• Learn more about second-generation antipsychotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Where is the evidence that there is a unifying chemical structure for, or a clinically important difference in, the efficacy or effectiveness of 'neuroleptics', 'major tranquillisers', and 'conventional', 'typical', 'atypical', 'first-generation' and 'second-generation' antipsychotics? (cambridge.org)
  • Arrestin-3 agonism at D3 dopamine receptors defines a subclass of second generation antipsychotics that promotes drug tolerance. (neurotree.org)
  • Currently, about 95% of antipsychotics prescribed in the United States are second-generation antipsychotics. (msdmanuals.com)
  • METHODS: We undertook a preclinical longitudinal study to examine the effects of typical (haloperidol (HAL)) and atypical (clozapine (CLZ)) APDs in wild type (WT) and dopamine D2 knockout (D2KO) mice over 9-weeks using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Clozapine binds to dopamine D2 receptor with 20 times lower affinity than for serotonin-2 receptor. (medscape.com)
  • D4 Dopamine receptor genes of zebrafish and effects of the antipsychotic clozapine on larval swimming behaviour. (igbmc.fr)
  • Clozapine , which also blocks many other receptors, is clearly the most effective drug for psychotic symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These results indicate that the up-regulation of dopamine receptors may be associated with the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia but not the clinical mode of action of antipsychotics. (nih.gov)
  • The AIMS is a 12-item anchored scale administered by clinicians to detect and follow tardive dyskinesia in patients taking antipsychotic medications. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Tardive dyskinesia is often caused by the use of dopamine receptor blocking agents, most commonly antipsychotics, for at least a few months. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Whether antipsychotic drug products differ in their potential to cause tardive dyskinesia is unknown. (druglib.com)
  • The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia and the likelihood that it will become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of antipsychotic drugs administered to the patient increase. (druglib.com)
  • In 1963, Carlsson first postulated that the effects of neuroleptics were secondary to dopamine receptor blockade. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • This dramatic increase coincides with the introduction of a range of new neurochemical and pharmacological tools for the study of dopamine neurons and their function in the brain, as well as the identification of the dopamine receptors, their pharmacology, and their role in mediating the antipsychotic action of neuroleptics [12,13]. (lu.se)
  • Two psychiatrists tional (typical) neuroleptics and none provide the services, which are mainly out- of the new atypical antipsychotics had patient clinics and consultation-liaison du- been used at any time prior to the time ties. (who.int)
  • Medications used for treatment include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine receptor blocking agents, and anticholinergics. (medscape.com)
  • Antipsychotic medications. (webmd.com)
  • Doctors sometimes prescribe antipsychotic medications to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) of dementia, which can include aggression or psychosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Antipsychotic medications can help manage symptoms of severe mental illness and prevent repeat episodes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are two main types of antipsychotic medications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a black box warning regarding the use of antipsychotic medications to treat older adults with dementia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If these medications and behavioral interventions are ineffective, providers may try antipsychotic medications, which may reduce the frequency and intensity of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Chronic exposure to dopamine receptor blockers, including antipsychotic medications, is thought to cause TD. (medscape.com)
  • The results are of particular interest because the pharmacology of CBD is distinct from existing anti-psychotic medications, all of which act via effects on dopamine receptors. (globenewswire.com)
  • Many psychotic patients are treated with antipsychotic medications during acute agitation and aggressive behavior episodes in an attempt to achieve a rapid calming effect. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antipsychotic medications were reviewed to determine their potential and the cause of substitution in association with khat use. (who.int)
  • Almost half were taking antidepressants, and 28% antipsychotic medications. (medscape.com)
  • Different neurotransmitters attach (bind) to different receptors on nerve cells. (healthline.com)
  • First-generation antipsychotics primarily work by reducing the activity of dopamine , one of the chemicals (neurotransmitters) released in the brain by nerve cells (neurons) to transmit signals. (rxlist.com)
  • Some of the first-generation antipsychotics also have effects on other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine . (rxlist.com)
  • With The Guardian branding it "the Kim Kardashian of neurotransmitters," dopamine has become a true pop-science darling - people across the globe have attempted to boost their mood with dopamine fasts and dopamine dressing . (medscape.com)
  • How well different antipsychotic drugs block different types of neurotransmitters varies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Number of publications per year from 1945 to 2006 on the topics of Dopamine and of related classical neurotransmitters. (lu.se)
  • Haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg/injection) elicited increases in D1, D2 and D3 receptor mRNA levels of 100%, 100% and 300% respectively, after 32 days and loxapine (2 mg/kg/injection) elicited increases of 450%, 150% and 550%, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that produces fewer acute parkinsonian, akathisic, or dystonic adverse effects than haloperidol. (medscape.com)
  • Fluphenazine is a high-potency typical antipsychotic with pharmacology similar to that of haloperidol. (medscape.com)
  • Haloperidol is an antipsychotic medication used to treat various mental and behavioral conditions. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Haloperidol is grouped in the antipsychotic class of drugs. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Haloperidol works by binding to dopamine receptors in the brain. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Existe incertidumbre sobre el efecto del zuclopenthixol frente a haloperidol en los scores globales de estado mental, el zuclopenthixol no podria no asociarse con eventos adversos evaluados. (bvsalud.org)
  • The effects of administration of antipsychotic drugs (1-32 days, twice per day) on the rat brain mRNA levels of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors has been assessed by a novel procedure utilising solution hybridisation with oligonucleotides. (nih.gov)
  • This led to being able to demonstrate that patients with Parkinson's disease had abnormally low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia. (lu.se)
  • Your doctor may prescribe aripiprazole (Abilify), olanzapine ( Zyprexa ), or other antipsychotic drugs to treat regular manic episodes or if you lose touch with reality. (webmd.com)
  • It is thought that prolonged treatment with antipsychotics leads to chronic blockade of dopamine D 2 receptors in the striatum, potentially resulting in both dopamine hypersensitivity and oxidative stress and neuronal damage. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Thorazine has an antipsychotic effect due to the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors of the mesocortical and mesolimbic systems. (iufro.org)
  • Until now, one of the few options for physicians when managing TD was to stop, change, or lower the dose of antipsychotic medication, potentially jeopardizing patients' psychiatric stability," Christoph U. Correll, MD, from Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine in Hempstead, New York, said in a release from the company. (medscape.com)
  • A dopamine receptor has been characterized which differs in its pharmacology and signalling system from the D1 or D2 receptor and represents both an autoreceptor and a postsynaptic receptor. (nih.gov)
  • For clinicians to make effective use of the new drugs that will emerge from this active research area, they will need to understand how dopamine affects behavior and keep abreast of the developments in dopamine pharmacology. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • When Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist and the discoverer of vitamins, first synthesized the dopamine precursor levodopa in 1911, he had no idea how important the molecule would prove to be in pharmacology and neurobiology. (medscape.com)
  • Dopamine as an independent neurotransmitter in the nervous system was discovered in Lund by the pharmacologist Arvid Carlsson in 1957, working at the Department of Pharmacology at Sölvegatan 10 in Lund (the current Geocentrum building). (lu.se)
  • Tetrabenazine is a presynaptic dopamine antagonist with minimal risk of tardive dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • It is a partial agonist at the D 2 and 5-HT 1A receptors and an antagonist at the 5-HT 2 receptor. (psychiatrist.com)
  • The Antipsychotic Dopamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Diphenylbutylpiperidines Improve Glycemia in Experimental Obesity by Inhibiting Succinyl-CoA:3-Ketoacid CoA Transferase. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In a recent study published in the journal Scientific Reports , a group of researchers investigated the influence of ketamine, a N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, on mentalizing deficits and associated neural responses, providing insights into glutamate's role in schizophrenia's social cognition impairments. (news-medical.net)
  • Ziprasidone functioned as a selective antagonist at the D 2 , 5HT 2A , and 5HT 1D receptors, and also as an agonist at the 5HT 1A receptor. (tcichemicals.com)
  • the dopamine hypersensitivity hypothesis and the serotonin-dopamine antagonist hypothesis. (who.int)
  • The neuroleptic-induced TD with those who did serotonin-dopamine antagonist hypothesis not develop it under comparatively similar maintains that drugs which have a high conditions. (who.int)
  • Undesirable alterations have been observed in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. (nih.gov)
  • Sertindole is an atypical antipsychotic agent. (europa.eu)
  • If severe tics are the presenting symptom, a newer antipsychotic agent may be the best initial treatment. (medscape.com)
  • It seems to mediate some of the effects of antipsychotic drugs and drugs used against Parkinson's disease, that were previously thought to interact only with D2 receptors. (nih.gov)
  • In Parkinson's disease, the densities of both types of receptors were unchanged, whereas in PSP, the density of D2, but not D1-type dopamine receptors, was decreased in the caudate nucleus and the putamen. (turningtooneanother.net)
