Apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Epithelial polarity is one example of the cell polarity that is a fundamental feature of many types of cells. (wikipedia.org)
How epithelial cells generate and maintain polarity remains unclear, but certain molecules have been found to play a key role. (wikipedia.org)
A variety of molecules are located at the apical membrane, but only a few key molecules act as determinants that are required to maintain the identity of the apical membrane and, thus, epithelial polarity. (wikipedia.org)
Of these two complexes, the aPKC complex is the most important for epithelial polarity, being required even when the Crumbs complex is not. (wikipedia.org)
These three proteins all localize to the basolateral domain and are essential for basolateral identity and for epithelial polarity. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, in the absence of Cdc42 or the aPKC complex, apical determinants cannot be maintained at the apical membrane and consequently, apical identity and polarity is lost. (wikipedia.org)
In at least one cultured cell line, the MDCK cell, this system is required for epithelial polarity. (wikipedia.org)
Golachowska, M. R., Hoekstra, D. & van IJzendoorn, S. C. Recycling endosomes in apical plasma membrane domain formation and epithelial cell polarity. (nature.com)
In this scholarly study, we present proof that MAGI proteins, structural the different parts of AJC whose function continued to be unclear, regulate apical constriction of epithelial cells through the Par polarity proteins. (aboutsciencenow.info)
By coupling the adhesion equipment towards the polarity proteins to modify mobile contractility, we suggest that MAGIs play important and central tasks in maintaining stable state intercellular pressure through the entire epithelial cell sheet. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Therefore, we exposed the MAGIs are crucial regulators of Par polarity proteins that are central towards the rules of pressure distribution in epithelial cells homeostasis. (aboutsciencenow.info)
When I finished my PhD at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, I had already published a bunch of papers, so it was relatively easy to get into a lab and continue my work on epithelial polarity. (rupress.org)
chem mutations genetically interact with mutations in cytoskeletal genes ( arm ) and with mutations in the epithelial polarity genes coracle, crumbs, and yurt . (peerj.com)
chem mutants dorsal open defects are similar to those present in yurt mutants, and, likewise, they have epithelial polarity defects. (peerj.com)
Genetic analysis has uncovered that genes necessary for epithelial polarity code for cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators, like the par-3 protein Bazooka ( Kuchinke, Grawe & Knust, 1998 ) or the EGF and laminin domains-containing protein Crumbs ( Tepass, Theres & Knust, 1990 ). (peerj.com)
In addition, we show that these alleles genetically interact with epithelial polarity genes, and have epithelial polarity defects. (peerj.com)
In these blood situation barriers, the permeability barrier is made just about exclusively by TJs which seal the intercellular space in between adjacent membranes and confer cell polarity to restrict paracellular and transcellular transport of substances (Steed et al. (hivinhibitor.com)

These findings suggest selective sorting of the G proteins to regional domains in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Electron micrograph of the junctional complex of intestinal epithelial cells of the rat shows the apical-most zonula occludens (tight junction), the zonula adherens (medium junction) and the macula ad. (cellimagelibrary.org)
We showed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis that CD55 is cleaved from the cell surface by the EHEC-specific protease StcE, and found that StcE-mediated CD55 cleavage results in increased neutrophil adhesion to the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. (imperial.ac.uk)

