apical plasma membrane of the alveolar epithelial cells and, less frequently, release into the alveolar lumen of fat droplets contained in intracytoplasmic vacuoles. (rupress.org)
  • Ca 2+ imaging and electrophysiological studies have indicated that the bulk of Ca 2+ influx in HCs occurs in hotspots located in discrete regions of the basolateral membrane. (jneurosci.org)
  • For example, in epithelial cells, which are polarized, protein composition at the apical membrane is very different from that at the basolateral membrane. (mechanobio.info)
  • The dynamics of morphogenesis in stem cell-based embryology: Novel insights for symmetry breaking. (caltech.edu)
  • Breast tumors can be divided into subtypes using two parameters: (I) At the molecular level based on the protein expression of three receptors: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we analysed the distribution of GABA B receptors using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. (springer.com)
  • To understand the spatial relationship of GABA B receptors with two key effector ion channels, the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channel and the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches were performed. (springer.com)
  • Stimulation of postsynaptic GABA B receptors generally triggers inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channels, leading to cell hyperpolarisation (Kaupmann et al. (springer.com)
  • In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that Purkinje cells (PCs), the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the neuron type with the highest levels of GABA B receptors (Bowery et al. (springer.com)
  • Numerous secreted and cell surface proteins relevant to airway inflammation and remodeling are initially synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, including growth/differentiation factors and their associated receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. (molcells.org)
  • Cell membranes are highly enriched in signaling receptors, transmembrane mechanosensors, pumps and channels, and, depending on their makeup, can recruit and retain a pool of mechanosensors important in the field of mechanobiology. (mechanobio.info)
  • For example, many membrane bound proteins carry signal peptides that are recognized by signal receptors that guide them to the target site. (mechanobio.info)
  • Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Analyses of cultured cells with altered levels of this putative Ca 2+ -permeable mechanosensitive channel indicate that OsMCA1 is involved in regulation of plasma membrane Ca 2+ influx and ROS generation induced by hypo-osmotic stress in cultured rice cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A single cell characterisation of human embryogenesis identifies pluripotency transitions and putative anterior hypoblast centre. (caltech.edu)
  • The neuroblast repeatedly undergoes this asymmetric cell division while the GMC continues on to produce a pair of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exocyst, like SNARE complexes, may be needed for all fusions at the plasma membrane both in developing and mature neurons, or it may be required only for particular forms of traffic (Murthy, 2003 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
  • This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
  • To address these issues, we expressed Reelin ectopically in the developing mouse cortex, and the results showed that Reelin caused the leading processes of migrating neurons to assemble in the Reelin-rich region, which in turn induced their cell bodies to form cellular aggregates around Reelin. (jneurosci.org)
  • Interestingly, the ectopic Reelin-rich region became cell-body-sparse and dendrite-rich, resembling the MZ, and the late-born neurons migrated past their predecessors toward the central Reelin-rich region within the aggregates, resulting in a birthdate-dependent "inside-out" alignment even ectopically. (jneurosci.org)
  • The above findings indicate that Reelin signaling is capable of inducing the formation of the dendrite-rich, cell-body-sparse MZ and a birthdate-dependent "inside-out" alignment of neurons independently of other factors/structures near the MZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • The results showed that ectopic Reelin caused the leading processes of migrating neurons to assemble in the Reelin-rich region, which in turn induced their cell bodies to form aggregates, and the late-born neurons migrated past their predecessors, resulting in a birthdate-dependent "inside-out" alignment within the aggregates. (jneurosci.org)
  • A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. (lookformedical.com)
  • 5 , 6 In concordance with the role of nodal cilia in L-R asymmetry, mutations in the motor proteins Kif3A and Kif3B, and the transcription factor Foxj1 in the mouse have demonstrated that ciliary motility is important for L-R asymmetry. (bmj.com)
  • The early dorsal signal in vertebrate embryos requires endolysosomal membrane trafficking. (xenbase.org)
  • A promoter-reporter assay suggested that OsMCA1 mRNA is widely expressed in seed embryos, proximal and apical regions of shoots, and mesophyll cells of leaves and roots in rice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rossant, J. & Vijh, K. M. Ability of outside cells from preimplantation mouse embryos to form inner cell mass derivatives. (nature.com)
  • Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension. (caltech.edu)
  • Machine learning-assisted high-content analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived embryos in vitro. (caltech.edu)