  • Also at this time researchers discovered that dopamine depletion in the striatum played a role in Parkinson's disease. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Ever since the discovery of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the 1950s, Lund has been a global hub for Parkinson's research. (lu.se)
  • The D3 receptor is localized to limbic areas of the brain, which are associated with cognitive, emotional and endocrine functions. (nih.gov)
  • Regional brain volume changes following chronic antipsychotic administration are mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Our results present evidence for the role of D2 DA receptors in structural alterations induced by the administration of the typical APD HAL and that chronic administration of CLZ has a limited influence on brain structure. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain. (medscape.com)
  • This agent depletes neurotransmitter stores of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline within nerve cells in the brain, thereby altering the transmission of electric signals from the brain that control movement by reversibly inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). (medscape.com)
  • [1] This prevents dopamine from binding to those receptors and decreases abnormal brain excitement. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Decreasing the dopamine in the brain may also help to treat psychosis. (mentalhealth.com)
  • There has been an explosion of interest and information regarding dopamine receptors in the human brain. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • In the brain, the principal dopamine systems arise from cells in the midbrain and the hypothalamus. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Schizophrenia's social cognition deficits, especially in mentalizing, severely hinder societal interactions, correlating with irregular brain activity and remaining largely unmitigated by antipsychotics. (news-medical.net)
  • We examined the possibility of bone-to-brain mechanotransduction using a mouse model of a brain tumor by focusing on the response to Lrp5-mediated Wnt signaling and dopamine in tumor cells. (iupui.edu)
  • The results revealed that loading the tibia with elevated levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, markedly reduced the progression of the brain tumors. (iupui.edu)
  • This drug works by blocking brain receptors for dopamine. (nmmra.org)
  • Antipsychotic drugs work by influencing how information is transmitted between individual brain cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The functional effect was correlated to a recovery of dopamine, but not noradrenaline, content in the brain, suggesting that depletion of dopamine, rather than noradrenaline or serotonin, was the cause of the akinetic state in reserpine-treated animals. (lu.se)
  • The discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience. (lu.se)
  • He then discovered that dopamine was concentrated in different parts of the brain to norepinephrine, which led him to conclude that dopamine itself could function as a neurotransmitter. (lu.se)
  • Dopamine was found in particularly high concentrations in the parts of the brain known as the basal ganglia, which have a significant role in controlling our muscle movements. (lu.se)
  • He then treated the animals with L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine that is transformed into dopamine in the brain. (lu.se)
  • To date no study has measured the effect of antipsychotics on both of these indices together, in the same population of people with psychosis. (nature.com)
  • Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki cer ) and anterior cingulate glutamate were measured using 18F-DOPA positron emission tomography and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy respectively, before and after at least 5 weeks' naturalistic antipsychotic treatment in people with first episode psychosis ( n = 18) and matched healthy controls ( n = 20). (nature.com)
  • Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. (nih.gov)
  • In the present paper, we meta-analyzed neuroimaging studies of the dopamine and glutamate systems in individuals at high clinical or genetic risk for psychosis to provide the best estimate of the magnitude and variability of group differences across samples and settings. (madinamerica.com)
  • Antipsychotic drugs can be effective in reducing or eliminating symptoms of psychosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After the immediate symptoms have cleared, depending on the cause of their psychosis, people may need to continue taking antipsychotic drugs to reduce the probability of future episodes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The first-generation antipsychotics also depress the release of hormones by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland . (rxlist.com)
  • Thorazine causes hyperthermia by blocking dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus. (iufro.org)
  • The dopamine cells of the hypothalamus project via the tuberoinfundibular tract to the infundibulum and anterior pituitary. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Theorized that action may be related to mediation through the reversible inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), a transporter that decreases uptake of monoamines (eg, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine) into synaptic vesicles and depletes monoamine stores from nerve terminals. (medscape.com)
  • Previously, it was thought that dopamine was simply a precursor of another neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. (lu.se)
  • These pathways use dopamine as their primary messenger, and include the mesolimbic pathway and the mesocortical pathway. (healthline.com)