Apical membrane proteins are trafficked from the Golgi to the apical, rather than baso-lateral, membrane because apical determinants serve to identify the correct destination for vesicle delivery. (wikipedia.org)
Syntaxin 2, also known as epimorphin, is a 35 kDa type II integral membrane that belongs to the t SNARE family, a group of proteins involved in protein transport. (novusbio.com)
Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
This study characterizes the distribution of various guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) in rat intestinal epithelial membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
Right here, we propose a molecular system where AJC scaffolding proteins control apical cell contractility by differentially recruiting MAGI-1 and MAGI-3 to apical AZD-3965 junctions. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Results Lack of ZO proteins highly perturbs Par-3 localization and alters apical morphology We previously demonstrated that depletion of ZO proteins in the mouse mammary epithelial cell range, EpH4, delays the forming of the contractile belt-like AJ18, recommending that ZO proteins are necessary for epithelial polarization. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Open up in another windowpane Fig. 1 Lack of ZO proteins dysregulates ROCK-dependent contractility to improve apical morphology.a Consultant immunofluorescence pictures of ZO-1 and WT, dKO cells stained for activated -catenin -2. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Video microscopy technology resolving single molecule movement was employed to monitor the dynamic interaction of membrane-associated signalling proteins with TCR signalling clusters in plasma membrane domains. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies tracked the movement of Lck and LAT in the T cell plasma membrane and showed retention of these proteins in the submicron TCR signalling domains and their subsequent release. (biomedcentral.com)
Numerous intracellular signalling proteins interact with plasma membrane lipids of the cytoplasmic leaflet via specific lipid headgroup-binding domains. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we employed 'plasma membrane profiling', a quantitative cell-surface proteomics technique, to identify host proteins whose cell-surface levels are altered during infection. (imperial.ac.uk)
Using this method, we quantified more than 1100 proteins, 280 of which showed altered cell-surface levels after exposure to EHEC. (imperial.ac.uk)
22 host proteins were significantly reduced on the surface of infected epithelial cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
Protein channels formed by integral proteins allow ions to diffuse across the membrane. (biologyonline.com)
Modulation of channel proteins due to changes due to changes in membrane potential in voltage-gated channels. (biologyonline.com)
There are integral membrane proteins called transporters that mediate movement of molecules that are too polar or too large to move across a membrane by diffusion. (biologyonline.com)
Sorting of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins to the apical or basolateral surface domains of polarized cells is currently thought to take place within the trans-Golgi network (TGN). (ox.ac.uk)
Analyses of the distribution of Tac-TGN38 chimeric proteins in MDCK cells suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 has information leading to both TGN localization and cycling through the basolateral surface. (ox.ac.uk)
Many membrane-associated proteins were found to stably integrate in the rafts, which is critical for their biological function. (typeset.io)
This behavior, however, has never been reproduced in vitro in model bilayers with recombinant proteins, and therefore has been attributed to action of other proteins binding Ras at the membrane surface. (typeset.io)
In a cell, many membrane proteins permanently reside in raft membrane domains, which is essential for their function5, 15-19. (typeset.io)
Because integral membrane proteins are freely diffusible in plasma membrane, this "fence" function of your TJ restricts proteins to their respective apical or basal location (Steed et al. (hivinhibitor.com)
High-confidence identification of ~2,000 proteins, including cytoplasmic, nuclear, plasma membrane, extracellular and unknown/unclassified proteins, was obtained by separating tryptic peptides of renal cortical proteins into 60 fractions by SCX prior to LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins represented the renal cortical proteome with no discernible bias due to protein physicochemical properties, subcellular distribution, biological processes, or molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparison of this renal cortical proteome with published human urinary proteomes demonstrated enrichment of renal extracellular, plasma membrane, and lysosomal proteins in the urine, with a lack of intracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Many of these proteins, such as low-abundance proteins, membrane proteins and proteins with extreme values in pI or MW are traditionally under-represented in 2-DE-based proteomic analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
We have recently shown that the replication of rhinovirus, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus requires the co-translational N-myristoylation of viral proteins by human host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), and is inhibited by treatment with IMP-1088, an ultrapotent small molecule NMT inhibitor. (cdc.gov)

Epithelial cells feature distinct 'apical', 'lateral' and 'basal' plasma membrane domains. (wikipedia.org)
This study provides a detailed ultrastructural comparison of epithelial cells in the anterior chamber and the papillate region with focus on cuticle ultrastructure, apical and basal plasma membrane labyrinths, and cell junctions. (pensoft.net)
The basal plasma membrane is extensively infolded and associated with numerous mitochondria in the papillate region, while it forms relatively scarce basal infoldings in the anterior chamber. (pensoft.net)
The morphology of apical and basal plasma membranes and localisation of Na + /K + -ATPase are compared with other arthropod-transporting epithelia according to different functions of the anterior chamber and the papillate region. (pensoft.net)
Basal parts of the epithelial cells are supported by a basal lamina and are exposed to haemolymph. (pensoft.net)
Boxplots depicting specific measurements of basal membrane labyrinth depth Data type: boxplot zookeys-801-427-s005.tif (534K) GUID:?2E4DEE84-168C-4C63-828E-81A887DAC427 Urban Bogataj, Monika Praznik, Polona Mrak, Jasna ?trus, Magda Tu?ek-?nidari? (irjs.info)
Stripcharts depicting specific measurements from the spatial denseness of basal membrane infoldings Data type: stripchart zookeys-801-427-s007.tif (438K) GUID:?C88E6B1B-6ADA-4043-ABF4-07EB5C1B1AED Urban Bogataj, Monika Rabbit Polyclonal to SFRS5 Praznik, Polona Mrak, Jasna ?trus, Magda Tu?ek-?nidari? (irjs.info)
Unlike microvilli, cilia extend slightly into the cell and are anchored via a special structure called basal body, which is made of microtubules. (differencebetween.com)
Since TJs, basal ES and GJs are all linked to underlying actin cytoskeleton via corresponding adaptors, modifications in the organization of actin filaments in the BTB during the SNCA Protein web epithelial cycle play a important function in its restructuring. (hivinhibitor.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)

