Antigens stimulate lymphocytes antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

By enhancing the immunogenicity of drugs, adjuvants can improve the production of antibodies, activate immune cells such as T cells, and generate a more robust and durable immune memory. (lgmpharma.com)
To be effective, a vaccine should trigger efficient activation of antigen-presenting cells to initiate antigen processing and presentation to T-cells, as well as activation of T and B-cells (production of antibodies, generation of memory B-cells, memory CTL and memory CD4+ T-cells). (biomedcentral.com)
Several immune parameters can be measured to monitor the immune response, including antigen-specific and neutralizing antibodies, antigen-specific T-cell expansion, CTL activity and cytokine production. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell kill indicates that the recipient has antibodies against the donor cells. (medscape.com)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
Herein we used a single bicistronic lentiviral vector to develop a new combination immunotherapy that consists of human anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to secrete human anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies at the tumor site. (oncotarget.com)
These armed second-generation CAR T cells empowered to secrete human anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the ccRCC milieu to combat T cell exhaustion is an innovation in this field that should provide renewed potential for CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors where limited efficacy is currently seen. (oncotarget.com)
However, virus-specific cTfh cell development is delayed in patients that display or later develop severe disease compared to those with mild disease, which correlates with delayed induction of high-avidity neutralizing antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
Activated effector and memory CD4+ T-cells provide help to B-cells to mount antibody responses, and help naive CD8+ T-cells to enhance their clonal expansion and differentiation into cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL). (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Simultaneously, adipocytes secrete various cytokines including leptin, resistin, TNF-α and IL-6 to regulate the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
Single cell suspensions of brain, blood and spleen from chimeric mice were phenotyped by monoclonal antibody staining specific for mouse or rat cellular differentiation markers at 2 week intervals. (elsevierpure.com)
Transcriptome analysis revealed that Th1/Th2 differentiation, NK cells, Th17 cell, complement system and calcium signaling pathways were down-regulated post-treatment of Pam3CSK4. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, patients with reactive T cells exhibited poor T-cell differentiation and activity. (hindawi.com)
For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, cTfh cells but not other memory CD4 T cells, from severe patients better induce plasmablast differentiation and antibody production compared to cTfh cells from mild patients. (bvsalud.org)
However, differentiation and immune regulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remain unknown. (atsjournals.org)
The impacts of proinflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation by pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) on Th22-cell differentiation were explored. (atsjournals.org)
IL-1β, IL-6, and/or tumor necrosis factor-α promoted Th22-cell differentiation from CD4 + T cells. (atsjournals.org)
Moreover, PMCs were able to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation by presenting tuberculosis-specific antigen. (atsjournals.org)
In particular, PMCs were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation. (atsjournals.org)
Pleural mesothelial cells stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22 cell differentiation in response to tuberculosis antigen. (atsjournals.org)
function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)
Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

Since the immune response to antigen requires clonal proliferation, agents that block mitosis are effective inhibitors of the immune response. (nanomedicine.com)
Efficient stimulation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells was also confirmed using ovalbumin peptide-loaded aAPCs and OT-I TCR transgenic cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
Workflows have been developed for the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells expressing CD137, which can then be used in screens against pathogen protein libraries to identify those that specifically activate T cells (e.g. proliferation or cytokine secretion). (antigendiscovery.com)

Any of the peptides having a strong affinity for binding with class I or II histocompatibility antigens and for stimulating a response by T lymphocytes. (tabers.com)
Immunodominant peptides are produced by antigen processing, are expressed on the surface of macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells, and may be useful both in desensitizing people to allergens and in vaccine production. (tabers.com)
Thus, our work creates an adjuvanted platform assembly of peptides resulting in cross presentation of CD8+ T cell-eliciting epitopes in a vaccine that prevents toxoplasmosis. (jci.org)
C ) Multi-epitope proteins with GLA-SE are captured by the Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and the peptides contained are presented by MHC molecules on the APCs to T lymphocytes in both a class I and a class II pathway. (jci.org)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
The expression of immune-related genes, spleen lymphocyte subsets and liver RNA-seq were employed to reveal possible molecular mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
One of the new emerging mechanisms associated with the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and other tumors is the immune checkpoint pathway, which consists of cellular interactions that prevent excessive activation of T cells under normal conditions. (oncotarget.com)
Although IL-22-producing helper T (Th22) cells have been reported to be involved in human tuberculosis, the mechanisms by which Th22 cells differentiate and are recruited into the pleural space are unknown. (atsjournals.org)
however, mechanisms through which these bioactive compounds act on epithelial cells have not been identified. (biorxiv.org)