  • Another important hit was at DRD2, the gene for the dopamine receptor, which is targeted by antipsychotic drugs. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Dopamine and FP exerted antitumor effects through the dopamine receptors DRD1 and DRD2, respectively. (iupui.edu)
  • Relationship between Taq1 A dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism and prolactin response to bromperidol. (cdc.gov)
  • DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism modulates prolactin secretion induced by atypical antipsychotics in healthy volunteers. (cdc.gov)
  • Variants in the DRD2 locus and antipsychotic-related prolactin levels: A meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Although there are at least 12 case reports documenting improvement in TD after a switch from an antipsychotic to aripiprazole, 2-6 this case illustrates the marked improvement in even the most severe case of TD, as evidenced by the marked improvement in AIMS score. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Aripiprazole has a unique receptor profile compared to all other antipsychotics. (psychiatrist.com)
  • 9 , 10 It is conceivable that, due to these receptor binding properties, aripiprazole may prevent and even reverse the dyskinetic movements seen with antipsychotic treatment. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Because D2 dopamine receptors are present not only on the post-synaptic membrane, but on the cell bodies, dendrites and nerve terminals of presynaptic cells as well, antipsychotic compounds can interfere with dopaminergic neurotransmission at various sites in both the pre- and postsynaptic cell. (turningtooneanother.net)
  • Only forty-eight of these met the inclusion criteria, which included the above-mentioned risk factors as well as several targets of neuroimaging, such as striatal presynaptic dopamine function, striatal D2/D3 receptor availability, and glutamate or Glx (glutamine-glutamate) concentrations. (madinamerica.com)
  • Endocannabinoids, including anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are lipid neuromodulators that regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission through the activation of cannabinoid receptors and impact a variety of behavioral indices, including cognitive function, emotional regulation, social motivation, and reward processing [ 5 ]. (nature.com)
  • Is D1 receptor excitatory? (turningtooneanother.net)
  • First-generation antipsychotics work by blocking D2 dopamine receptors, protein molecules on neuronal membranes that initiate excitatory action when stimulated by dopamine. (rxlist.com)
  • Serotonin is another neurotransmitter that regulates mood and behavior, blocks 5-HT2A receptors which are excitatory, reduces aggression, and has a calming effect. (rxlist.com)
  • D1 and D2 DA receptors The DA receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to which extracellular DA binds leading to a response. (turningtooneanother.net)
  • Applying these to G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), which are the single largest family of signaling receptors in human cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • Beclin 2 functions in autophagy, degradation of G protein-coupled receptors, and metabolism. (neurotree.org)
  • When a neurotransmitter binds to the right receptor on a nerve cell, it triggers that cell to take a specific action. (healthline.com)
  • When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, an extracellular signal is transduced into an intracellular one, causing a functional change inside target neurons. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Saline and sulpiride (10 mg/kg/injection) had no effect on D1, D2 and D3 receptor mRNA levels. (nih.gov)
  • Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic. (medscape.com)
  • Ziprasidone hydrochloride monohydrate is a benzisothiazolyl piperazine-type atypical antipsychotic that shares the serotonin 2A /dopamine 2 (5-HT 2A /D 2 ) profile of the atypical antipsychotics. (tcichemicals.com)
  • This article explains what antipsychotic drugs are and which can help treat dementia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What are antipsychotic drugs? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • First-generation antipsychotics, also known as typical or conventional antipsychotics are the initial class of drugs developed to treat psychotic disorders. (rxlist.com)
  • Metabolic Changes: Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that may increase cardiovascular/ cerebrovascular risk. (nih.gov)
  • The new generation of antipsychotics, such as Risperdal, Zyprexa, and Seroquel, has replaced cholesterol-lowering agents as the top-selling class of drugs in the US. (nybooks.com)
  • No doubt there are differences between different individual antipsychotic drugs in terms of potency, efficacy and side-effects. (cambridge.org)
  • Analyses of 17 placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. (druglib.com)
  • Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality. (druglib.com)
  • A potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with antipsychotic drugs. (druglib.com)
  • A syndrome of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements may develop in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. (druglib.com)
  • Therefore, antipsychotic drugs work by blocking receptors so that communication between groups of cells is reduced. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The anticholinergic effect of drugs such as tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, quinidine, amantadine, antipsychotics (e.g. butyrophenones, phenothiazines), disopyramide and other anticholinergics (e.g. tiotropium, ipratropium, atropine-like compounds) may be intensified by Buscopan. (janusinfo.se)