In computer models, a molecule that can be either membrane-associated or cytoplasmic can polarize when its association with the membrane is subject to positive feedback: that membrane localization occurs most strongly where the molecule is already most highly concentrated. (wikipedia.org)
The apical plasma membrane in both hindgut regions forms an apical plasma membrane labyrinth of cytoplasmic strands and extracellular spaces. (pensoft.net)
The TCR signalling cascade is initiated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosines of the TCR/CD3 complex by the Src-family kinases Lck or Fyn which are anchored in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
This macromolecular protein is then absorbed by the columnar lining cells via a system of apical cytoplasmic tubules formed by invaginations of the plasma membrane. (silverchair.com)
Notch1 and Notch 2, but not Notch4, were visualized in the nucleus of EB cells, and all these receptors were also observed as patent cytoplasmic foci. (karger.com)

Syntaxin 2 was first identified as a factor that promotes branching morphogenesis in mammary epithelial cells. (novusbio.com)
We found ezrin to be expressed at low levels at the apical surface of normal mammary epithelial cells, but its expression is up-regulated and correlates with HER2 expression in hyperplasia and tumors in murine mammary tumor virus-Neu mice, in human HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, and in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancers from human patients. (korea.ac.kr)

The worm benefits from many of the advantages of yeast as a genetically tractable organism for these kinds of studies while offering the unique opportunity to probe how these pathways have been extended and modified in the context of a multicellular animal undergoing development to produce diverse cell types such as muscles, nerves, and polarized epithelia. (wormbook.org)
In contrast, cilia are located on the surfaces of the columnar epithelia cells of the respiratory tract and uterine tube. (differencebetween.com)
Our results provide fundamental insight into the molecular machinery involved in membrane repair in polarized epithelia and suggest that AP-1 is a crucial regulator of this process. (wisc.edu)
Some key findings illustrated by the mutations isolated are the importance of epithelia, epithelial polarization and movement, and changes in cell shape ( Knust, 2003 ). (peerj.com)

Membrane fusion and exocytosis. (kegg.jp)
Mechanism of polarized lysosome exocytosis in epithelial cells. (wisc.edu)
In non-polarized cells, lysosome exocytosis facilitates rapid resealing of torn membranes. (wisc.edu)
This polarized exocytosis is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, membrane cholesterol and the clathrin adaptor AP-1. (wisc.edu)
Depolymerization of actin, but not microtubules, causes apical lysosome fusion, supporting the hypothesis that cortical actin is a barrier to exocytosis. (wisc.edu)
Consistent with these findings, RNAi-mediated depletion of syntaxin 4 inhibits basolateral exocytosis in wild-type MDCK, and both apical and basolateral exocytosis in cells lacking AP-1A or AP-1B. (wisc.edu)

To study the role of occludin in the formation of the tight junction seal, synthetic peptides (OCC1 and OCC2) corresponding to the two putative extracellular domains of occludin were assayed for their ability to alter tight junctions in Xenopus kidney epithelial cell line A6. (rupress.org)
The WT cell sheet was made up of cells which were generally from the same size as well as the measures of cell junctions in each cell demonstrated high uniformity. (aboutsciencenow.info)
In the meantime, the ZO-1,-2 DKO monolayer was an admixture of smaller sized and bigger cells relatively, each with cell junctions that demonstrated high variability within their measures. (aboutsciencenow.info)
These observations recommended to us that apical cell junctions of cells in the ZO-1,-2 DKO cell sheet had been AZD-3965 put through unbalanced tensile stress from encircling cells. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Furthermore, intercellular spaces had been noticed at tricellular get AZD-3965 in touch with sites in ZO-1 regularly, dKO cells -2, indicating dysregulation and more than contractile activity throughout apical junctions (Supplementary Fig.?S1a, insets). (aboutsciencenow.info)
Does the figure really show that armadillo is found in the apical region of the cell, or at apical junctions, which are not part of the apical region. (geneontology.org)
The caption states, "In the larval eye disc, Arm is present at the apical junctions of all epithelial cells but concentrated at points of photoreceptor contact. (geneontology.org)
ACTIN-BASED CELL JUNCTIONS AT BTBAmong all the blood concern barriers, like the blood rain barrier as well as the blood rine barrier that are developed amongst neighboring endothelial cells, cell junctions are typically arranged in which TJs are localized at the apical region, to become followed by discrete AJs and DS, which constitute the junctional complicated (Fig. 6.1). (hivinhibitor.com)

Nature Cell Biol. (nature.com)
Trends Cell Biol. (nature.com)
J Cell Biol (1997) 136 (2): 399-409. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (1973) 56 (1): 106-119. (silverchair.com)
J Cell Biol (2014) 205 (6): 756-757. (rupress.org)
As a way to have a better understanding of how the BTB is regulated byNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptInt Rev Cell Mol Biol. (hivinhibitor.com)