We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
This activation leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α) and the expression of costimulatory molecules on the cell surface. (jci.org)
This interaction is crucial to determine the isotype of Abs produced by B cells and the pattern of cytokines secreted by predominantly the T helper (Th) 2 cells such as Interleukin (IL)-4 [1]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro data have demonstrated that hormones could stimulate the individual cytokines level and the antibody production [11-14]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
The overrepresentation of Th22 cells in TPE may be due to pleural cytokines and to PMC-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
Our results suggest that the accumulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion may be due to the increased local proinflammatory cytokines and to pleural mesothelial cell-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
M1, "classically activated," pro-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
M2 "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated predominantly by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. (msdmanuals.com)

CD4 + TIL demonstrated an effector T cell response with cytotoxicity toward autologous tumor in a major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent manner. (bmj.com)
In this study, we confirm that purified CD4 + T cells from CMV + donors are activated by allogeneic CMV-infected EC, but find that the response is dependent upon copurified APC expressing class II MHC that are autologous to the T cells. (aai.org)
In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Residual autologous T cells are usually emerging from partial thymic maturation impairment such as in the case of Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) deficiency. (hindawi.com)
However, generating sufficient numbers of tumor-specific CTLs stimulated with autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro is one of the most problematic steps in the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy. (ewha.ac.kr)
These results demonstrate that prior in vivo immunization, which increases the precursor frequency, simplifies posterior expansion of tumorspecific CD8 + T cells, and aAPCs is superior to autologous APC for in vitro amplification. (ewha.ac.kr)
Expanded T cells are screened in stimulations with pathogen proteins in the presence of autologous PBMC as antigen-presenting cells (APC). (antigendiscovery.com)

Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)

Antigen-presenting cells - notably dendritic cells - take up antigens and traffic to the draining lymph nodes where they present processed antigens to naive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) that phagocytize these DAMPs activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ) pathway, which then promotes the expression of co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells that present antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and show co-stimulators stimulate T-cells and promote a systemic immune response [ 2 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Some authors have referred to this ability of cryotherapy to load dendritic cells as producing an "in-vivo dendritic cell vaccine" [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Prednisone and prednisolone [ 386 ] act powerfully to suppress the inflammation accompanying a rejection crisis, and also appear to reduce the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens, thus reducing the immunogenicity of the transplant. (nanomedicine.com)

MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) 3 display both class I and class II MHC molecules and are directly recognized by CD8 + and CD4 + alloreactive T cells, respectively ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). (aai.org)
A peptide that readily crosses cell membranes and therefore can influence cellular functions or carry other molecules that can directly or indirectly perform the same tasks. (tabers.com)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Multi-epitopes adjuvanted with GLA-SE are captured and presented by MHC molecules on the APCs to T lymphocytes. (jci.org)
MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
As an evasion mechanism, many tumors are able to stimulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, resulting in an exhausted phenotype of T cells that cannot restrain tumor progression [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
To circumvent this problem, we have developed an artificial antigen presenting complex (aAPCs) using MHC class I molecules loaded with a melanoma-specific TRP-2 peptide epitope. (ewha.ac.kr)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Our results show that TRP-2-specific CD8 + T cells elicited by immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing the mini-gene epitope are efficiently stimulated and amplified in vitro to a greater extent by aAPCs than by natural splenic APCs. (ewha.ac.kr)

