Apical and basolateral membranes of proximal tubules kidney tubules collecting. Medical search. Frequent questions

Plasma filtration and much of the tubular reabsorption takes place in the renal cortex, an important functional component of the kidney between the renal capsule and renal medulla, consisting of glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules. (biomedcentral.com)
These include the major components of the glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct [ 1 ]. (j-organoid.org)

Carbonic anhydrase plays an important role in bicarbonate reabsorption from the proximal tubule ( Ives, 2001 ). (aspetjournals.org)

Presumably, the uptake of cidofovir across the basolateral tubular membrane is more efficient than the subsequent secretion into tubular lumen resulting in drug accumulation in renal tubules. (aspetjournals.org)
To eliminate waste products from the body, the kidney filters gigantic quantities of the plasma (over 160 quarts per day) resulting in the flow of huge quantities of water, NaCl and the base bicarbonate through the renal tubules. (yale.edu)

Although urine is finally modified in subsequent tubules, the proximal tubule is the main site for both NaCl and NaHCO 3 reabsorption. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Comparison of this renal cortical proteome with published human urinary proteomes demonstrated enrichment of renal extracellular, plasma membrane, and lysosomal proteins in the urine, with a lack of intracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Among these organs, the kidneys play a crucial role in osmoregulation in euryhaline teleosts by modifying the amount of urine and maintaining ion and water balance according to environmental salinity/osmolality [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
GHB was administered iv bolus (600 and 1000 mg/kg) and plasma and urine samples were collected for six hours post-dose. (biomedcentral.com)
As part of the urinary tract, the kidneys are responsible for blood filtration and excretion of water-soluble waste in the urine. (lecturio.com)
The general goal of our research is to understand how the kidney regulates the composition of the urine, especially as needed to maintain the salt (NaCl) and acid-base balance of the body. (yale.edu)
We showed that the cause of the calcium oxalate kidney stones is a very high concentration of oxalate in the urine. (yale.edu)
We found that this kidney transport protein also plays a very crucial role in the intestine, where it secretes oxalate and thereby limits how much of ingested oxalate is absorbed and then excreted in the urine. (yale.edu)

Investigation using freeze-fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed. (wikipedia.org)
AQP1 was first seen in developing PT epithelia, predominantly in apical cell membranes, and, at 15 wk, was also detected in DTL . (transhumanist.ru)
AQP2 was seen in apical cell membranes of the branching ureteric bud and CD system from 12 wk and throughout development. (transhumanist.ru)

The majority of the filtered load is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule, but significant amounts are also absorbed in the loop of Henle and the early distal nephron. (medscape.com)
Up to 90% of the filtered load is reabsorbed by the nephron, 60% in the proximal tubule, and the remainder in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the connecting tubule, and the cortical collecting duct. (medscape.com)
The S3 segment of the proximal tubule, which maintains the delicate balance between high O 2 demand and low basal O 2 tension in the corticomedullary region, is the portion of the nephron most vulnerable to ischemia (Parker et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
In contrast to earlier models that featured nephron-like structures, these advances have improved the differentiation efficiency and similarity to the human kidney. (j-organoid.org)
One functional component of the kidney, the nephron, carries out tasks such as filtration and reabsorption. (j-organoid.org)
These renal vesicles connect the collecting duct and ureter, developing into metanephric nephron progenitors ( Fig. 1 ) [ 8 , 9 ]. (j-organoid.org)

This allows polarized transcellular transport and specialised functions of apical and basolateral membranes. (wikipedia.org)
The process of secreting organic anions through the proximal tubule cells is achieved via unidirectional transcellular transport involving the uptake of organic anions into the cells from the blood across the basolateral membrane, followed by extrusion across the brush-border membrane into the proximal tubule fluid. (aspetjournals.org)

Hydrogen ions may be lost through the kidneys or the GI tract. (medscape.com)
Renal losses of hydrogen ions occur whenever the distal delivery of sodium increases in the presence of excess aldosterone, which stimulates the electrogenic epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the collecting duct. (medscape.com)
To prevent dehydration, they ingest seawater and actively excrete small amounts of divalent ions via the kidneys, while they excrete most monovalent ions through the gills. (ijbs.com)
To compensate, they absorb ions via the gill epithelia, excrete excess water and reabsorb filtered solutes in the kidneys [ 1 - 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
The first portion of each renal tubule is called the proximal tubule, and the proximal tubules are collectively responsible for reabsorbing the vast majority of the filtered NaCl, bicarbonate and water, and secreting acid in the form of ammonium ions. (yale.edu)