  • A century ago, however, newly discovered dopamine was seen as an uninspiring chemical, nothing more than a precursor of noradrenaline. (medscape.com)
  • Intrigued, Blaschko, who (after escaping Nazi Germany, changing his name to Hugh, and starting work at Oxford University) hypothesized that dopamine couldn't be an unremarkable precursor of noradrenaline - it had to have some physiologic functions of its own. (medscape.com)
  • Lindqvist, Tor Magnusson and Bertil Waldeck, made the seminal observations that during the subsequent years would lead to the unravelling of dopamine as a transmitter in the central nervous system, independent of its role as a precursor in noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis. (lu.se)
  • In their 1957 and 1958 papers [1.2], (Carlsson et al 1957) (Carlsson et al 1958) Carlsson and co-workers made the intriguing observation that the akinetic effects of reserpine could be reversed by an intravenous injection of the dopamine (and noradrenaline) precursor, 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). (lu.se)
  • Dopamine agonists suppress tics with few adverse effects and modest but proven efficacy. (medscape.com)
  • Although some improvements have been noted with atypical antipsychotics, overall, these deficits persist, with inconclusive evidence on antipsychotics' efficacy targeting dopamine-signaling. (news-medical.net)
  • Neither anterior cingulate glutamate concentrations ( p = 0.75) nor striatal Ki cer ( p = 0.79) showed significant change following antipsychotic treatment. (nature.com)
  • Although we did not find any effect of antipsychotic treatment on absolute measures of dopamine synthesis capacity and anterior cingulate glutamate, the relationship between anterior cingluate glutamate and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity did change, suggesting that antipsychotic treatment affects the relationship between glutamate and dopamine. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, drug challenge studies have demonstrated targeting one system may have reciprocal effects, for example, acute ketamine increasing cortical, striatal and nucleus accumbens dopamine in-vivo [ 15 ]. (nature.com)
  • Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki cer ) can be measured in-vivo using positron emission tomography, and cortical glutamate can be measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Effects on separate components of the dopamine and glutamate systems have been examined in few in-vivo studies [ 16 ] but not together in the same population. (nature.com)
  • Just before World War II, a group of German scientists showed that levodopa is metabolized to dopamine in the body, while another German researcher, Hermann Blaschko , discovered that dopamine is an intermediary in the synthesis of noradrenaline. (medscape.com)
  • The amine 3-hydroxytyramine (`dopamine') had earlier been identified as an intermediary in the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline from tyrosine. (lu.se)
  • Doctors can legally prescribe antipsychotics off-label to treat serious dementia symptoms, such as hallucinations and agitation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Reducing levodopa or dopamine agonist (DA) dosages may partially reduce GD symptoms among patients with co-occurring PD. (springer.com)
  • Pre-clinical models show interactions between the dopamine and glutamate systems which could contribute to the actions of antipsychotics [ 12 ]. (nature.com)
  • The meta-analysis aims to examine whether "greater variability of dopamine and glutamate measures exists in high-risk individuals compared to controls. (madinamerica.com)
  • It has affinity for dopamine receptors, especially D2 and for serotinergic receptors: 5HT 2A and 5HT 2C . (europa.eu)
  • It also inhibits α1-adrenergic receptors, but has almost no affinity to histaminergic or cholinergic receptors. (europa.eu)
  • The role of glutamatergic NMDA receptors in these deficits is undetermined despite ketamine studies indicating potential links. (news-medical.net)
  • I had better luck with dopamine pure agonists (pramipexole), but the initial (and unique) anti-anhedonic effect was quickly lost, and I did not try high doses. (dr-bob.org)
  • The most studied dopamine signaling pathway is the modulation of cyclic AMP production, with D1-like receptors activating cyclic AMP production through Gs/olf, and D2-like receptors inhibiting adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity through Gi/o proteins [2]. (turningtooneanother.net)
  • Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed the two-receptor model to be a gross oversimplification. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • If tics are mild to moderate in severity or if they occur in risk-averse patients, any of the non-antipsychotic treatments described in Treatment can be tried sequentially. (medscape.com)
  • Health care professionals should assess patients' need for dopamine agonist (DA) therapy and consider alternative treatment. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient requires antipsychotic drug treatment after recovery from NMS, the potential reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered. (druglib.com)
  • Although the prevalence of the syndrome appears to be highest among the elderly, especially elderly women, it is impossible to rely upon prevalence estimates to predict, at the inception of antipsychotic treatment, which patients are likely to develop the syndrome. (druglib.com)
  • In addition, dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. (lu.se)