More CD8 T cells infiltrated and were activated after PD-L1 mAb treatment in mice with immunogenic MOC1 tumors, which were stable or increased by the addition of rapamycin, but suppressed when PD901 was added. (aacrjournals.org)
Background Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach for patients with advanced solid tumors. (bmj.com)
The expression of PD-L1 and Ki67 in the tumors decreased and an increase in granzyme B levels was found in CAR T cells. (oncotarget.com)
By destroying readily accessible tumors, ablative therapies make tumor antigens available as an in-situ cancer vaccine which can lead to the initiation of a systemic antitumor immune response that can affect and potentially eliminate occult, metastatic tumors [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Human T cell receptors (TCRs) are critical for mediating immune responses to pathogens and tumors and regulating self-antigen recognition. (bvsalud.org)
Daily topical treatment with CWO induced dramatic regression of pre-malignant skin tumors and a two-fold reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. (biorxiv.org)
SUMMARY BLURB Essential oil derived from the camphor tree acts by stimulating immune cell-dependent regression of skin tumors in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. (biorxiv.org)

In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
In vitro, CD4 + T cells from CMV-positive donors (but not CMV-negative donors) are readily activated by CMV-infected allogeneic EC, although it is unclear how allogeneic CMV-infected EC activate self-class II MHC-restricted memory CD4 + T cells. (aai.org)
Six weeks after hematopoietic cell transfer, rat cells populating the CNS of chimeras were shown to function as APC, stimulating BP-specific Lewis rat T lymphocytes in vitro. (elsevierpure.com)
Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
In vitro large amplification of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and adoptive transfer of these cells is one of the most promising approaches to treat malignant diseases in which an effective immune response is not achieved by active immunization. (ewha.ac.kr)
Proteins encoded by the cloned ORF plasmids are expressed using a cell free in vitro transcription/ translation ("IVTT") system. (antigendiscovery.com)
ADI uses the same high-throughput cloning and cell-free in vitro transcription and translation methodology employed in the manufacture of protein microarrays (described here ). (antigendiscovery.com)

Our constructs each included 5 of our best down-selected CD8+ T cell-eliciting epitopes, a universal CD4+ helper T lymphocyte epitope (PADRE), and a secretory signal, all arranged for optimal MHC-I presentation. (jci.org)
These multi-epitope vaccines increased memory CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-γ and protected mice against parasite burden when challenged with T. gondii. (jci.org)
The antigens discovered can be used in downstream applications such as single-cell phenotyping with multiparameter flow cytometry and epitope mapping. (antigendiscovery.com)

NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)

In vivo , CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. (biorxiv.org)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)

We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)
CMV infects endothelial cells (EC) and it is thought that CMV-specific host immune responses to infected allograft EC contribute to rejection. (aai.org)
In other embodiments preservation of brain integrity in conditions of degeneration is accomplished by administration of stem cells and/or endothelial cells. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)
This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
The hemostatic system consists of platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. (medscape.com)

The cells that die via necrosis release preserved intracellular organelles, antigens, and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as DNA and heat shock proteins (HSPs) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Naive T-cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
During the fourth week of embryologic development, the single cell thick ectoderm and underlying mesoderm begin to proliferate and differentiate. (medscape.com)

The production of these auto-Abs requires a preceding interaction between B and antigen-specific T helper lymphocytes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Effective humoral immune responses require well-orchestrated B and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell interactions. (bvsalud.org)
IL-22-producing helper T cells (Th22 cells) have been reported to be involved in tuberculosis infection. (atsjournals.org)
Naive CD4 + T cells can develop into various helper T (Th) subsets with different cytokine profiles and play a discriminative role in translating antigen-specific immune responses into tissue functions or immunopathology. (atsjournals.org)

We speculate that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to affect T-lymphocyte and myeloid cell physiology coupled with age-related maladaptive biological phenomena explain the strong association between advanced age and increased risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. (ersjournals.com)
Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)

Methods We analyzed infused TIL products from metastatic melanoma patients previously treated with ACT for the presence of neoantigen-specific T cells. (bmj.com)
These aAPC-induced CTLs recognized endogenously pro + cessed antigens present on B16F10 melanoma cells. (ewha.ac.kr)