Despite the increased paracellular permeability, there were no changes in gross epithelial cell morphology as determined by scanning EM. (rupress.org)
Involved in the regulation of both adhesion and cell morphology and cancer progression. (joplink.net)
This gene encodes a type II transmembrane serine protease that may be involved in diverse cellular functions, including blood coagulation and the maintenance of cell morphology. (nih.gov)

citation needed] In the context of renal tubule physiology, the term basolateral membrane refers to the cell membrane which is oriented away from the lumen of the tubule, whereas the term apical or luminal membrane refers to the cell membrane which is oriented towards the lumen. (wikipedia.org)
The principal function of this basolateral membrane is to take up metabolic waste products into the epithelial cell for disposal into the lumen where it is transported out of the body as urine. (wikipedia.org)
A secondary role of the basolateral membrane is to allow the recycling of desirable substrates, such as glucose, that have been rescued from the lumen of the tubule to be secreted into the interstitial fluids. (wikipedia.org)
We report that TGN38 is predominantly localized to the TGN of these cells and recycles via the basolateral membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
We find that in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, calcium ionophores or pore-forming toxins cause lysosomes to fuse predominantly with the basolateral membrane. (wisc.edu)

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Cdc42 is recruited by the aPKC complex and then promotes the apical localization of the aPKC complex in a probable positive feedback loop. (wikipedia.org)
To define the localization of WDFY2 in the endocytic pathway, we transiently transfected hTERT-RPE1 cells with green flourescent protein (GFP)-WDFY2 and performed structured illumination microscopy (SIM) together with APPL1 and EEA1 visualized with antibodies (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
Studies using pancreatic exocrine acinar cells, in which the exocytic pathways are well defined, show primary localization of syntaxin 2 to the apical plasma membrane. (novusbio.com)
Mutations in the gene coding for CFTR cause cystic fibrosis (CF). A major cellular disorder is insufficient apical plasma membrane localization of the protein. (uconn.edu)
To explore the relationship between protein localization to the TGN and sorting to the plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells, we have expressed constructs encoding the TGN marker, TGN38, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
These results demonstrate an apparent equivalence of basolateral and TGN localization determinants and support an evolutionary relationship between TGN and plasma membrane sorting processes. (ox.ac.uk)

have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
We conclude that UV-WF imaging and MP microscopy of DHE provide complementary information regarding membrane distribution and intracellular targeting of sterols. (epfl.ch)

The tight junction, also known as zonula occludens , is the apical-most component of the junctional complex of epithelial and endothelial cells. (rupress.org)
Please check the GO:0045177 "apical part of cell" annotation from MGI:3037622/PMID 15037549, which states, "beta-catenin, f-actin, and myosin II-B localize predominantly to the apical-junctional complex in normal neuroepithelium (Fig. 6E-G)." Is there additional supporting evidence for the 45177 annotation? (geneontology.org)

form adjustments in cells maintenance and morphogenesis of cells integrity in homeostasis. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Fernando Martín-Belmonte was seduced by the study of epithelial biology as a graduate student ( 1 ) and has since striven to detail the mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis ( 2 - 4 ) and lumen development ( 4 , 5 ). (rupress.org)
During embryo development, naïve cell lineages undergo concurrent processes of fate specification and morphogenesis as critical steps towards the generation of differentiated tissues and organs. (elifesciences.org)

Involved in the formation of a preapical plasma mbrane subdomain to set up inital epithelial polarization and the apical lumen formation during renal tubulogenesis. (joplink.net)

Crumbs is the only transmembrane protein in this list and the Crumbs complex serves as an apical cue to keep the aPKC complex apical during complex cellular shape changes. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescence-encoded gold nanoparticles: library design and modulation of cellular uptake into dendritic cells. (unibe.ch)
Depending on the membrane, and the needs of the cellular environment, there may be many types of transporters present with specific binding sites for particular types of substances. (biologyonline.com)
Fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane is a calcium-dependent process that is crucial for membrane repair, limiting pathogen entry and clearing cellular debris. (wisc.edu)
Cellular membranes are heterogeneous planar lipid bilayers displaying lateral phase separation with the nanometer-scale liquid-ordered phase (aka "lipid rafts" or Lo) surrounded by the liquid-disordered phase (Ld). (typeset.io)
Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. (frontiersin.org)

Total internal reflection (TIRF) micrograph of MDCK cells stably transfected with the apical membrane protein P75-GFP (green) and with its sorting receptor Galectin-3-dsRed (red) in close proximity or inside the apical plasma membrane. (ucsd.edu)