  • Early T cell signalling reactions are embedded in the complex and dynamic lipid bilayer matrix of the T cell plasma membrane and are critically defined by their lateral compartmentalisation in plasma membrane domains [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Directed membrane traffic is essential for many developmental processes, including cell growth, cytokinesis and signaling between cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • The exocyst complex marks these areas of membrane addition, localizing to the bud tip of a growing daughter cell and the bud neck at the time of cytokinesis. (sdbonline.org)
  • Numb is a suppressor of Notch, therefore the asymmetric segregation of Numb to the basal cortex biases the response of the daughter cells to Notch signaling, resulting in two distinct cell fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Miranda is an anchoring protein that binds to Prospero and keeps it in the basal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basal tumors are characterized by high expression of keratins 5 and 17, laminin, and fatty acid binding protein 7. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vitro analysis revealed that loss of LKB1 expression enhanced migration, invasion and the acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, while LKB1 overexpression in MDA-MB-435 s cells, which have a low basal level of LKB1 expression, promoted the acquisition of epithelial phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The clarin 1 protein is thought to be expressed in mouse cochlea transiently from embryonic day 18 (E18) to postnatal day 6 (P6) in basal parts of the hair cells, whereas in apical parts (stereocilia) clarin 1 expression is lost already at P1. (molvis.org)
  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa and tissue remodeling, which can include basal/progenitor cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, loss or dysfunction of ciliated cells, and increased matrix deposition. (molcells.org)
  • the complex is then targeted to the ER membrane by the interaction with the SRP receptor (3). (mechanobio.info)
  • Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion. (cusabio.com)
  • Video microscopy technology resolving single molecule movement was employed to monitor the dynamic interaction of membrane-associated signalling proteins with TCR signalling clusters in plasma membrane domains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
  • An in vitro stem cell model of human epiblast and yolk sac interaction. (caltech.edu)
  • RTS,S is based on the major surface expressed antigen on Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vaccine construct is a fusion protein between a truncated form of CSP (containing the central repeat and C-terminal regions only) and hepatitis B surface antigen that is co-expressed with unfused hepatitis B surface antigen, which self-assemble as virus-like particles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) provides the key signal for activation of T lymphocytes to perform their numerous effector functions in adaptive immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • T cells become activated upon engagement of their TCRs by a cognate peptide-MHC ligand presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting or target cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We extracted whole-cell protein lysates from RF Borrelia cultures and synthesized six recombinant RF antigens (Borrelia immunogenic protein A (BipA) derived from four species of RF Borrelia, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ), and Borrelia miyamotoi membrane antigen A (BmaA)) to detect reactivity in laboratory derived (Peromyscus sp. (cdc.gov)
  • Moss KCBP is postulated to transport the nucleus and chloroplast via direct binding to their membranes, since it binds to and transports liposomes composed of phospholipids in vitro . (go.jp)
  • In the earliest stages of development, the physical properties of the microenvironment can direct cell differentiation, and initiate the coordinated movement of groups of cells to establish the patterns that will define how the body is arranged. (mechanobio.info)
  • Thus, LKB1 regulates multiple biological pathways involved in cell growth and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its N-acetylneuraminic necroptosis regulates a valuable role structural signaling how the transheterophilic number activation of the proteins serves heard once in translation. (erik-mill.de)
  • these data suggest that palmitoylation of Dsg2 regulates protein transport to the plasma membrane. (cusabio.com)
  • In addition, although the MZ is missing in the reeler cortex, it is unknown whether Reelin directly regulates the development of the cell-body-sparse MZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recombinant glycoproteins produced in mammalian cells are clinically indispensable drugs used to treat a broad spectrum of diseases. (go.jp)
  • A role for the complex in mammalian synapse formation and neurite outgrowth has been suggested by the early presence of Sec6/Sec8 immunoreactivity at sites of synaptogenesis in culture (Hazuka, 1999) and the impairment of neurite outgrowth with dominant-negative forms of sec10 and sec8 in PC12 cells (Vega, 2001). (sdbonline.org)
  • L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCCs) drive the bulk of voltage-gated Ca 2+ entry in vertebrate inner ear hair cells (HCs) and are essential for mammalian auditory processing. (jneurosci.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying the appearance of asymmetry between cells in the early embryo and consequently the specification of distinct cell lineages during mammalian development remain elusive. (nature.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) is the most abundant phosphoinositide in mammalian cells. (mechanobio.info)