However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
More and more data have demonstrated that several Th subsets, such as Th1 cells ( 3 ), Th17 cells ( 4 ), regulatory T cells ( 5 ), and so on, are involved in the pathogenesis of TPE. (atsjournals.org)

The latter includes patients with autoreactive clonal expanded T cell and patients with alloreactive transplacentally maternal T cells. (hindawi.com)

In vivo antibody depletion revealed a CD8 T-cell-dependent, and not NK cell-dependent mechanism of tumor growth inhibition after treatment with rapamycin and PD-L1 mAb, ruling out significant effects from NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (aacrjournals.org)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). (theodora.com)
Antigen Discovery Inc., in collaboration with David Koelle's laboratory Laboratory at the University of Washington in Seattle, has developed a high-throughput screening methodology for identification of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell specificities in cellular samples. (antigendiscovery.com)
Cellular immunity, particularly of CD4 + T cells, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, has a central role in the control of and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection ( 1 ). (atsjournals.org)
Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)

Rapamycin enhanced expansion of peripheral antigen-specific CD8 T cells and IFNγ production following ex vivo antigen stimulation. (aacrjournals.org)

By reducing the amount of antigen required per dose, adjuvants help increase vaccine production capacity and availability. (lgmpharma.com)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
A vaccine typically contains an antigen mixture that stimulates a body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, inducing specific immune responses and memory for long-term protection against the disease-causing microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
The quality of the vaccine-induced immune response depends on several factors, e.g. antigen nature, route of administration, antigen presentation, vaccine preparation adjuvants, or timing between challenges. (biomedcentral.com)

In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
Antigen Discovery Inc. has developed a high-throughput technology to translate any genome to proteins printed as individual spots on a microarray. (antigendiscovery.com)

The fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (cyclosporine) [ 384 , 385 ] has a greater specificity for lymphoid T cells than other cells. (nanomedicine.com)
In due course, the stem cells in the bone marrow reconstitute the peripheral lymphoid system but the newly formed T cells seem to accept the graft as self [ 403 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

The most general pre-nanomedical method to suppress immune system acute responsiveness is called antigen nonspecific immunosuppression. (nanomedicine.com)
Antigen nonspecific methods include the use of cytotoxic drugs that interfere with all cell division in the body [ 383 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
in general, innate i. is nonspecific and is not stimulated by specific antigens. (theodora.com)

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of reducing lung inflammation in acute respiratory distress syndrome elicited by various factors such as COVID-19 infection by reduction of neutrophil extracellular trap formation through administration of mesenchymal stem cells and/or exosomes thereof. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)
The invention provides means of inhibiting neutrophil release of extracellular traps by mesenchymal stem cells and/or exosomes derived from said mesenchymal stem cells. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)
Additionally, synergies are provided between mesenchymal stem cells and/or exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and agents approaches which reduce neutrophil extracellular trap formation. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)

Rat T cells did not cause EAE in non-chimeric SCID mice. (elsevierpure.com)
Brain cells from chimeric mice were also evaluated for the presence of rat antigen- presenting cells (APC). (elsevierpure.com)

Coupled with reports that allogeneic MSCs have immunoprivileged status and immunomodulatory properties, there has been considerable interest in exploring the use of these cells as a therapeutic option for bone repair. (hindawi.com)
These agents also damage all tissues (e.g., gut epithelium, bone marrow) where rapid cell division is occurring, creating other undesirable side effects, thus often may not be suitable for use in medical nanorobotics. (nanomedicine.com)
In order to examine the role of hematopoietic rat cells in the development of EAE, chimeras were constructed in SCID mice by transplanting 40 x 10 6 T cell-depleted adult Lewis rat bone marrow cells. (elsevierpure.com)
The epidermis is derived primarily from surface ectoderm but is colonized by pigment-containing melanocytes of neural crest origin, antigen-processing Langerhans cells of bone marrow origin, and pressure-sensing Merkel cells of neural crest origin. (medscape.com)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)