Lithium can substitute for sodium in several sodium channels, particularly the sodium-hydrogen exchanger in the proximal tubule (NHE3), the sodium/potassium/2chloride exchanger in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (NKCC2), and the epithelial channel of the cortical collecting tubule (ENaC). (medscape.com)
Acutely and chronically, lithium salts produce a natriuresis that is associated with an impaired regulation of the expression of the epithelial sodium channel in the cortical collecting tubule. (medscape.com)
1996), and the cortical collecting duct (Reilly et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Proteomic methodologies increasingly have been applied to the kidney to map the renal cortical proteome and to identify global changes in renal proteins induced by diseases such as diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
High-confidence identification of ~2,000 proteins, including cytoplasmic, nuclear, plasma membrane, extracellular and unknown/unclassified proteins, was obtained by separating tryptic peptides of renal cortical proteins into 60 fractions by SCX prior to LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins represented the renal cortical proteome with no discernible bias due to protein physicochemical properties, subcellular distribution, biological processes, or molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)

Administration of sodium bicarbonate in amounts that exceed the capacity of the kidneys to excrete this excess bicarbonate may cause metabolic alkalosis. (medscape.com)
sults: sodium 133 mmol/L, potassium membrane regulator gene ( CFTR ) on He was readmitted 5 more times 3.4 mmol/L, chloride 100 mmol/L and chromosome 7. (who.int)
Our general goal is to characterize the mechanisms regulating sodium, acid-base, and anion excretion by the kidney. (yale.edu)
Reduced sodium delivery to the distal convoluted tubule detected by macula densa cells. (teachmephysiology.com)

In this work, we screened all the potential zinc transporter Zip (SLC39) and ZnT (SLC30) members for their likely roles in zinc excretion in Malpighian tubules, an insect organ functionally analogous to mammalian kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
Zip71B/dZip5 is localized to the plasma membrane at the basolateral side of the tubules, and is functionally epistatic to the apically localized ZnT35C in regulating the tubule zinc homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Our results start to sketch out a relatively complete picture of the zinc excretion process in Drosophila Malpighian tubules, and may provide a reference for relevant mammalian studies. (biomedcentral.com)

Expression of aquaporins-1 and -2 during nephrogenesis and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. (transhumanist.ru)
Using antibodies against AQP1 and AQP2 , we here show expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal human developing and adult kidneys and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). (transhumanist.ru)

The organ systems involved in metabolic alkalosis are mainly the kidneys and GI tract. (medscape.com)
The primary response of the kidney to acidosis is an upregulation of the metabolic process of ammoniagenesis , so named because it produces ammonia from the amino acid glutamine ( Figure 1A ). (renalfellow.org)
The essential role of kidneys in normal physiology, including plasma filtration of metabolic waste products, acid-base balance, regulation of plasma volume, and hormone secretion, is indicated by the large number of diverse, life threatening renal diseases. (biomedcentral.com)