  • The role of polarization and early heterogeneities in the mammalian first cell fate decision. (caltech.edu)
  • In C. elegans, a series of asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo are critical in setting up the anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, and left/right axes of the body plan. (wikipedia.org)
  • The alignment of the spindle is mediated by the PARD proteins, which regulate the positioning of the centrosomes along the A/P axis as well as the movement of the mitotic spindle along the A/P axis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Johnson, M. H. & Ziomek, C. A. The foundation of two distinct cell lineages within the mouse morula. (nature.com)
  • This is achieved through the recognition of distinct signal sequences that target proteins to each of these regions. (mechanobio.info)
  • The female gametophytes of angiosperms contain cells with distinct functions, such as those that enable reproduction via pollen tube attraction and fertilization. (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
  • Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
  • The segregation of membrane particles may represent the onset of a process of structural degradation of the milk fat globule membrane. (rupress.org)
  • Structural alterations in the nasal epithelium include goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epithelial barrier disruption, epithelial exfoliation, and basement membrane thickening. (molcells.org)
  • Electrophysiological and bioinformatic studies have revealed the existence of plasma membrane Ca 2+ -permeable channels activated by mechanical stimuli, although the structural entity involved and their physiological functions remain largely unknown [ 8 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitotic spindle must be oriented correctly to ensure that the proper cell fate determinants are distributed appropriately to the daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because all NLS protein are released from importins around chromosomes in mitosis locally, they get excited about spindle assembly or other chromosome-dependent processes potentially. (researchensemble.com)
  • Because this latter mechanism does not depend on interactions of cells with each other or with their environment, it must rely on intrinsic asymmetry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two proteins play an important role in setting up this cell fate asymmetry in the neuroblast, Prospero and Numb. (wikipedia.org)
  • These structures maintain apical Baz, accumulate apical Crumbs, and organize polarized cytoskeletons, but display abnormal cell morphology and fail to segregate the basolateral cue Discs large from the apical domain. (rupress.org)
  • The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
  • In both bulbs the main structures are indicated: (GL) glomerular layer, (M) mitral cell layer, (G) granular layer. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Transmission electron microscopes are designed to examine the internal structures of a cell, whereas a scanning electron microscope only allows visualization of the surface of a structure. (dokumen.pub)
  • Generation of Stem Cell-Based Mouse Embryo-Like Structures. (caltech.edu)
  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator of diverse physiological functions such as proliferation, global protein, and lipid synthesis as well as many metabolic pathways interacting to increase secretory capabilities. (go.jp)
  • This controversy was founded on the initial definition of rafts as detergent resistant membranes which later turned out to misrepresent many features of cell membrane organisation under physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The American Physiological Society (2018) Retraction: Acute exercise suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and improves insulin and leptin signaling in obese rats. (anonymityblaize.com)
  • article{westin_apical_1999, title = {Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of {Norway} spruce in relation to cold hardiness}, volume = {29}, doi = {10/dgsxgs}, abstract = {Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. (upsc.se)
  • When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, the sperm pronucleus and centrosomes are deposited within the egg, which causes a cytoplasmic flux resulting in the movement of the pronucleus and centrosomes towards one pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • ZO-1 is a protein located on a cytoplasmic membrane surface of intercellular tight junctions. (thermofisher.com)
  • The TCR signalling cascade is initiated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosines of the TCR/CD3 complex by the Src-family kinases Lck or Fyn which are anchored in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mutant analyses revealed that apical Baz accumulations can be established in the absence of AJs, whereas assembly of apical DE-Cad complexes requires Baz. (rupress.org)
  • We will here discuss recent data which provide a detailed picture of the membrane raft characteristics of the plasma membrane domains supporting active TCR signalling protein complexes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These complexes assemble into submicron TCR signalling domains in the T cell plasma membrane which were first studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy at the contact zone of a T cell with TCR-activating glass coverslips. (biomedcentral.com)
  • reaction Because of obstructive hypotheses by derivative complexes and the protein of the part, it alters Randomized also other to splint about the Acids improved for PATIENT heart exercise. (augenta.net)
  • Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • Polarization is a fundamental cellular property that plays a vital role in various biological processes in multi-cellular as well as single-cell organisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cell polarization involving the Par-complex in situ is linked to various other processes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Because of such association between Par-dependent polarization and other processes, the Par-complex exhibits different behavioral characteristics in an individual context, making it difficult to determine general features of the dynamic process taking place during cell polarization by the Par-complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • This simplified approach towards understanding the essence of the mechanisms, underlying the processes determining life and death of a cell has undoubtedly provided scientists with enormous amount of knowledge. (intechopen.com)
  • how a cell can detect, measure and respond to the rigidity of its substrate and how these processes apply to larger biological systems. (mechanobio.info)
  • In order for subcellular processes to be carried out within defined compartments or cellular regions, mechanisms must exist to ensure the required protein components are present at the sites and at an adequate concentration. (mechanobio.info)
  • Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
  • Subsequently, further distinctions in trafficking pathways have been invoked to explain different forms of regulation and fusion at different domains of the cell. (sdbonline.org)
  • However, the direct effects of MCA proteins on osmotic-induced Ca 2+ influx through the plasma membrane and the osmotic signaling pathways are little understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Louvet-Vallee, S., Vinot, S. & Maro, B. Mitotic spindles and cleavage planes are oriented randomly in the two-cell mouse embryo. (nature.com)
  • Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of Norway spruce in relation to cold hardiness. (upsc.se)
  • During human forebrain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the ventricular zone (VZ) undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce a self-renewed progenitor cell, maintaining the potential to go through additional rounds of cell divisions, and differentiating daughter cells, populating the developing cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • The RING-finger protein PAR-2 becomes enriched on the posterior cortex and prevents these three proteins from returning to the posterior. (biologists.com)
  • We have used an in utero electroporation system that we developed several years ago ( Tabata and Nakajima, 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) as well as transplanted Reelin-secreting cells into the cortex in utero . (jneurosci.org)
  • The extrusion process consists of two asynchronous events: clearing of membrane particles (probably including integral membrane proteins) and bulging of the apical plasma membrane. (rupress.org)
  • Most fat droplets are extruded with a bilayer membrane envelope (milk fat globule membrane) partially devoid of particles. (rupress.org)
  • The main function of macrophages is to phagocyte particles: those recognized as foreign particles by the immune system, such as virus, bacteria and other pathogens, as well as particles resulting from death cells. (uvigo.es)
  • Both Dsg2 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and associated with NSCLC size, but not with overall survival of patients. (cusabio.com)
  • In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, the KCBP knockout (KO) line in the moss Physcomitrella patens showed a defect in nuclear and organelle positioning in apical stem cells. (go.jp)
  • Among these is the isolation of the first line of murine stem cells [ 5 , 6 ] in 1981, followed by establishment of the first human embryonic stem cell lines by Thompson [ 7 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • A model of the post-implantation human embryo derived from pluripotent stem cells. (caltech.edu)
  • Mouse embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergoes neurulation and heart development. (caltech.edu)
  • Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells. (caltech.edu)
  • Modeling human embryo development with embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells. (caltech.edu)
  • A defined synthetic mixture of amino acids, salts, carbohydrates, vitamins and serum was shown to support cells in vitro[ 3 ], thus unifying a major variable in cell culturing experiments and providing a possibility for rapid development of this novel method. (intechopen.com)
  • The main splice variant is composed of three exons that code for a 232 amino acid protein, clarin 1. (molvis.org)
  • Protein recruitment is essentially a form of protein recognition, made possible by the presence of specific amino-acid sequences within the protein structure. (mechanobio.info)
  • The central repeat region is a tandem repeat of amino acid sequence NANP that is a known B cell epitope, and the C-terminal region contains B and T cell epitopes [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, in sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin β chain has a single amino acid substitution. (dokumen.pub)
  • Neuroblasts are the progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to give rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC). (wikipedia.org)
  • During human brain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo two modes of cell division. (elifesciences.org)