ALG is produced by immunizing a large animal such as a horse with human lymphocytes, then purifying the gamma globulin fraction of the serum. (nanomedicine.com)
In PRA testing, recipient serum is incubated with white blood cells pooled from a group of blood donors with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types representative of the community. (medscape.com)
This study aims to determine whether the serum levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL) and Estradiol (E2) affect PF patients in the endemic southern and whether a relationship exists between these hormones and IgE /IL-4 levels. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Results We discovered that neoantigen-specific TIL clones were predominantly CD4 + T cells and were present in both therapeutic responders and non-responders. (bmj.com)
Here we comprehensively characterized the kinetics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in VRP-vaccinated mice, and demonstrate that they predominantly target the nucleoprotein (NP). (cdc.gov)

Adjuvants make it possible to use lower antigen doses in vaccines while still achieving a strong immune response. (lgmpharma.com)
Adjuvants can stabilize formulations and increase their shelf life by preventing antigen degradation and enhancing the stability of the various components. (lgmpharma.com)

Endocytosis of emulsion-trapped protein and cross presentation of the antigens must account for the immunogenicity of our adjuvanted protein. (jci.org)

in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. (theodora.com)
Infected mice treated with Pam3CSK4 possessed more hepatic inflammation focus, lower IgG and IgG2a antibody titers, and a lower proportion of spleen CD3+CD4+ T cells. (bvsalud.org)
SARS-CoV-2-specific cTfh cell frequencies correlate with plasmablast frequencies and SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers, avidity and neutralization. (bvsalud.org)
Our study suggests that impaired generation of functional virus-specific cTfh cells delays high-quality antibody production at an early stage, potentially enabling progression to severe disease. (bvsalud.org)

Researchers have long known that a person's immune system has the potential to recognize and destroy tumor cells. (case.edu)
In an era of advanced nanomedicine, it should be possible to restrain or reprogram the immune system directly using genetic engineering (Chapters 19 and 23 ), or by using other means (e.g., temporary systemic white cell sequestration), to reduce or eliminate immunoresponsiveness during the period of nanomedical treatment. (nanomedicine.com)

Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
A read-out assay such as 3 H-thymidine incorporation or cytokine secretion is used to identify the targets of antigen-specific responses. (antigendiscovery.com)

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
To elucidate the mechanism by which Th22 cells differentiate and recruit into the pleural space. (atsjournals.org)

An appetite-regulating protein released by L cells of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in response to a meal. (tabers.com)
Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice previously transplanted with Lewis rat hematopoietic cells (SCID mouse-Lewis rat chimeras) developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) following injection with myelin basic protein (BP)-specific Lewis rat T lymphocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
Targeting METTL3 by single-guide RNA, nanoparticle small interfering RNA (siRNA), or pharmacological inhibitor (STM2457) in combination with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) synergized to reinvigorate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and mediate tumor regression. (bvsalud.org)
After induction with lipopolysaccharide, the expression of tsGILT mRNA was upregulated in spleen and kidney and recombinant tsGILT protein transferred to late endosomes and lysosomes in HeLa cells. (bvsalud.org)
The process of immune response to bacteria challenge needs GILT to catalyze the reduction of disulfide bond and unfolding native protein antigens, promoting their hydrolysis by proteases. (bvsalud.org)
We present a sequencing and data analysis platform for the genomic surveillance of the insertion or deletion (indel)-rich antigens merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), MSP2, glutamate-rich protein (GLURP), and CSP from P. falciparum using long-read circular consensus sequencing (CCS) in multiclonal malaria isolates. (bvsalud.org)

mice injected intravenously with a commercially available extract of coxiella burnetii prepared for use as the antigen in the complement fixation diagnostic test for q fever were subsequently resistant to infection with babesia microti, babesia rodhaini, and plasmodium vinckei petteri. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)

These antigens have a unique molecular "zip code" that is recognized by specific immune cells called antigen-presenting cells, also circulating in the blood on "patrol. (case.edu)
In contrast, patients with self-reactive cells have significant autoimmune features in addition to their clinical and molecular immunodeficient state. (hindawi.com)