Progenitors of the zebrafish laterality organ originate from the superficial epithelial enveloping layer by an apical constriction process of cell delamination. (elifesciences.org)

Human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780, SK, HO8910, HO8910PM and human ovary epithelium cell line HOSE were purchased from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, China. (biomedcentral.com)
Glomerular epithelium cell (podocyte) (at protein level). (joplink.net)
2001). In other blood problem barriers, TJs are positioned apically in an epithelium or endothelium and act as " Methyl jasmonate web fences" that divide the membranes into apical and basolateral domains. (hivinhibitor.com)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)

Normal Rat Kidney (NRK) cells grown in culture expressing Galactosyl Transferase-YFP (GalT-YFP) and p58-CFP. (cellimagelibrary.org)
these data showed that sustained abnormal MUC1 induction accompanies failing epithelial repair, chronic inflammation and kidney fibrosis. (cusabio.com)
CIL:40753, Canis lupus familiaris, kidney cell. (ucsd.edu)
Microvilli are located on the surfaces of the columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule. (differencebetween.com)
TGN38 recycles basolaterally in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Rat podocalyxin.Kobayashi T.Expression of podocalyxin inhibits cell-cell adhesion and modifies junctional properties in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.Takeda T., Go W.Y., Orlando R.A., Farquhar M.G.Mol. (joplink.net)
Plasma filtration and much of the tubular reabsorption takes place in the renal cortex, an important functional component of the kidney between the renal capsule and renal medulla, consisting of glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we review new biophysical and biochemical data which provide an updated picture of the highly dynamic nanometer-sized cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains stabilised by protein-networks to form TCR signalling platforms in the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
We will here discuss recent data which provide a detailed picture of the membrane raft characteristics of the plasma membrane domains supporting active TCR signalling protein complexes. (biomedcentral.com)
The analysis of detergent-resistant T cell membranes had initiated the concept that early TCR signalling steps take place in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains of T cell plasma membranes [ 10 ] (see Box for an overview of the current perception of raft domains in cell membranes). (biomedcentral.com)
Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the distribution of TCR signalling plasma membrane sites and to relate their distribution to that of clustered raft markers which show resistance to Triton X 100 detergent solubilisation. (biomedcentral.com)

Stripcharts depicting specific measurements from the spatial denseness of apical membrane infoldings Data type: stripchart zookeys-801-427-s006.tif (441K) GUID:?9DAC3E29-F845-497B-8E7C-D4F33DB17567 Urban Bogataj, Monika Praznik, Polona Mrak, Jasna ?trus, Magda Tu?ek-?nidari? (irjs.info)

Non-polar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar fatty acid chains of the membrane phospholipids and therefore non-polar molecules have larger permeability constants than polar molecules. (biologyonline.com)
Channel gating is the opening and closing of ion channels which changes the permeability of a membrane. (biologyonline.com)

Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)

In some epithelial cells, PIP2 is apically localised while PIP3 is basolaterally localised. (wikipedia.org)
MAGI ortholog localizes apically to cadherin-based adhesions and its own loss qualified prospects to actin disorganization and decreases the entire robustness of cell adhesions in the embryonic epidermis14,15. (aboutsciencenow.info)
Does the later statement "D-APC and Arm are both found apically within photoreceptor cells" actually refer to 16324 or is it shorthand for the junction? (geneontology.org)
The remaining delaminated cells follow the movement of apically attached progenitors by a protrusion-dependent cell-cell contact mechanism, avoiding sequestration by the adjacent endoderm, ensuring their collective fate and allocation at the site of differentiation. (elifesciences.org)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are widely used in regenerative medicine and experimental models for studying development and diseases because of their pluripotent potential to differentiate into all cell lineages: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm germ layers [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We portrayed the Notch system in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) differentiating under the standard protocols used to assess yolk sac (YS) hematopoiesis in vitro. (karger.com)
Here, we uncovered a mechanism of progenitor cell allocation that stems from an incomplete process of epithelial delamination that allows progenitors to coordinate their movement with adjacent extra-embryonic tissues. (elifesciences.org)
Several embryonic tissues and organs originate from small sets of progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
Mutations in genes with less extreme phenotypes may result in impaired cell movement and cell shape changes, hampering or preventing embryonic dorsal closure and head involution ( Rios-Barrera & Riesgo-Escovar, 2013 ). (peerj.com)

Cells Tissues Organs (2011) 193 (4): 239-252. (karger.com)
Epithelial sheets form a barrier separating internal tissues from the environment, and inside the body they delineate different tissues and line the open spaces, or lumens, that riddle even the simplest organisms. (rupress.org)
These early progenitor cells often travel long distances from their induction site to the site of terminal differentiation, making them vulnerable to environmental cues and movement of neighbouring tissues. (elifesciences.org)
Due to the different sources and potential paracrine effects, studying the effect of ROS on certain cell types and tissues is rather complex. (frontiersin.org)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)