  • The identification, therefore, of the molecules required for directed membrane traffic will be important for understanding organismal development and cell-cell signaling (Murthy, 2004). (sdbonline.org)
  • The wide range of manifestations observed in patients with mitochondrial disease results from varying fractions of abnormal mtDNA molecules in different cells and tissues, a phenomenon termed heteroplasmy. (jci.org)
  • Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. (pathfinderacademy.in)
  • Aberration of asymmetric segregation of centrosomes by genetic manipulation of the centrosomal, microtubule-associated protein Ninein alters fate decisions of NPCs and their maintenance in the VZ of human cortical organoids. (elifesciences.org)
  • This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the second mechanism, the prospective daughter cells are inherently different at the time of division of the mother cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Presently, all membrane trafficking steps are thought to possess a similar underlying mechanism for membrane fusion, and yet clear distinctions in these trafficking steps must also occur. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thus, the data described here use a novel genetic approach to birthdate centrosomes in human cells and identify asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes as a mechanism to maintain self-renewal properties and to ensure proper neurogenesis in human NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Data suggest that Dsg2 stimulates cell growth and migration by positively regulating EGFR level and signaling through a c-Src and Cav1-dependent mechanism using lipid rafts as signal modulatory platforms. (cusabio.com)
  • This study defines a mechanism by which Dsg2 expression in cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, a step critical for tumor progression. (cusabio.com)
  • In research on cell biology, organelles have been a major unit of such analyses. (go.jp)
  • This Copernican Revolution from organelle biology to organelle zone biology will drastically change and advance our thoughts about cells. (go.jp)
  • 4 ] in 1951 cell culturing has become one of the most widely used methods with exceptional contribution to the advances in almost all fields of contemporary biology - cell biology, genetics, cell biochemistry, physiology etc. (intechopen.com)
  • Progress and challenges in stem cell biology. (caltech.edu)
  • 19 Water moves through a semipermeable membrane in osmosis because there is a concentration gradient across the membrane of solute and solvent. (dokumen.pub)
  • The RPE is a monolayer of cells between the neural retina and choroidal blood supply, and is critically important for photoreceptor function. (arvojournals.org)
  • However, adequate plasma membrane permeabilization is required for substrates/modulators to reach mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we describe a new method for study of mitochondrial physiology in insect tissues based on mechanical permeabilization as a fast and reliable method that do not require the use of detergents for chemical permeabilization of plasma membrane, while preserves mitochondrial integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • In some cases, the exocytotic vesicles derive from the Golgi apparatus and consist of newly synthesized materials, while in others the vesicles derive from the plasma membrane and cycle locally. (sdbonline.org)
  • OsMCA1 was specifically localized at the plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ca 2+ uptake was enhanced in OsMCA1 -overexpressing suspension-cultured cells, suggesting that OsMCA1 is involved in Ca 2+ influx across the plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During this process, [Ca 2+ ] cyt levels rise through the opening of Ca 2+ channels located on the plasma membrane and endomembranes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considerable controversy arose over the concept that cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich rafts in the T cell plasma membrane serve as a platform for TCR signalling reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we review new biophysical and biochemical data which provide an updated picture of the highly dynamic nanometer-sized cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains stabilised by protein-networks to form TCR signalling platforms in the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies tracked the movement of Lck and LAT in the T cell plasma membrane and showed retention of these proteins in the submicron TCR signalling domains and their subsequent release. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However specific lipid-mediated interactions at the T cell plasma membrane bilayer are also a central functional element in early TCR signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of detergent-resistant T cell membranes had initiated the concept that early TCR signalling steps take place in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains of T cell plasma membranes [ 10 ] (see Box for an overview of the current perception of raft domains in cell membranes). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the distribution of TCR signalling plasma membrane sites and to relate their distribution to that of clustered raft markers which show resistance to Triton X 100 detergent solubilisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G allele was neither evenly nor randomly distributed across diverse cell types. (jci.org)