Once the graft has escaped the initial acute phase rejection reactions, a cumulative unresponsiveness to the graft develops as the recipient is continually exposed to donor MHC, a stable state that sometimes depends on the development of antigen-specific T-suppressor cells [ 371 , 5349 - 5354 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Human CMV infection is controlled by T cell-mediated immunity and in immunosuppressed transplant patients it is associated with acute allograft rejection as well as chronic allograft vasculopathy. (aai.org)
We find that during acute infection SARS-CoV-2-specific circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells expand with disease severity. (bvsalud.org)

The antigen-presenting cells "train" the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (killer T cells) to recognize and kill the tumor cells using the tumor-associated antigens. (case.edu)
Traveling through the blood stream, the activated killer T cells, in turn, recognize the cancer cells (based on the tumor-associated antigen training) and proceed to kill the cancer cells. (case.edu)

In cultured keratinocytes, CWO stimulated calcium signaling, resulting in calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (biorxiv.org)
This single cell layer of keratinocytes is attached to the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes. (medscape.com)

that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

Immediately after the graft has been implanted, it is necessary to prevent sensitization of pre-existing mature T cells capable of recognizing the graft. (nanomedicine.com)

While the autoreactive cells displayed significantly reduced Tregs numbers, the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes had high functional Tregs. (hindawi.com)

The adaptive immune response, primarily comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has important implications in the fracture healing process as well [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
In otherwise healthy CMV-infected individuals, CMV persists in a state of clinical latency, its replication and pathogenesis kept in check by the host adaptive immune response involving both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells ( 2 , 3 ). (aai.org)
Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
It is also involved in MHC I-restricted antigens catalyzing disulfide bond reduction in fishes' adaptive immunity. (bvsalud.org)

Precision medicine often involves the use of therapeutic vaccines designed to stimulate an immune response against specific targets. (lgmpharma.com)

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is typically characterized by significantly low number and/or defective function of T and B cells. (hindawi.com)

Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that METTL3 suppressed antitumor immune response by reducing granzyme B (GZMB+) and interferon gamma-positive (IFN-Î³+) CD8+ T cell infiltration, thereby facilitating immune escape. (bvsalud.org)

This platform can be easily adapted to other polymorphic antigens of interest in Plasmodium or any other human pathogen. (bvsalud.org)

With tumor growth, cancer cells release substances known as tumor-associated antigens into the blood stream. (case.edu)
Tumor growth diminished 5 times and tumor weight reduced 50-80% when compared with the anti-CAIX CAR T cells alone in a humanized mice model of ccRCC. (oncotarget.com)

Rapamycin increased IFNγ production capacity in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. (aacrjournals.org)

To determine safety and efficacy of 100 million intravenously administered CTEcells™ allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)
To determine safety and efficacy of intravenously administered allogeneic JadiCell umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. (therapeuticsolutionsint.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms10

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Antibodies10

Differentiation20

Proliferation3

Peptides6

Mechanisms7

Cytokines15

Autologous7

Macrophages2

Dendritic cells7

Histocompatibility antigens1

Molecules15

APCs2

Tumors7

Vitro7

Epitope3

Pathogens3

Genes2

Receptor1

Endothelial cells6

Intracellular1

Proliferate and differentiate2

Helper4

Myeloid cell2

Melanoma2

Subsets2

Clonal1

Cellular7

Stimulation1

Vaccine4

Proteins2

Lymphoid4

Nonspecific3

Extracellular3

Chimeric2

Bone5

Serum3

Predominantly2

Adjuvants2

Immunogenicity1

Antibody4

Immune system2

Responses3

Differentiate2

Protein6

Complement1

Activate1

Molecular2

Acute3

Recognize2

Keratinocytes2

Destroy1

Graft1

Functional1

Adaptive6

Therapeutic1

Typically1

Antitumor1

Plasmodium1

Tumor growth2

Peripheral1

Mesenchymal stem2