• They derive their name from the tufts of stereocilia called hair bundles that protrude from the apical surface of the cell into the fluid-filled cochlear duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammalian cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct types, known as outer, and inner hair cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • During mouse embryonic development, a subpopulation of neural crest cell-derived melanocytes migrates and incorporates into a subregion of the cochlear epithelium, forming the intermediate cell layer of the stria vascularis. (jneurosci.org)
  • In characterizing the molecular differentiation of developing peripheral auditory structures, we discovered that hepatocyte growth factor ( Hgf ) is expressed in the future stria vascularis of the cochlear epithelium. (jneurosci.org)
  • Its receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Met , is expressed in the cochlear epithelium and melanocyte-derived intermediate cells in the stria vascularis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we have presented the spatiotemporal dynamics of the expression of HMGB1, exhibiting distribution variability in specific cochlear regions and cells following noise exposure. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cochlear hair cell innervation is dependent on a modulatory function of Semaphorin-3A. (mpg.de)
  • Multichannel optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway using microfabricated LED cochlear implants in rodents. (mpg.de)
  • AP180 promotes release site clearance and clathrin-dependent vesicle reformation in mouse cochlear inner hair cells. (mpg.de)
  • NC cells differentiate to form a broad array of derivatives, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, smooth muscle, cartilage, craniofacial mesenchyme, and melanocytes ( Mayor and Theveneau, 2013 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • PNNs are supposed to control synaptic transmission and are frequently associated with neurons firing at high rates, including principal neurons of auditory brainstem nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Spiral ganglion neurons, cells of the stria vascularis, and vestibular hair cell densities, however, appeared normal in 20-week-old A/J mice. (jax.org)
  • The inner ear contains sensory epithelia composed of mechanosensitive hair cells, supporting cells, and sensory neurons that work in concert to detect sound and positional information and transmit those signals to the brain. (springer.com)
  • These organoids contain functional mechanosensitive hair cells, supporting cells, and sensory neurons, which phenocopy functional components of the inner ear responsible for detection of positional information. (springer.com)
  • Pou4f1 defines a subgroup of type I spiral ganglion neurons and is necessary for normal inner hair cell presynaptic Ca2+ signaling. (mpg.de)
  • These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia . (lookformedical.com)
  • Displacement of stereocilia opens ion channels resulting in depolarization and release of transmitter from synapses at the basal end of the cell to terminals of innervating afferent nerves. (washington.edu)
  • These currents may be involved in shaping the receptor potential, implying crucial importance for the properties of afferent auditory signals. (jneurosci.org)
  • We addressed the function of BK Ca by recording sound-induced responses of afferent auditory nerve (AN) fibers from mice with a targeted deletion of the pore-forming α-subunit of BK Ca ( BKα −/− ) and comparing these with voltage responses of current-clamped IHCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] The inner hair cells transform the sound vibrations in the fluids of the cochlea into electrical signals that are then relayed via the auditory nerve to the auditory brainstem and to the auditory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chinchillas were functionally tested [i.e., auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) pre- and one or more times post-exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, the auditory hair cells are located within the spiral organ of Corti on the thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABBR: AN Hearing loss that results from nerve damage or impaired nervous system processing of normal signals received from sensory hair cells in the Organ of Corti. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A long-term multi-organ co-culture system coupled with quantitative imaging to visualize blood cell cycle progression, analyze polarized blood cell mitosis, and track blood cell differentiation kinetics during Drosophila hematopoiesis in homeostatic condition and following infection. (elifesciences.org)
  • There are sensory cells in the membranous labyrinth that respond to head movement, such as acceleration, position, as well as sensory cells of the Corti's organ for sensing sound. (uvigo.es)
  • Growth is the irreversible increase in dry weight, mass or volume of a cell, organ or organism. (icsesolutions.com)
  • Development is the sequence of events that occur in the life history of a cell, organ or organism which includes growth, differentiation, maturation and senescence. (icsesolutions.com)