  • Previous work in the embryonic rodent brain suggested that the preferential inheritance of the pre-existing (older) centrosome to the self-renewed progenitor cell is required to maintain stem cell properties, ensuring proper neurogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • Secretagogins are EF HAND MOTIF-containing calcium-binding proteins that are involved in early neuronal migration and neurogenesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, the landscape of heteroplasmy across cell types within tissues and its influence on phenotype expression in affected patients remains largely unexplored. (jci.org)
  • When studying an individual organism, a biologist could examine the cell and its organelles, the tissues that the cells make up, the organs and their respective organ systems, and the sum total-the organism itself. (dokumen.pub)
  • At the level of the cell, in tissues involved in secretory functions, such as the salivary glands, the cells have abundant Golgi. (dokumen.pub)
  • A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. (lookformedical.com)
  • The single cell is now set up to undergo an asymmetric cell division, however the orientation in which the division occurs is also an important factor. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the bud is growing, there is almost no increase in the surface area of the mother cell, indicating that all membrane addition occurs at the bud tip. (sdbonline.org)
  • If asymmetric segregation of centrosomes occurs in NPCs of the developing human brain, which depends on unique molecular regulators and species-specific cellular composition, remains unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • used on these supplements, we change that the design of blood and MI relies the available role between the site life Source and physical stroke potentially carotid in each of these abnormalities continually, addressing to a potent use of cells that occurs the promoting vivo heart to small, 6q23 DNA failure and anatomical cycle after MI. (augenta.net)
  • We are to be and digitize more severe compounds converting potential releasing cAMP and surfaces( significant membranes, be, synthesis), and lightly provide how to be events and sugar receptor. (erik-mill.de)
  • Our computational findings were experimentally confirmed in breast cancer cells by pharmacological SE disruption and gene silencing techniques. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we showed that decreasing NSMCE2 gene expression increases breast cancer cells' sensitivity to chemotherapy treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, the Normal-like classified tumors show high expression levels of many genes expressed by adipose tissue and other nonepithelial cell types and are characterized by gene expression patterns that are similar to those of normal breast tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The new culture model preserves native RPE morphology, electrophysiology, and gene and protein expression patterns, and may be a useful model to study RPE physiology, disease, and transplantation. (arvojournals.org)
  • Resolution of cell fate decisions revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst. (nature.com)
  • This review highlights diverse strategies to deliver CRISPR/Cas gene editing reagents to regenerable plant cells and to recover edited plants without unwanted integration of transgenes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although nanoscopy is broadly applicable, classical model organisms, such as fruit flies, worms and mice, remained the leading subjects because combining the strength of sophisticated genetics, biochemistry and electrophysiology with the unparalleled resolution provided by super-resolution imaging appears as one of the most efficient approaches to understanding the basic cell biological questions and the molecular complexity of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)
  • the filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae is a well-known expression host used to express homologous and heterologous proteins in a number of industrial applications. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • to facilitate higher yields of proteins of interest, we constructed the pasop vector to express heterologous proteins in a. oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Beyond this protective role, Mrr can inflict chromosomal DNA damage that elicits the SOS response in the host cell upon heterologous expression of specific methyltransferases such as M.HhaII, or after exposure to high pressure (HP). (uci.edu)
  • Graham, C. F. & Lehtonen, E. Formation and consequences of cell patterns in preimplantation mouse development. (nature.com)
  • The KV in the zebrafish embryo contains cells with motile cilia that generate an anticlockwise fluid flow. (bmj.com)
  • Figure 1: Classic models for lineage segregation in the early mouse embryo. (nature.com)
  • Stem-cell-based human and mouse embryo models. (caltech.edu)
  • category proteins are NO)-induced membranes in Cancers non-pathological as the complex of basis, ligase, specific expression process and domain of tonoplast editing( Giralt JA and Greengard process, 2004). (erik-mill.de)
  • Expression of the desmosomal protein Desmoglein-2 was reduced in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy pediatric patients. (cusabio.com)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • HC RSs are characterized by the presence of a sphere-shaped proteinaceous organelle (also known as dense body) adjacent to the presynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
  • Apical FM1-43 uptake, however, is unaffected in gem mutant HCs, suggesting that mechanotransduction channels are functional. (jneurosci.org)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)