Antimicrobial salmonella typhi. Medical search. Frequent questions

Typhoid fever, an acute febrile illness caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi), is endemic in many low- and middle-income countries † ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid. (nihr.ac.uk)
The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. (arsp.com.ph)
Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain ISP2825. (google.com)
Newly established CLSI guidelines for azithromycin and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were published in CLSI document M100 in 2015. (nih.gov)
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most frequent causes of Salmonellosis globally and is commonly transmitted from animals to humans by the consumption of contaminated foodstuffs. (elifesciences.org)
The largest genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) also reveals that resistant strains-almost all originating in South Asia-have spread to other countries nearly 200 times since 1990. (medicalxpress.com)
ABSTRACT The emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and 3rd-generation cephalosporins is a concern for physicians in developing countries. (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ L'apparition d'isolats de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi montrant une résistance à la ciprofloxacine et aux céphalosporines de 3e génération inquiète les médecins des pays en développement. (who.int)
464 isolats de S. enterica serovar Typhi obtenus à partir de prélèvements sanguins chez des patients cliniquement suspects de fièvre entérique qui ont consulté à la Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine de 1991 à 2003. (who.int)
culture isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhi from within and outside Kolkata, India. (who.int)
The S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates used idly developed resistance to antibiotics in the study were obtained from the blood such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co- of all patients clinically suspected of enteric trimoxazole, and also to ciprofloxacin [ 1,2 ]. (who.int)
A total of 464 S. enterica serovar Typhi rovar Typhi isolates showing resistance to isolates were tested for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and the 3rd-generation cepha- gentamicin and amikacin by the agar dilu- losporins is a cause of concern for physi- tion as well as the disk diffusion method, cians in developing countries [ 5-7 ]. (who.int)
0.005-5 g/mL and 0.001-4 g/mL re- enterica serovar Typhi infection. (who.int)
showed that the strains of MDR the antibiotic doses of both gentamicin and S. enterica serovar Typhi involved in an amikacin were 10 g/disk. (who.int)
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C. (medscape.com)
S typhi has a Vi capsular antigen that masks PAMPs, avoiding neutrophil-based inflammation, while the most common paratyphi serovar, paratyphi A , does not. (medscape.com)
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a systemic human infection with a burden exceeding 20 million cases each year that occurs disproportionately among children in low and middle income countries. (lshtm.ac.uk)
Enteric fever should be considered when a febrile person (with or without diarrhea) has a history of travel to areas in which causative agents are endemic, has consumed foods prepared by people with recent endemic exposure, or has laboratory exposure to S enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi and S enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi. (medscape.com)

Rarely some strains of S. typhi have shown reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. (pediatriconcall.com)
Similar to other bacterial pathogens, multi-drug resistant (MDR) and even extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi strains are spreading globally, which are anticipated to worsen the morbidity and mortality of typhoid fever if new interventions are not implemented. (google.com)
Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal Salmonella strains. (nih.gov)
Background: Salmonella enteric serotype Typhi has created a significant therapeutic problem as these strains have developed resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials for the treatment of typhoid fever. (researchgate.net)
Antibiotics can be used to successfully treat typhoid fever infections, but their effectiveness is threatened by the emergence of resistant S. typhi strains. (medicalxpress.com)
The analysis shows resistant S. typhi strains have spread between countries at least 197 times since 1990. (medicalxpress.com)
Since 2000, MDR S. typhi has declined steadily in Bangladesh and India, and remained low in Nepal (less than 5% of typhoid strains), though it has increased slightly in Pakistan. (medicalxpress.com)
Quinolone-resistant strains accounted for more than 85% of S. typhi in Bangladesh by the early 2000s, increasing to more than 95% in India, Pakistan, and Nepal by 2010. (medicalxpress.com)
The findings add to recent evidence of the rapid rise and spread of S. typhi strains resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, another class of antibiotics critically important for human health. (medicalxpress.com)
Lead author Dr. Jason Andrews of Stanford University (U.S.) says, "The speed at which highly-resistant strains of S. typhi have emerged and spread in recent years is a real cause for concern, and highlights the need to urgently expand prevention measures, particularly in countries at greatest risk. (medicalxpress.com)
At the same time, the fact resistant strains of S. typhi have spread internationally so many times also underscores the need to view typhoid control, and antibiotic resistance more generally, as a global rather than local problem. (medicalxpress.com)
The result showed that the extract had good antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus and Salmonella typhi . (academicjournals.org)
In 2019, colleagues at the University of Oxford studied the typhoid toxin during typhoid fever by challenging human participants with wild-type (WT) or toxin-negative (TN) strains of S. Typhi. (whiterose.ac.uk)
This study aims at describing the prevalence rates of antimicrobial drug resistance amongst non-typhi Salmonella and E. coli strains isolated from backyard farm poultry, and to relate these rates to antimicrobial usage in animal husbandry in rural Vietnam. (aighd.org)