In kidneys suffering from ischemia-reperfusion and in renal tubular epithelial cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation, NCX extrudes Na + in exchange for Ca 2+ influx, resulting in intracellular Ca 2+ overload and tubular epithelial cell injury (Yamashita J, S Kita, T Iwamoto et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
The tubular secretion of diuretics in the proximal tubule has been shown to be critical for the action of drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
and renal tubular secretion of chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide in the avian kidney ( Odlind and Lonnerholm, 1982 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Tubular secretion of acetazolamide was demonstrated to be important for the elimination of this drug in the study using the isolated rat perfused kidney ( Taft and Sweeney, 1995 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Kidney tubuloids derived from adult stem cells offer the advantage of long-term culture and expansion, but they include only tubular structures and lack glomerular components. (j-organoid.org)
Hence, inhibition of the active drug uptake into proximal tubular cells may provide an effective strategy to ameliorate the renal toxicity syndromes. (aspetjournals.org)
Finally, using a tubule calcification model, we were able to show that knockdown of Zip71B/dZip5 or ZnT35C was able to mitigate stone formation, consistent with their roles in tubular zinc homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. (wikipedia.org)
These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
Transmembrane proteins: Occludin was the first integral membrane protein to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
Their structure differs from that of the other integral membrane proteins in that they only have one transmembrane domain instead of four. (wikipedia.org)
Tight junctions help to maintain the apicobasal polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral/basal surfaces, allowing the specialized functions of each surface (for example receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface) to be preserved. (wikipedia.org)
A whole tissue extract of the mouse kidney cortex was analyzed by an unbiased proteomic approach, yielding a dataset of ~2,000 unique proteins identified with strict criteria to ensure a high level of confidence in protein identification. (biomedcentral.com)
Many of these proteins, such as low-abundance proteins, membrane proteins and proteins with extreme values in pI or MW are traditionally under-represented in 2-DE-based proteomic analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Our lab has specifically focused on identifying the proteins involved in mediating the transport of bicarbonate, NaCl and ammonium in the proximal tubule. (yale.edu)
We found that "knockout" mice lacking one of these transport proteins have a high incidence of calcium oxalate urinary stones, the same type that is most common in human patients with kidney stones. (yale.edu)
Our work is primarily focused on membrane transport proteins mediating ion exchange, namely NHE isoforms mediating Na + -H + exchange, and SLC26 isoforms mediating anion exchange. (yale.edu)

Membrane permeability comparable to 8-Br-cAMP. (biolog.de)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator gene (CFTR) on chromosome 7. (who.int)

2015). Based on this theory, the reversed mode of NCX in proximal tubules, particularly the S3 segment, is required. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
SMCTs are localized to the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules [ 13 ], with SMCT1 expressed in the S3 segment of proximal tubule, while SMCT2 is expressed on the entire length of the proximal tubule in kidney [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The equatorial segment of the acrosome underlies the domain of the sperm that fuses with the egg membrane during fertilization. (bioone.org)

The secretion of numerous organic anions, including endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics, is an important physiological function of the renal proximal tubule. (aspetjournals.org)
These organoids mimic the structural similarities and developmental processes of the kidneys, while reflecting their physiological properties. (j-organoid.org)
CD45 isoforms differ in their ability to translocate into the glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains and their expression depends on cell type and physiological state of the cell. (thermofisher.com)

We used doubly perfused bullfrog kidneys in vivo , and switched the basolateral solution (renal portal vein) to experimental solutions. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Accordingly, these functions are performed later, after all the blood coming from this huge surface area has been collected and funneled via the portal vein into the liver. (helmberg.at)

It is then secreted into either the thin ascending limb or the collecting duct. (renalfellow.org)

NH 4 + production occurs in proximal tubule epithelial cells, where NH 4 + enters into the tubule lumen and is then reabsorbed from in the thick ascending loop of Henle. (renalfellow.org)

In conclusion, it was suggested that hOAT1 may play an important role in the basolateral uptake of thiazides, and hOAT3 in the uptake of loop diuretics. (aspetjournals.org)
To characterize factors affecting milciclib pharmacokinetics, we investigated whether milciclib is a substrate of the multidrug effluX and uptake trans- porters ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCG2 (BCRP), and OATP1A/1B, and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A, using genetically-modified mouse models and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK-II) cells. (srcinhibitors.com)

The functional significance of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) in basolateral membranes in the proximal tubule remains controversial. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Our results suggest that thermodynamic calculations of cellular Na + concentration led to the conclusion that either a Na + /HCO 3 − exchanger (NBC) or NCX could be present in the same basolateral membrane. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
For example, work with mice lacking anion exchanger Slc26a6, which can function as an oxalate transporter, revealed a phenotype of calcium oxalate kidney stones. (yale.edu)

