Antigens role in antigen presentation antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. (wikipedia.org)
Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
however, the term "antigen-presenting cell" is often used specifically to describe professional APCs. (wikipedia.org)
APCs can also present foreign and self lipids to T cells and NK cells by using the CD1 family of proteins, which are structurally similar to the MHC class I family. (wikipedia.org)
Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigens to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
MHC class II molecules are found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
Lately, it has been described a novel function for ILCs as antigen presenting cells (APCs) through MHC-II-dependent presentation of commensal-derived antigens (3-7). (europa.eu)
Despite increasing data during the last decades, how commensal lipids are handled by immune cells, the contribution of different APCs to lipid presentation, and their effects on mucosal NKT cells remain poorly understood. (europa.eu)
As a result of the progress of the project, it was found that NKT cell-APCs crosstalk is a key mechanism for the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. (europa.eu)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
We demonstrate that specific T lymphocyte interaction with peptide-presenting APCs led to apoptosis in the APC population. (ox.ac.uk)
Antigen presentation leading to T lymphocyte activation is therefore coordinated with apoptosis in the APC population and could provide a mechanism of immune response regulation by eliminating APCs, which have fulfilled their role as specific ligands for T lymphocyte activation. (ox.ac.uk)
Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
Surprisingly, efficient CTL-mediated DC killing that completely prevented the accumulation of injected DCs in the lymph nodes did not abolish T cell proliferation, indicating that other antigen presenting cells (APCs) were inducing the residual T cell proliferation when the antigen-bearing DCs were eliminated by CTLs. (wgtn.ac.nz)
class II are expressed on specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (mhmedical.com)
helper T cells produce further cytokines, especially IL-2, and prime host APCs via CD40:CD40L interaction. (mhmedical.com)
In phase I, chemotherapy or radiotherapy as part of transplant conditioning causes host tissue damage and release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, with resulting priming of host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (mhmedical.com)

They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (e.g. macrophages), or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides (bound to a class II MHC molecule) on their membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Once the MHC class II molecule has been transported to the cell surface, the invariant chain is cleaved and removed by proteases, allowing peptides to bind to the peptide-binding groove. (tutorialspoint.com)
The peptides that bind to the MHC class II molecule are derived from extracellular proteins that have been internalized by the cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis. (tutorialspoint.com)
The peptides are then presented to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex and initiate an immune response. (tutorialspoint.com)
They play a critical role in presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which are necessary for mounting an effective immune response against pathogens. (tutorialspoint.com)
These molecules present peptides derived from extracellular proteins to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex through their T cell receptors (TCRs). (tutorialspoint.com)
Here the MHC encounter antigens from pathogens or peptides from the self to orient the response of the immune system, either to mount an attack or to signal that they are harmless. (univ-mrs.fr)
The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)
Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. (nih.gov)
EVs from virally infected cells can also stimulate T cells either directly by presenting to T cells peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or indirectly through uptake by dendritic cells (DC) and subsequent processing of antigens for presentation, although the former has weaker cross-presentation ability [ 13 - 17 ] . (oaepublish.com)
However, even in a fully HLA matched HCT, GVHD still occurs due to donor T cells directed against minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHAs), polymorphic peptides displayed on host HLA molecules. (mhmedical.com)
Their major function is to present antigen-processed peptides to the T-cytotoxic cells by the cytosolic pathway. (microbenotes.com)
It makes much sense to have this site exactly where the allelic differences are, because different MHC alleles accommodate peptides better or worse, thus influencing on the magnitude of the T-cell response. (microbenotes.com)
The class II MHC genes encode glycoproteins expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells), where they present processed antigenic peptides to TH cells. (microbenotes.com)
Autologous mature dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood monocytes were pulsed with the HLA-A2-binding MUC1 peptides (M1.1 and M1.2). (aacrjournals.org)
MBP-pulsed B cells induced a low frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in 3 out of 6 donors, indicating an immunoregulatory role of B cells presenting MBP-derived peptides. (regionh.dk)