Epithelial cells connect to one another via their lateral membranes to form epithelial sheets that line cavities and surfaces throughout the animal body. (wikipedia.org)
The sharp distinction between apical and baso-lateral domains is maintained by an active mechanism that prevents mixing. (wikipedia.org)
In the absence of the aPKC complex, the baso-lateral determinants spread into the former apical domain. (wikipedia.org)
Conversely, in the absence of any of Lgl, Dlg or Scrib, the apical determinants spread into the former baso-lateral domain. (wikipedia.org)
A related mechanism is likely to operate for the baso-lateral membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Early T cell signalling reactions are embedded in the complex and dynamic lipid bilayer matrix of the T cell plasma membrane and are critically defined by their lateral compartmentalisation in plasma membrane domains [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that the lateral resolution of MP microscopy is ∼1.5-fold higher than that of UV-WF deconvolution microscopy, allowing for improved spatiotemporal analysis of plasma membrane sterol distribution. (epfl.ch)
HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. (bvsalud.org)

After internalization, MT1-MMP is sorted in endosomal compartments, and a fraction is recycled back to the plasma membrane. (nature.com)
Others are recycled back to the plasma membrane via the recycling pathway. (wormbook.org)

Nanoparticles decrease antigen-processing in dendritic cells without affecting other cell functions (Unpublished). (unibe.ch)
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) provides the key signal for activation of T lymphocytes to perform their numerous effector functions in adaptive immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
T cells become activated upon engagement of their TCRs by a cognate peptide-MHC ligand presented on the surface of an antigen-presenting or target cell. (biomedcentral.com)

VAMP (Vesicle-associated membrane protein), SNAP-25 (Synaptosome associated protein of 25 kDa) and Syntaxin constitute the basic SNARE complex. (biomedcentral.com)

WDFY2 localizes to actin-stabilized endosome tubules positive for the small GTPase RAB4 and shows a preference for highly curved membranes enriched for the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). (nature.com)
However specific lipid-mediated interactions at the T cell plasma membrane bilayer are also a central functional element in early TCR signalling. (biomedcentral.com)

Long hair- like projections of the plasma membrane with cores made up of microtubules are known as cilia. (differencebetween.com)

Uptake efficiency of surface modified gold nanoparticles does not correlate with functional changes and cytokine secretion in human dendritic cells in vitro. (unibe.ch)
Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An optimized human in vitro airway epithelial model for fibre exposure at the air-liquid interface (Unpublished). (unibe.ch)
A human in vitro airway epithelial model to study health effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (Unpublished). (unibe.ch)
A human in vitro airway wall model to study effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on cells from healthy subjects and subjects suffering from COPD (Unpublished). (unibe.ch)
The effects of SNAP23 on OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were then evaluated in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
There is recent evidence that a regulated membrane trafficking pathway mediated by SNAP23 is required for breast cancer cell invadopodium formation and efficient tumor cell invasion in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, SNAP23 was found to be a potential oncogene that promotes OC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an in vitro system to identify the impact of cell behavior on the earliest stages of cell fate specification during human development. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we develop and apply the principles of their evolution from systems principally for evaluating mechanism dosimetry in vitro and outline an approach for simulation of of toxicity to high-throughput systems for rapid and cost-effective nanoparticle particokinetics in cell culture systems. (cdc.gov)

Whereas APPL1- positive vesicles localize close to the plasma membrane, we observed that WDFY2 localized to a pool of vesicles that was further from the plasma membrane and negative for APPL1. (nature.com)
A cell-adhesion molecule fasciclin 2 (FAS2), which is required for synaptic growth and still life (SIF), an activator of RAC, were found to localize in the surrounding region of the active zone, defining the periactive zone in Drosophila neuromuscular synapses. (biologists.com)

The essential role of kidneys in normal physiology, including plasma filtration of metabolic waste products, acid-base balance, regulation of plasma volume, and hormone secretion, is indicated by the large number of diverse, life threatening renal diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

Occludin, the putative tight junction integral membrane protein, is an attractive candidate for a protein that forms the actual sealing element of the tight junction. (rupress.org)

However, homologs exist in nearly all cells of plant or animal origin ( Nauseef, 2019 ), suggesting functions of NOX beyond the mammalian immune system. (frontiersin.org)

Quality control test: Transient overexpression cell lysate was tested with Anti-STX2 antibody by Western Blots. (novusbio.com)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Podoplanin (PDPN) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (scientificsupplyandequipment.com)
We noticed elevated immunofluorescence strength from the 18 antibody staining, which can be specific to triggered -catenin conformation under tensile stress, in ZO-1,-2 DKO cells (Supplementary Fig.?S1a, b). (aboutsciencenow.info)