  • Accordingly, in ecdysozoan and vertebrate model organisms, orthologs of Pax2/5/8 are among others involved in the formation of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary, the auditory/geosensory organ systems, and the excretory system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A coordinated tempo-spatial expression of transcription factors is required for cell type specification and the differentiation of the three germ layers into distinct organ systems during bilaterian ontogeny [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most prominent larval sensory organ is the apical organ that is present in representatives of all molluscan classes investigated so far, except for cephalopods [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cochleae of 9-week-old A/J mice exhibit inner and outer hair cell loss from the basal turn through the apical turn, with outer hair cell loss at the base being severest. (jax.org)
  • Damage to hair cells can cause damage to the vestibular system and therefore cause difficulties in balancing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hair bundles are arranged as stiff columns that move at their base in response to stimuli applied to the tips. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is thought that this tonic release is what allows the hair cells to respond so quickly in response to mechanical stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hair cells of the inner ear act as mechanosensors, converting mechanical stimuli to electrical signals transmitted to the brain. (washington.edu)
  • The origin of this high-rate activity is found in the cochlea, where inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials, followed by faithful and indefatigable transmitter release at their ribbon synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Localizing sound in the horizontal plane is achieved by processing in the medullary nuclei of the auditory system. (usk.ac.id)
  • Hair cells that have high-frequency resonance are located at the basal end while hair cells that have significantly lower frequency resonance are found at the apical end of the epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main cell type of the main olfactory epithelium is the olfactory receptor, a specialized neuron type. (uvigo.es)
  • Chen W, Jongkamonwiwat N, Abbas L et al (2012) Restoration of auditory evodked responses by human ES-cell-derived otic progenitors. (springer.com)
  • Mastocytes are very large cells involved in the allergic and anti-inflammatory responses. (uvigo.es)
  • The neurotransmitters diffuse across the narrow space between the hair cell and a nerve terminal, where they then bind to receptors and thus trigger action potentials in the nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • No hypothesis has attempted to explain how workplace noise damages then destroys sensory cells, supporting cells and nerve fibers in the cochlea. (cdc.gov)
  • The capsule is made up of layers of connective tissue cells, whith nerve terminals among them. (uvigo.es)
  • The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses , forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
  • The activity of growth promoting factors in the CSF and their action on progenitors across the apical surface may be a model for other epithelia including lung, gut, and vascular endothelia that develop in relation to extracellular fluids (Bendall et al. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Changes in auditory function after exposure to high-frequency [i.e., 4-kHz octave band of noise (OBN)] or low-frequency (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • A focal lesion is defined as a region in which SO% or more of the OHCs and/or inner hair cells (IHCs) are missing over a distance of at least 0.03 mm. (cdc.gov)
  • Less is known about their role in mammalian inner hair cells (IHCs), mechanosensory cells with unusually large BK Ca currents. (jneurosci.org)
  • Graded optogenetic activation of the auditory pathway for hearing restoration. (mpg.de)
  • However, as is explored further in other parts of this web site and discussed in detail in chapter 3 of Auditory Neuroscience , it is important to realize that pitch perception is complex, and may have relatively little to do with tonotopic place coding in the ascending auditory pathway. (auditoryneuroscience.com)
  • It is equipped with flask-shaped (ampullary) cells and in some mollusks with additional peripheral cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings reveal an additional example of context-dependent c-MET signaling diversity, required here for proper cellular invasion developmentally that is essential for specific aspects of auditory-related organogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • The human cochlea contains on the order of 3,500 inner hair cells and 12,000 outer hair cells at birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outer hair cells mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammalian outer hair cells, the varying receptor potential is converted to active vibrations of the cell body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Outer hair cells are found only in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • While hearing sensitivity of mammals is similar to that of other classes of vertebrates, without functioning outer hair cells, the sensitivity decreases by approximately 50 dB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Outer hair cells extend the hearing range to about 200 kHz in some marine mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results strongly suggest that DPOAE PI, Ss cannot be used to monitor noise-exposed humans in order to identify beginning outer hair cell (OHC) losses in their cochleae. (cdc.gov)