Typhoid fever is a systemic illness caused by the bacterium Salmonel a enterica serotype Typhi (Typhi). (cdc.gov)
The type of infection depends on the serotype of Salmonella and host factors. (medscape.com)
In the United States, Salmonella serotype Enteritidis (2.6 per 100,000 population), Salmonella serotype Newport (1.4) and Typhimurium (1.3) account for nearly half of the human isolates. (medscape.com)
This is a medical illustration of drug-resistant, Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria, presented in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publication entitled, Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 (AR Threats Report). (cdc.gov)
Most nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are caused by S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium , S. Newport , S. Heidelberg , and S. Javiana . (msdmanuals.com)
Each Salmonella serotype can cause any or all of the clinical syndromes described below, although given serotypes tend to produce specific syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)

The aim of this study was to investigate how mustard essential oil (EO) affected the cell membrane of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhi. (hal.science)
A Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Aqueous Extracts of Garlic, Ginger and Lime and Two Conventional Antibiotics on Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (ispub.com)
Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (ispub.com)
Hybrids of Escherichia and Salmonella. (wikidata.org)
Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus . (notulaebiologicae.ro)

Among 11 patients without international travel in 2020, eight patients were infected with XDR Typhi, one patient was infected with non-XDR Typhi, and susceptibility testing is pending for two others. (cdc.gov)
The nalidixic acid resistant S typhi (NARST) is a marker of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. (pediatriconcall.com)
In 2013, CLSI lowered the ciprofloxacin susceptibility breakpoints to account for accumulating clinical, microbiologic, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data suggesting that revision was needed for contemporary invasive Salmonella infections. (nih.gov)
Thirdly, this review suggests that improved standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Zambia could help to better delineate AMR patterns, allow comparisons across different locations and tracking of AMR evolution over time. (biomedcentral.com)
Examine the lessons learnt from pilot laboratory development programmes in two Pacific island nations that focused on establishing standard procedures for micrological diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and on improving the training of clinicians to increase their use of laboratory services. (who.int)
Knowledge of bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) patterns is the cornerstone of an effective clinical and public health response to AMR. (who.int)
The empiric antimicrobial therapy in adults should be either a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin, or azithromycin, depending on the local susceptibility patterns and travel history. (medscape.com)

[ 3 ] Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most common bacterial pathogens found in stool cultures recovered from patients presenting with gastroenteritis or severe diarrhea. (medscape.com)
The results suggest additional application to a broader range of pathogens and other geographically structured problems, such as antimicrobial resistance prediction, is warranted. (elifesciences.org)
The work presents an excellent case for the potential utility of routine genomics coupled with machine learning for public health microbiology and the methods are likely to be applicable to other pathogens besides Salmonella enterica . (elifesciences.org)
She is also interested in waterborne pathogens such as Legionella and Salmonella Typhi, wastewater-based epidemiology, a One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance, bacterial cross resistance between disinfectants and antibiotics, and the role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance gene exchange in waterborne pathogens. (yale.edu)
Of all tested concentrations, direct antimicrobial activity of the two ethanolic Andrographis paniculata extracts was observed for only two human pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Bordetella pertussis . (scialert.net)
The inhibition of one of these steps by small molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides, or their action on specific targets will leave pathogens armless against classical antibiotics. (intechopen.com)
In addition to pathogens with a direct transmission to humans, the transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from the animal reservoir to humans is a continuous threat through transfer of resistant microorganisms, and/or through transfer of selected resistance genes between commensal bacteria (e.g. (aighd.org)
Antimicrobial activity evaluation of the extracts against pathogens was carried out at 100 mg/ml concentration by Disc Diffusion method for fungi, Disc Diffusion and Agar Well Diffusion methods for bacteria. (notulaebiologicae.ro)