In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
They then migrate via the lymphatics to secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the digestive tract and lungs) where they present these antigens to T and B lymphocytes. (univ-mrs.fr)
Paradoxically, while we have known for a long time the key role played by these cells in the activation of B and T lymphocytes, and we identified the sensors that allow them to detect danger signals emitted by pathogens, operation of this interface remains partly a mystery. (univ-mrs.fr)
To deliver these immunological instructions, antigen (in practice a peptide a few amino acids in length) is not presented in isolation to T lymphocytes by dendritic cells but is nestled in a pocket formed by a molecule, known as the Major Histocompatibility Complex (called HLA in humans). (univ-mrs.fr)
MHC proteins determine antigen recognition by lymphocytes and therefore their activation within secondary lymphoid organs. (univ-mrs.fr)
MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes has been characterized extensively in terms of T lymphocyte activation and eventual cell death. (ox.ac.uk)
An accumulation of lymphocytes, especially CD4 + T cells, in TPE has been well documented ( 2 ). (atsjournals.org)
Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
However, unlike the macrophage, DCs do not stand and fight upon PRR engagement but rather take flight to the nearest lymph node (which acts as a kind of army barracks for lymphocytes) to carry out a special function, called antigen presentation , which awakens cells of the adaptive immune system (Figure 1.44 and Figure 1.45). (pediagenosis.com)
Whereas cells of the innate immune system can directly sense non self molecules using their panoply of PRRs, the T‐lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system need to have antigen "presented" to them in a special format. (pediagenosis.com)
For the activation of CD4 + T-helper lymphocytes, dendritic cells were further incubated with the PAN-DR-binding peptide PADRE. (aacrjournals.org)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)

Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while virus-infected cells (or cancer cells) can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
The main types of professional antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise heterogeneous subsets of professional antigen-presenting cells, linking innate and adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)

The first human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype association with human inflammatory disease was discovered in 1972, correlating HLA-B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. (medscape.com)
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is fundamental to transplant biology. (mhmedical.com)

In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode for cell-surface proteins involved in antigen presentation to the immune system. (tutorialspoint.com)
This group of genes code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. (medscape.com)
α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
while both proteins have biologically relevant functions at the cell surface, neither one can locate there on its own. (microbiologyresearch.org)
MetT-PCP carried out deISGylation of the ISG15-conjugated cellular proteins, suggesting a possible role in combating cellular antiviral pathways. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Dr Anja Knaupp 's research centres on characterising cell-type-specific sets of proteins and determining how they operate. (rossjohnlab.com)
They play a role in various cellular processes, including intercellular communication, signaling, and immunity, and carry several biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can modulate cellular functions mostly by releasing their cargo inside the target cells via the endocytic pathway. (oaepublish.com)
Aggregated misfolded proteins in the ER cause cellular stress, which if unresolved can lead to cell death. (distantreader.org)
The HLAs are highly polymorphic proteins that have a key role in antigen presentation and immunoregulation. (mhmedical.com)
They were nanoscale membrane vesicles that were generated by most types of cells, which can convey information in the tumor microenvironment by transferring cargos such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids, therefore they are critical to tumor progression [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)

The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikipedia.org)
Our team was also able to show that brain and DC-associated LAMP associated molecule (BAD-LAMP, C20orf103, LAMP5) is a chaperone for endocytic toll-like receptors (TLR) specifically expressed in the human type-I Interferon producing plasmacytoïd dendritic cells, which are specialized in the detection of nucleic acids potentially of viral or bacterial origin. (univ-mrs.fr)
CD1b is an antigen-presenting molecule that mediates recognition of bacterial lipid and glycolipid antigens by specific T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
These results define the functional role of the CD1b targeting motif in a physiologic setting and demonstrate its importance in delivery of this antigen-presenting molecule to appropriate intracellular compartments. (elsevierpure.com)
Using structural biology, he seeks to investigate the mechanisms of lipid antigen recycling, and the presentation of lipid antigens by CD1 antigen presenting molecule family T cells. (rossjohnlab.com)
Initial experiments established that CTLs eliminated antigen-bearing DCs mainly through the cytolytic molecule perforin, whereas FasL played a minor role. (wgtn.ac.nz)
This is the first class of the MHC molecule that encodes the glycoproteins that are expressed on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells. (microbenotes.com)
It contains the binding site for the T-cell accessory molecule CD8. (microbenotes.com)
Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)