These data indicate that hOAT1 may significantly contribute to the accumulation of cidofovir and adefovir in renal proximal tubules and, thus, play an active role in the mechanism of nephrotoxicity associated with these antiviral therapeutics. (aspetjournals.org)
b ), suggesting that active drug accumulation in renal proximal tubules may play a role in the etiology of the drug-associated nephrotoxicity. (aspetjournals.org)
Tubule-specific knockdown of Zip71B /dZip5 reduces zinc accumulation in the tubules, but increases zinc levels in the body, resulting in survival defect under zinc excess conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

These findings illustrated and compared the regulatory roles of FXYD12 for NKA in kidneys of the two medakas in response to salinity changes. (ijbs.com)
In osmoregulatory organs, including the kidneys of vertebrates, such as fishes and mammals, Na + -K + -ATPase (NKA) plays important roles in osmoregulation and ion exchange by providing a driving force for many ion-transporting systems [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
This finding in turn has motivated studies on the mechanisms and regulation of oxalate transporters and their roles in oxalate homeostasis, urolithiasis, and crystal-induced inflammation in the kidney and other tissues. (yale.edu)
New Insights into the Pivotal Roles of Claudins in Proximal Tubule Electrolyte Reabsorption Aronson PS . (yale.edu)
New Insights into the Pivotal Roles of Claudins in Proximal Tubule Electrolyte Reabsorption Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2022, 33: 659-661. (yale.edu)

The results of the present study indicated that the kidneys of the examined euryhaline medakas originating from brackish water and fresh water exhibited different modulatory mechanisms through which renal FXYD12 enhanced NKA activity to maintain internal homeostasis. (ijbs.com)

The kidney is a complex organ that becomes highly organized during development. (j-organoid.org)

The localization of NCX in basolateral membranes of proximal tubules is also controversial. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
1992), have reported that NCX localization is restricted to the distal convoluted tubule (Ramachandran and Brunette (1989), Yu et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Based on their different membrane localization, MCTs and SMCTs co-operate in the active reabsorption of GHB in the kidney. (biomedcentral.com)

The embryonic kidney consists of the metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric buds. (j-organoid.org)

In this review, we discuss the induction protocols for kidney organoids and tubuloids, as well as their potential applications in understanding kidney development, renal pathogenesis, and drug screening. (j-organoid.org)

Presently, kidney organoids contain not only nephrons and ureteric buds but also stromal cells. (j-organoid.org)

Aquaporin-1 ( AQP1 ), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle ( DTL ), and aquaporin-2 ( AQP2 ), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia. (transhumanist.ru)
Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure. (lookformedical.com)

Osmoregulation and ionoregulation in fish are mainly accomplished by the osmoregulatory organs, i.e., the gill, kidney, and gut [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
Both ultimately send feedback signals to the kidneys Kidneys The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally against the posterior wall of the abdomen on either side of the spine. (lecturio.com)

The absence of glucose, Na + , a membrane potential in vesicles, or the directionality of water flow did not grossly altered the pf. (tcdb.org)

In order to understand how bicarbonate helps "protect" the kidney, we first have to understand how the kidney deals with an acidosis. (renalfellow.org)

We investigated coordination of the NBC and NCX on the basolateral side of bullfrog proximal tubules. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Thiazides and loop diuretics exhibit their diuretic effects from the luminal side by inhibiting the Na + -Cl - cotransporter of the distal tubule and the Na + -K + -2Cl - co-transporter of the loop of Henle, respectively ( Ives, 2001 ). (aspetjournals.org)

Immunoblot analysis of human kidney cortex demonstrated that hOAT1 is an 80- to 90-kilodalton heterogeneous protein modified by abundant N -glycosylation. (aspetjournals.org)

1989), however, suggested that there is no NCX in basolateral membranes in proximal tubules but that instead, intracellular calcium pools within the mitochondria and elsewhere contribute to Na + /Ca 2+ exchange. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
Serum ultrafiltrable calcium is obtained by applying pressure on serum against a semipermeable membrane. (abdominalkey.com)
Thus, serum water is forced across the membrane, and the ultrafiltrate is analyzed for calcium concentration and then corrected for total serum solids. (abdominalkey.com)
Determinations are best made on freshly separated serum, because heparin creates complexes with calcium, and the presence of fibrin may interfere with the structural integrity of the porous membrane used in the procedure. (abdominalkey.com)
The very steep gradient is maintained by an energy-driven calcium pump, known as the plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase (PMCA). (abdominalkey.com)