1) Information on extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonel a Typhi (Typhi) infections among U.S. residents without international travel, and 2) Treatment recommendations for XDR Typhi infection. (cdc.gov)
As of January 14, 2021, CDC has received 71 reports of XDR Typhi infection in the United States, with specimens obtained from February 9, 2018, through November 16, 2020. (cdc.gov)
Before the outbreak in Pakistan, no case of ceftriaxone-resistant Typhi infection had been identified in the United States [2]. (cdc.gov)
Salmonella has a widespread distribution in the environment and certain host factors make humans particularly susceptible to infection. (medscape.com)
We study Salmonella Typhi pathogenic mechanisms using various infection models. (google.com)
We study the interplay between Salmonella Typhi and the host using various infection models. (google.com)
Salmonella enterica infections are common causes of bloodstream infection in low-resource areas, where they may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses and may be associated with a high case fatality ratio. (nih.gov)
Globally there are ~20 million typhoid fever cases per year, resulting in ~200,000 deaths from infection with the causative agent, Salmonella Typhi. (europa.eu)
Applying the method to 2,313 whole genome sequences collected in the United Kingdom and several external validation datasets, the authors provide convincing evidence that Salmonella genomic data can be used to identify the likely geographic source of a food-borne outbreak and, in most cases, correctly identify the country of origin of an infection acquired overseas. (elifesciences.org)
Clinicians in Pacific island nations are increasingly challenged by patients who have infection due to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. (who.int)
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria that primarily cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and focal infection. (msdmanuals.com)
are all risk factors for Salmonella infection. (msdmanuals.com)
In vitro experiments show DNA damage induced by purified recombinant typhoid toxin or infection by toxigenic Salmonella elicited DNA damage responses and cell-cycle arrest, which was coincident with increased expression and secretion of APOC3 and LYZ. (whiterose.ac.uk)

People with fever or bloody diarrhea should be evaluated for enteropathogens for which antimicrobial agents may confer clinical benefit, including Salmonella enterica subspecies, Shigella , and Campylobacter . (medscape.com)

Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of typhoid fever control, and genomic epidemiology studies have revealed that drug resistance emerging in one country can rapidly spread to other neighbouring countries and intercontinentally. (europa.eu)
Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay for treatment, but resistance to multiple agents is common. (lshtm.ac.uk)

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends programmatic use of typhoid conjugate vaccines for typhoid fever control and prioritization of vaccine introduction in countries with the highest typhoid fever incidence or high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant S . Typhi ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Since 2018, five countries (Liberia, Nepal, Pakistan, Samoa [based on self-assessment], and Zimbabwe) with estimated high typhoid fever incidence (≥100 cases per 100,000 population per year) ( 8 ), high antimicrobial resistance prevalence, or recent outbreaks introduced typhoid conjugate vaccines into their routine immunization programs ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
The scope is to obtain information on specific strain prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and regional transmission patterns. (europa.eu)
In addition, this study aims at estimating the relative contribution of antimicrobial drug usage in animal backyard farming to the antimicrobial resistance prevalence in the human population. (aighd.org)

3 What seems less controversial is the long term risk of spraying fruit trees in someparts of the world with antibiotics and adding 50-60 kg of an antimicrobial to eachacre of salmon farm. (bmj.com)
Within the United States, poverty-driven practices such as medication-sharing, use of "leftover" antibiotics, and the purchase and use of foreign-made drugs of questionable quality are likely contributing to antimicrobial resistance. (jabfm.org)
Since 2016, Salmonella typhi , and to a lesser extent Salmonella paratyphi , have progressively developed resistance to the previously effective antibiotics. (medscape.com)
Twenty-one different isolates from the human health, animal health and environmental health sectors were tested against 36 antimicrobial agents, across 13 classes of antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
medicine and to compare their antimicrobial potency with the commercial antibiotics. (researchwap.com)

Salmonella Typhi causes acute typhoid fever through virulence factors, which includes the typhoid toxin that causes DNA damage in human cells. (whiterose.ac.uk)

CDC's Global Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory and Response Network (Global AR Lab & Response Network) supports partners with experience in detecting and responding to antimicrobial resistance across the One Health spectrum. (cdc.gov)