This suggests that StcE alters host epithelial surfaces to depress neutrophil transepithelial migration during infection. (imperial.ac.uk)

CFTR quantified using this method showed 30 times improvement in the sensitivity of the analysis of overexpressed apical plasma membrane CFTR over in-solution digested samples that were surface biotinylated. (uconn.edu)
These interactions and their essential functional consequences for cell surface receptor signalling reactions are excellently reviewed in [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These components have specific functions and most of them are found on the apical surface of epithelial cells. (differencebetween.com)
Cells produce microvilli, mainly, to increase the surface area for absorption (intestine surface), to transport absorbed materials, and to participate in the digestion of carbohydrates. (differencebetween.com)
Formation of the characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion on the surface of infected cells causes significant remodelling of the host cell surface, however limited information is available about changes at the protein level. (imperial.ac.uk)
The complement decay-accelerating factor CD55 exhibited the greatest reduction in cell surface levels during infection. (imperial.ac.uk)
This work is the first report of the global manipulation of the epithelial cell surface by a bacterial pathogen and illustrates the power of quantitative cell-surface proteomics in uncovering critical aspects of bacterial infection biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
In order to accomplish this, a solute (molecule to be transported) binds to a specific site on a transporter on one surface of the membrane. (biologyonline.com)
Unlike other ErbB family members, HER2 levels are maintained on the cell surface when the receptor is activated, allowing prolonged signaling and contributing to its transforming ability. (korea.ac.kr)
We conclude that ezrin stabilizes a multiprotein complex that maintains active HER2 at the cell surface. (korea.ac.kr)
Significantly reduced photobleaching in MP microscopy of DHE enabled us to acquire three-dimensional z -stacks of DHE-stained cells and to obtain high-resolution maps of DHE in surface ruffles, nanotubes, and the apical membrane of epithelial cells. (epfl.ch)
Multiciliated cells (MCC) contain hundreds of motile cilia used to propel fluid over their surface. (elifesciences.org)
By manipulating cell size, we discovered that centriole number scales with surface area. (elifesciences.org)
Our results demonstrate that a cell-intrinsic surface area-dependent mechanism controls centriole and cilia abundance in multiciliated cells. (elifesciences.org)
Each MCC contains hundreds of motile cilia, microtubule-based organelles that generate the motive force to move fluid over the surface of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
In contrast to soluble chemicals, cadmium oxide particles on a cm2/ml media basis, but are only ~50 particles can settle, diffuse, and aggregate differentially accord- times more potent when differences in delivery to adherent cells are ing to their size, density, and surface physicochemistry. (cdc.gov)

WDFY2 localizes to endosomal tubules by binding to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). (nature.com)

Dr. Mukhopadhyay did his doctoral studies in Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry from Calcutta University and received the postdoctoral training in the Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, USA. (jnu.ac.in)

This review summarizes recent work elucidating endocytic pathways, primarily in the worm germ line and coelomocytes, and also touches on diverse studies of secretion, especially in ectodermal cells of epithelial character. (wormbook.org)
There are several endocytic pathways that utilize different mechanisms to internalize portions of the plasma membrane. (wormbook.org)
Despite the importance of the developmental pathways followed by these small groups of progenitor cells and their impact on the physiology of the organism, we still know little about the set of developmental strategies that progenitor cells deploy in vivo to overcome the challenges imposed by the environment as they travel to the site of terminal differentiation. (elifesciences.org)
Affects EZR-dependent signaling events, leading to increased activities of the MAPK and PI3K pathways in cancer cells. (joplink.net)
Yet, NOX2 can also be recruited to the plasma membrane of phagocytes leading to the generation of extracellular H 2 O 2 ( Aviello and Knaus, 2018 ), and NOX2-derived ROS participate in major signaling pathways, both within the individual phagocyte and surrounding cells. (frontiersin.org)

In cells lacking either the ubiquitous AP-1A or the epithelial-specific AP-1B, syntaxin 4 is non-polar. (wisc.edu)

Epithelial cells that undergo concerted movements and changes in shape become polarized first ( Müller, 2003 ). (peerj.com)

Boxplots depicting individual measurements of apical membrane labyrinth depth Data type: boxplot zookeys-801-427-s004.tif (522K) GUID:?29810238-0F8B-41A9-AD8B-45F341080D09 Urban Bogataj, Monika Praznik, Polona Mrak, Jasna ?trus, Magda Tu?ek-?nidari? (irjs.info)

Note that GO:0043296 "apical junction complex" is not part of 45177. (geneontology.org)