Beginning of proximal tubule: same pH as plasma (eg. (derangedphysiology.com)
This is made possible by the biliary system, the smallest branches of which start as plasma membrane-bounded canaliculi between two hepatocytes. (helmberg.at)

9. Which of the following antibodies are produced almost exclusively in MALTs (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues) due to the high concentration of TGF-Beta and thus more likely to be secreted across mucosal membranes? (mockdocs.org)

Western blot analysis showed maximal expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal adult kidneys, lower levels in fetal kidneys, and decreases associated with degree of cystic progression in ADPKD. (transhumanist.ru)

One approach involves the generation of isoform- and phospho-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to identify the cellular and subcellular sites of expression of ion exchangers in the kidney and other tissues, and to study their regulation. (yale.edu)

The chronic lithium nephrotoxicity picture is dominated by polyuria and evidence of chronic kidney disease. (medscape.com)
In patients with chronic toxicity, polyuria can be treated with medication and the chronic renal insufficiency can be treated with the measures routinely used for chronic kidney disease. (medscape.com)
Surely chronic, as acute (minute by minute) changes in respiratory CO 2 handling basically go unnoticed by the kidneys. (derangedphysiology.com)

Northern analysis detected a specific 2.5-kilobase pair hOAT1 transcript only in human kidney. (aspetjournals.org)

The human kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, each composed of at least 20 different cell types. (j-organoid.org)

METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from a population of 1000 adult men and women (aged ≥20 years) matching the age ratio of the typical adult Japanese population. (bvsalud.org)
In adult normal kidneys, AQP1 was localized to apical and basolateral membrane domains of PT and DTL , whereas AQP2 was restricted to principal cells of CD. (transhumanist.ru)

Given the importance of the kidney in normal and disease states, numerous proteomic methodologies increasingly have been applied to the kidney, and novel combinations of research tools are now available to identify global changes in renal protein expression patterns induced by diseases such as diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
In the absence of Mgl, Yellow protein persists at higher levels and melanin granules form ectopically in more proximal layers of the procuticle. (biologists.com)

In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule, a dual pathway model is proposed: large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the TJ complex and numerous small circular pores. (wikipedia.org)
To this end, recent basic science research has demonstrated a link between kidney bicarbonate transport and ammonia handling that may help partly explain this effect of bicarbonate therapy on ammonia production. (renalfellow.org)
Variations in MCT/SMCT expression in the kidney lead to changes in transport capacity, which have the potential to impact GHB renal clearance through alterations in active renal reabsorption [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Upon salinity challenge, the Na + -K + -ATPase (NKA) of fish kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining ion and water balance. (ijbs.com)

We have also been studying mechanisms by which oxalate crystals induce inflammation and thereby cause damage to the kidney and other tissues. (yale.edu)

Since the first publication on generating kidney-like cell aggregates from pluripotent stem cells, various modifications have been made to develop more complex and detailed kidney structures. (j-organoid.org)
MCTs are expressed on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules of kidney while the SMCTs are expressed at the apical membrane [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Epidermal cells secrete these layers sequentially, synthesizing components of distal cuticle layers before proximal ones. (biologists.com)

Anatomy53

Organisms17

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes44

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science3

Health Care1

Distal tubules2

Bicarbonate reabsorption1

Renal tubules2

Urine8

Cell membranes3

Nephron6

Transcellular transport2

Ions5

Cortical5

Sodium4

Functionally2

Excretion1

Autosomal Dominant2

Metabolic3

Tubular7

Proteins10

Permeability1

Regulator gene1

Segment3

Physiological3

Portal vein2

Duct1

Lumen1

Uptake2

Exchanger3

Accumulation3

Roles5

Homeostasis1

Organ1

Localization3

Embryonic1

Pathogenesis1

Ureteric1

Ducts2

Organs2

Vesicles1

Understand how the kidney1

Side2

Cortex1

Calcium6

Plasma2

Concentration1

Cystic1

Involves1

Chronic3

HOAT11

Human kidney1

Adult2

Protein2

Transport3

Crucial role1

Tissues1

Cells3