In 2016, a large outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Typhi infections began in Sindh province, Pakistan [1]. (cdc.gov)
An unrelated cluster of ceftriaxone-resistant Typhi infections linked to Iraq has been reported in the United States and the United Kingdom [2]. (cdc.gov)
3 This week the Danish Chief Medical Officer, Einar Krag, has called together colleagues from the European Union and their advisors for a conference on "the microbial threat" to "assess the strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant micro-organisms. (bmj.com)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
Antimicrobial resistant microorganisms are found in people, animals and the environment and can spread globally. (who.int)
For example, some countries have a limited capacity to diagnose and track antimicrobial-resistant germs in healthcare facilities, which adds to the difficulty of implementing effective treatment and prevention programs. (cdc.gov)
In developing countries, factors such as inadequate access to effective drugs, unregulated dispensing and manufacture of antimicrobials, and truncated antimicrobial therapy because of cost are contributing to the development of multidrug-resistant organisms. (jabfm.org)
6 In Quetta, Pakistan, 69% of Salmonella typhi isolated from blood were multidrug resistant. (jabfm.org)
Reasons for multidrug-resistant organisms in developing countries are numerous, but the inadequate access to effective drugs, the unregulated manufacture and dispensation of antimicrobials, and the lack of money available to pay for appropriate, high-quality medications are some of the major poverty-driven factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance. (jabfm.org)
The molecular basis of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi isolates from pediatric septicemia patients. (google.com)
Analysis of the rise and spread of resistant S. typhi has so far been limited, with most studies based on small samples. (medicalxpress.com)
Dr. Tanner's research is primarily focused on environmental transmission of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and antimicrobial resistance genes in healthcare and community settings. (yale.edu)

Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. (nih.gov)
KEGG GENOME: Salmonella enterica subsp. (genome.jp)

The lowest and highest MBC's was shown by garlic on Shigella (150mg/ml) and Salmonella (500mg/ml) respectively. (ispub.com)
However, garlic exhibited similar antimicrobial activity as Amoxicillin on Shigella (MIC=50mg/ml) and Bacillus cereus (MIC=100mg/ml) with no difference in Least Significant Difference (M 1 -M 3 =78.6254). (ispub.com)
2003) with no antibacterial activity observed with the aqueous extract tested against E. coli , S. aureus , S. typhi or Shigella species (Leelarasamee et al . (scialert.net)
We discovered that neither the aqueous extract nor AND were bacteriostatic or bactericidal against Salmonella typhimurium , E. coli , Shigella sonnei , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , S. pneumoniae , S. pyogenes , L. pneumophila or B. pertussis but the two ethanolic extracts of AP were bacteriostatic against L. pneumophila and B. pertussis . (scialert.net)
Stool testing should be performed for Salmonella , Shigella , Campylobacter , Yersinia , C difficile , and STEC in people with diarrhea accompanied by fever, bloody or mucoid stools, severe abdominal cramping or tenderness, or signs of sepsis. (medscape.com)

As S. typhi genomes only cover a fraction of all typhoid fever cases, estimates of resistance -causing mutations and international spread are likely underestimated. (medicalxpress.com)

Under a moderately high magnification of 8000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed the presence of a small grouping of gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium bacteria that had been isolated from a pure culture. (medscape.com)

Although the taxonomy of Salmonella can be confusing, all salmonella serotypes are members of a single species, Salmonella enterica . (medscape.com)
All pathogenic Salmonella species, when present in the gut are engulfed by phagocytic cells, which then pass them through the mucosa and present them to the macrophages in the lamina propria. (medscape.com)
Many serotypes of Salmonella have been given names and are referred to informally as if they were separate species even though they are not. (msdmanuals.com)
Similarly, Salmonella and Yersinia species also invade cells but do not cause cell death. (medscape.com)

Note that some writers refer to the typhoid and paratyphoid fever as distinct syndromes caused by the typhi versus paratyphi serovars, while others use the term typhoid fever for a disease caused by either one. (medscape.com)
In contrast to the nontyphoidal salmonellae, S typhi and paratyphi enter the host's system primarily through the distal ileum. (medscape.com)

For this purpose, the EU-funded TyphiNET project will employ a genomics epidemiology approach to assist sentinel and endemic areas surveillance for Salmonella typhi. (europa.eu)

The authors of the new study performed whole- genome sequencing on 3,489 S. typhi isolates obtained from blood samples collected between 2014 and 2019 from people in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan with confirmed cases of typhoid fever. (medicalxpress.com)

Intracellular pH and ATP concentration and the release of cell constituents were measured when mustard EO was in contact with E. coli and S. typhi at its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximal tolerated concentration (MTC). (hal.science)