Many receptors then recycle to the plasma membrane either directly or indirectly via recycling endosomes. (wormbook.org)
In activated T-cells, influences directly or indirectly the Ras/MAPK pathway. (cusabio.com)

Each plasma membrane domain has a distinct protein composition, giving them distinct properties and allowing directional transport of molecules across the epithelial sheet. (wikipedia.org)
Systematic analysis of SNARE molecules in Arabidopsis: dissection of the post-Golgi network in plant cells. (kegg.jp)
Specifically, diffusion is the mechanism of movement of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and the movement of other molecules across membranes. (biologyonline.com)
Remember that membranes slow down diffusion and molecules will move slowly than through a water layer of equal thickness. (biologyonline.com)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a critical role in progression of cancer by degrading and remodeling ECM, enabling cells to overcome tissue barriers, travel within the circulatory system before extravasating to produce a secondary tumor 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
Cell invasion is a crucial step of tumor metastasis , finding new regulators of which offers potential drug targets for cancer therapy. (sdbonline.org)
Although anti-tumor strategies targeting tumor-associated immune cells were being rapidly developed, the preparations were usually limited in targeting efficiency. (bvsalud.org)

Removal of ring culture system induces collective cell migration at the iPSC colony edge. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces the formation of apical actin-dependent microvilli. (joplink.net)
Excess hepsin proteolytic activity limits oncogenic signaling and induces ER stress and autophagy in prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)

It is a region where the plasma membrane of adjacent cells forms a series of contacts that appears to completely occlude the extracellular space as observed by transmission EM. (rupress.org)
check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

Cancer cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases to remodel the extracellular matrix, which enables them to overcome tissue barriers and form metastases. (nature.com)
This is accompanied by increased, VAMP3-dependent secretion of MT1-MMP, enhanced degradation of extracellular matrix, and increased cell invasion. (nature.com)
One of the most life-threatening aspects of cancer is the ability of transformed cells to invade into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring tissue to form metastases 1 , 2 . (nature.com)

Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)

Mouse Jup: Can you annotate to GO:0007016 "cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane" based on PMID 18496566? (geneontology.org)

Both cilia and microvilli are the projections of the plasma membrane, and they are found only in certain cells. (differencebetween.com)
Microvilli are the minute finger- like elongated projections of the plasma membrane which exhibit a core of thin microfilaments. (differencebetween.com)
Cilia are used to move the cell bodies and other sweeping processes, whereas microvilli are used in the absorption process. (differencebetween.com)

Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)

The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
This study aims to understand the function and mechanism of Drosophila Glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) in cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)

This causes lysosomes to fuse with both the apical and basolateral membranes. (wisc.edu)

Airway progenitor cells contain two parental centrioles (PC) and form structures called deuterosomes that nucleate centrioles during amplification. (elifesciences.org)

dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)

The impaired proliferation and reduced invasive capacity observed in cells as a consequence of inhibiting SNAP23 function suggests an important role for SNARE mediated pathway in OC progression. (biomedcentral.com)

Enrichment and purity of the membrane fractions were assessed by various biochemical markers. (elsevierpure.com)

We show that loss of WDFY2 leads to enhanced secretion of MT1-MMP and allows cells to actively invade into ECM. (nature.com)

Please check figure 4 of PMID 9657150 to verify the GO:0016324 "apical plasma membrane" annotation. (geneontology.org)
Mouse Ctnnb1: Would you like to specify "lung" for the two GO:0002053 "positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation" annotations (PMID 18231602 and PMID 18533146)? (geneontology.org)

Anatomy73

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science3

Health Care1

Polarity17

Intestinal epithelial cells3

Proteins27

Basal10

Cytoplasmic5

Mammary epithelial cells2

Epithelia4

Exocytosis6

Junctions8

Biol6

Morphology3

Basolateral membrane5

Localization6

Intracellular2

Junctional complex2

Morphogenesis3

Lumen1

Cellular7

MDCK1

Constriction1

Epithelium4

Kidney7

Raft4

Infoldings1

Permeability2

Adaptor1

Apically4

Embryonic5

Tissues5

Lateral8

Back to the plasma membrane2

Antigen3

Vesicle1

Lipid2

Microtubules1

Vitro9

Localize2

Metabolic waste products1

Integral1

Homologs1

Antibody3

Alters1

Surface16

Tubules1

Biology1

Pathways5

Syntaxin1

Undergo1

Labyrinth1

Junction complex1

Directly or indirectly2

Molecules4

Tumor3

Induces3

Adjacent2

Extracellular matrix3

Mechanisms3

Cytoskeletal1

Microvilli3

Scrib1

Drosophila4

Fuse1

Airway1

Regulate1

Pathway1

Enrichment1

Secretion1

PMID2