  • Application of various small molecules and recombinant proteins to mouse embryonic stem cells at specific time points in vitro has enabled recapitulation of developmental cues with subsequent formation of inner ear organoids. (springer.com)
  • TATA-box binding protein is not required for RNA Polymerase II transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • The lack of knowledge about mechanisms of noise-induced hair-cell death has hindered identification of noise-protective agents that could be used to ameliorate NIHL in workers. (cdc.gov)
  • It appears that the mechanisms for the formation of OHC focal lesions differ in the basal and apical halves of the OC, both during and after the exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • During the last decades, remarkable progress has been made in further understanding the complex molecular regulatory networks that maintain hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. (x-mol.com)
  • The thymic selection of the human T-cell receptor repertoire releases polyspecific receptors with the ability to recognize and respond to peptides from unrelated viruses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Damage to these hair cells results in decreased hearing sensitivity, and because the inner ear hair cells cannot regenerate, this damage is permanent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Damage and loss of hair cells are leading causes of hearing and balance disorders, affecting over 40 million people in the US. (washington.edu)
  • Hair cells are susceptible to environmental insults, including noise, chemical exposure and accumulated damage during aging. (washington.edu)
  • We use the zebrafish system to understand why hair cells die, how they can be protected from damage, and how they can regenerate. (washington.edu)
  • In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The higher cell viability observed in the HMGB1 knocked-down group after stimulation with H 2 O 2 indicated the possible negative effect of HMGB1 on cellular lifespan. (frontiersin.org)
  • This additional stimulation caused several of these cells to reverse (Figures S2E and S2F), indicating that stable cells can become reversed cells. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • It is not known why noise exposure causes different patterns of cell loss in the apical and basal halves of the Oc. (cdc.gov)
  • that most cells significantly altered their directional tuning after exposure to an adaptation protocol (30/74 DSGCs reversed, 15/74 became ambiguous, and 29/74 remained stable). (inhibitorkits.com)
  • The neural crest (NC) is comprised of specialized cells that arise from the lateral border of the neural plate and migrate into specific locations during vertebrate embryonic development. (jneurosci.org)
  • Chambers S, Fasano C, Papapetrou E (2009) Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling. (springer.com)
  • Although Igf2 availability decreased in adult CSF (Figures 3C and S3B), Igf2 continued to be expressed in adult choroid plexus (data not shown) and maintained adult neurospheres ( Figure 4I), suggesting that low levels of CSF Igf2 contribute to the maintenance of adult neural stem cells. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • fluid apparently regulates the microenvironment of hematopoietic stem cells, where Igf signaling regulates progenitor proliferation (Orkin and Zon, 2008 and Zhang and Lodish, 2004). (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Meristems cells can proliferate and differentiate into all the cell types of the plant. (uvigo.es)
  • However, other organisms, such as the frequently studied zebrafish, and birds have hair cells that can regenerate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Zebrafish lateral line hair cells share many properties with those of the inner ear, and are sensitive to the same types of damaging agents as human cells. (washington.edu)
  • The zebrafish and Xenopus kidney are outlined in white dashed lines, and motile multiciliated cells in the kidney are pseudocolored in magenta. (xenbase.org)
  • A sensory cell diversifies its output by varying Ca2+ influx‐release coupling among active zones. (mpg.de)
  • Pax2/5/8 -expressing cells are present in regions where the future sensory cells such as the polyplacophoran esthetes are situated and hence Pax2/5/8 expression probably predates sensory cell development during ontogeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells are of the ampullary sensory cell type, exhibit serotonin-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity and are innervated by the cerebral commissure [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead, the influx of positive ions from the endolymph in the scala media depolarizes the cell, resulting in a receptor potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • The standing wave moves from a more apical position (plotted to the right) to a more basal (left) position as the frequency (and the perceived pitch) rises. (auditoryneuroscience.com)