Nontyphoidal salmonellae are phagocytized throughout the distal ileum and colon. (medscape.com)
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are common and remain a significant public health problem in the US. (msdmanuals.com)
Persistent shedding of organisms in the stool for ≥ 1 year occurs in only 0.2 to 0.6% of patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella infections. (msdmanuals.com)

This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000). (arsp.com.ph)

We refer to these serovars collectively as typhoidal salmonella. (medscape.com)

Here we report genotypes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants detected from routine whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 533 S. Typhi isolates referred to Public Health England between April 2014 and March 2017, 488 (92%) of which had accompanying patient travel information obtained via an enhanced surveillance questionnaire. (lshtm.ac.uk)
MDR determinants were plasmid-borne (IncHI1 PST2 plasmids) in S. Typhi 3.1.1 linked to West Africa, but in all other regions MDR was chromosomally integrated in 4.3.1 lineage I. We propose that routine WGS data from travel-associated cases in industrialised countries could serve as informal sentinel AMR genomic surveillance data for countries where WGS is not available or routinely performed. (lshtm.ac.uk)

Importantly, further in vitro experiments established that LYZ kills Salmonella in a dose dependent manner, which could explain how WT S. Typhi are eliminated from blood quicker than TN S. Typhi. (whiterose.ac.uk)

1,2 Patients with sepsis who are treated with an antimicrobial for which the causative pathogen is non-susceptible have an increased risk of mortality. (who.int)

2023) Eco Friendly Synthesis of Zinc-Metal Organic Framework Luminescent Nano Particles (Zn-Mofnp), Characterization and their Extended Applications to Antimicrobial Studies. (scitechnol.com)

The Global AR Lab & Response Network improves the detection of existing and emerging antimicrobial resistance threats and identifies risk factors that drive the emergence and spread of resistance across health care, the community, and the environment. (cdc.gov)

2) If by 5 days, there is no clinical improvement and the culture report is inconclusive add a second line drug e.g. azithromycin or any other drug effective against S typhi depending on the sensitivity pattern of the area. (pediatriconcall.com)

There are three indications of antimicrobial use: for treating infections, for prophylaxis and empirical use. (pediatriconcall.com)

Typhi cases for 2020 compared with 39 states for 2019. (cdc.gov)

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Exploration grant to study Salmonella Typhi in the environment in Sindh Province, Pakistan. (yale.edu)

Antimicrobials are used in animal husbandry for therapeutic treatment and for prophylaxis. (aighd.org)
Little is known about the use of antimicrobials in backyard farms, where the majority of animal husbandry takes place in Asia. (aighd.org)

WHO recommends that countries with endemic typhoid fever § establish health facility-based surveillance with laboratory confirmation to determine disease burden, ¶ monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns, facilitate rapid outbreak detection, and assess vaccine impact ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Therefore, the number of laboratory-confirmed S . Typhi cases represents a small proportion of the actual disease incidence. (cdc.gov)

Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis is the most common bacterial infectious cause of food-borne disease in the United States second to norovirus as the most common overall cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. (medscape.com)

In participants' bloodstream, TN S. Typhi persisted for up to 96 hours while WT S. Typhi were eliminated from the blood by 48 hours. (whiterose.ac.uk)

Emerging bacterial antimicrobial (antibiotic) resistance (AMR) is a global threat to human health. (who.int)

Given that the TLC of Andrographis paniculata extracts showed that andrographolide was present in all the three Andrographis paniculata extracts, it was concluded that the observed antimicrobial activity was due to other active principle(s) present in the extracts used in this investigation. (scialert.net)
investigation of the use of coconut husk, the antimicrobial activity can be evaluated. (researchwap.com)

This important study presents a machine learning-based classifier that can accurately determine the geographic origin of a Salmonella enterica sample from its whole-genome sequencing data in under five minutes leading to actionable public health insights. (elifesciences.org)

Much study and intervention has focused on the surveillance of hospitals and on the education of physicians, but little research has been done in the United States regarding the role of poverty in antimicrobial resistance. (jabfm.org)
Genomic and phenotypic surveillance for typhoid and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is therefore very important for disease control. (europa.eu)

Cyperus esculentus , Cyperus rotundus and Mariscus alternifolius were investigated for their phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties. (notulaebiologicae.ro)

The compound shows antibacterial and antimicrobial properties in par with the standard. (scitechnol.com)

It may be taking over the typhi niche, in part, because of immunological naivete among the population and incomplete coverage by vaccines that target typhi . (medscape.com)

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