  • Given the close interactions between bacteria and host cells in the local microenvironment, these results provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies on how bacteria interfere with essential cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • it is a type of encapsulated receptor found in the dermis, usually in the dermal papillae of regions lacking hair follicles. (uvigo.es)
  • The differential capacity of Igf signaling to confer a proliferative advantage to stem cells may be regulated in part by Igf's interactions with binding proteins Androgen Receptor Antagonist cell line or other secreted factors in the environment (Clemmons, 1997). (inhibitorkits.com)
  • A/J mice showed evidence of hair cell loss in the base of the cochlea as early as 14 days of age and the magnitude and extent of loss increased rapidly during the following 2-5 months. (jax.org)
  • Hair cell loss occurred earlier and was much more severe and widespread in A/J mice than in B6 mice during the first 5 months of age. (jax.org)
  • Macromolecular and electrical coupling between inner hair cells in the rodent cochlea. (mpg.de)
  • The nuclear membrane protein SUN1 stabilizes endothelial cell-cell junctions far from the nucleus via regulation of microtubule dynamics and Rho GEF-H1 signaling, revealing long-range cellular communication important for vascular development and function. (elifesciences.org)
  • The main function of macrophages is to phagocyte particles: those recognized as foreign particles by the immune system, such as virus, bacteria and other pathogens, as well as particles resulting from death cells. (uvigo.es)
  • NC cells contribute to several inner ear structures during embryonic development. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cilia are microtubule -based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. (xenbase.org)
  • On his work table sit the microscopes through which he viewed cell structures, the art supplies that he used to render what he saw, and what appears to be a glass of sherry. (nih.gov)
  • Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The amplification may be powered by the movement of their hair bundles, or by an electrically driven motility of their cell bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is affected by the closing mechanism of the mechanical sensory ion channels at the tips of the hair bundles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Breneman K, Brownell W, Rabbitt R (2009) Hair cell bundles: flexoelectric motors of the inner ear. (springer.com)
  • Hair cells are called such because they have actin-rich protrusions, stereocilia, at their apical end. (washington.edu)
  • How cells generate these actin-mediated protrusions to span lengths beyond those attainable by canonical filopodia remains unknown. (x-mol.com)
  • Derivatives of the EEG technique include evoked potential s (EP), which involves averaging the EEG activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort (visual, somatosensory , or auditory). (explained.today)
  • Flexible auditory training, psychophysics, and enrichment of common marmosets with an automated, touchscreen-based system. (mpg.de)
  • To quantify the progression of hair cell loss, cytocochleograms were evaluated from 0 to 20 weeks of age. (jax.org)
  • it is a protein synthesized and released by melanocytes, cells found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. (uvigo.es)
  • Ppp1r18-/- T cells exhibit reduced capacity to induce colitis in a murine adoptive transfer model. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ding Q, Regan S, Xia Y, Oostrom L, Cowan C, Musunuru K (2013) Enhanced efficiency of human pluripotent stem cell genome editing through replacing TALENs with CRISPRs. (springer.com)
  • Through mechanotransduction, hair cells detect movement in their environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pax2/5/8 is expressed in regions where sensory cells develop subsequently during ontogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enrichment analysis revealed multiple RNA biological processes, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, DNA conformational changes, protein-DNA complex subunit organization, telomere organization and cell cycle as the most significant ontology terms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The clarin 1 protein is thought to be expressed in mouse cochlea transiently from embryonic day 18 (E18) to postnatal day 6 (P6) in basal parts of the hair cells, whereas in apical parts (stereocilia) clarin 1 expression is lost already at P1. (molvis.org)
  • Conformational switch of harmonin, a submembrane scaffold protein of the hair cell mechanoelectrical transduction machinery. (nih.gov)
  • An earlier study by Santi and colleagues [ 25 ] reported an ECM coat made up of glycoconjugates at the endolymphatic surface of hair cells but specific molecules have not been identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) connect distant cells and mediate cargo transfer for intercellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts. (x-mol.com)