They can only recognize and respond to antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Such cells express MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and can stimulate CD4+ helper T cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Prior to encountering foreign antigen, dendritic cells express very low levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
Once a dendritic cell's pattern-recognition receptors recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antigen is phagocytosed and the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. (wikipedia.org)
It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation, including CD40 and B7. (wikipedia.org)
Cell surface recognition and cytosolic sensing of these molecules result in signaling cascades that promote rapid and localized autophagy machinery recruitment. (frontiersin.org)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
This ensures that only properly folded MHC class II molecules are transported to the cell surface. (tutorialspoint.com)
MHC class II molecules are essential for the presentation of exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
Logically, the team is interested in finding out whether and by what means the dendritic cell redirects the transport of MHC molecules depending on the nature of microbial products that it has detected. (univ-mrs.fr)
By looking under the microscope at the behavior of MHC molecules in dendritic cells we found that the addition of microbial products induces dramatic changes in all cells in our culture," says Evelina Gatti, co-leader on this team subject. (univ-mrs.fr)
Initially on the inside of the cells, MHC molecules were suddenly exposed on the outside of the cell. (univ-mrs.fr)
We tried to understand how the dendritic cell organized trafficking of MHC molecules. (univ-mrs.fr)
Dendritic cell activation (MHC II molecules in green, Lysosomes in red, nuclei in grey). (univ-mrs.fr)
This allows the molecules to have a "ticket" for restricted access into specialized compartments of the cell. (univ-mrs.fr)
Change in the distribution of MHC class II molecules within a dendritic cell in the presence (top) or absence (bottom) of the ubiquitin ligase MARCH1. (univ-mrs.fr)
Class I MHC molecules include HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C and serve as the antigen-presenting platform for CD8 or suppressor T cells. (medscape.com)
Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells. (medscape.com)
Class II MHC molecules, the HLA-D region, serve as the antigen-presenting cells for CD4 or helper T cells. (medscape.com)
Class I and class II molecules allow antigen presentation to the specific T-cell receptor via a specific structural groove in its tertiary structure. (medscape.com)
Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (edu.au)
Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. (edu.au)
Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation. (edu.au)
He investigates how T cells and NK cells recognise microbial peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and aims to decipher the molecular mechanisms that define the ability of the adaptive immune system to distinguish between self and foreign. (rossjohnlab.com)
Finally, a recent study has shown that some EVs derived from platelets can elicit an immune response through antigen presentation, wherein a peptide-MHC class I complex and co-stimulatory molecules interactions occur at the immune synapse with CD8 + T cells [ 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
Class I molecules are to be found on virtually all nucleated cells in the body except on cells in the retina and brain. (microbenotes.com)
There are some mutant lymphoid cell lines (notably Daudi) that do not express MHC Class I molecules because of the defect in the β-2-microglobulin gene. (microbenotes.com)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)

These immature dendritic cells are ineffective at presenting antigen to T helper cells. (wikipedia.org)
However, this finding has triggered further interest in utilising tumour-specific MHC-II to harness sustained anti-tumour immunity through the activation of CD4 + T helper cells. (portlandpress.com)
It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
All of the latter CD4 + T cell groups are not considered T helper cells, and are beyond the scope of this article. (wikidoc.org)

T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
T‐cells inspect antigen presented on DCs using their membrane‐borne T‐cell receptors (TCRs), which are specialized for the recognition of peptide-MHC complexes. (pediagenosis.com)
The mechanisms described here refute the general assumption that B-cell presentation of self-antigens requires uptake via specific B-cell receptors, and may be important for maintenance of tolerance as well as for driving T-cell responses in autoimmune diseases. (regionh.dk)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)

The APC involved in activating T cells is usually a dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
The dendritic cell is then a fully mature professional APC. (wikipedia.org)
It is named dendritic cell because its shape extends in all directions like a protruding branch. (medicaltrend.org)
The multivalent dendritic cell vaccine is an immunotherapy that utilizes the excellent antigen presentation function of dendritic cells. (medicaltrend.org)
This function, called antigen presentation , is carried out largely, but not exclusively, by a cell that has relatively recently come to the fore as being of critical importance as a conduit between the innate and adaptive immune systems: the dendritic cell (DC). (pediagenosis.com)
A phase I trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a dendritic cell-based vaccination in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). (aacrjournals.org)
Dendritic cell vaccinations were done s.c. every 2 weeks for four times and repeated monthly until tumor progression. (aacrjournals.org)
After five dendritic cell injections, patients additionally received three injections weekly of low-dose interleukin-2 (1 million IE/m 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)

Antisense oligonucleotide gapmers containing phosphoryl guanidine groups reverse MDR1-mediated multiple drug resistance of tumor cells. (yale.edu)
However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
IL-1β, IL-6, and/or tumor necrosis factor-α promoted Th22-cell differentiation from CD4 + T cells. (atsjournals.org)
Cellular immunity, particularly of CD4 + T cells, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, has a central role in the control of and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection ( 1 ). (atsjournals.org)
The efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in hematologic malignancies can in large part be attributed to a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect, by which the donor immune system achieves immunologic control of the tumor. (mhmedical.com)
ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)

Since these observations, our team has collected an enormous amount of new data on the biochemical pathways involve with the acquisition by dendritic cells of unmatched immunomodulatory functions. (univ-mrs.fr)
Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)

This is achieved by calling upon cells of the adaptive immune system and instructing these cells in the nature of the particular antigens that are giving cause for concern. (pediagenosis.com)
The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)

Nonetheless, in addition of source of protein antigens, commensal bacteria are a source of lipids capable to activate the lipid-reactive cells named natural killer T (NKT) cells (8,9). (europa.eu)
Taking this into consideration, this project has focussed in understanding the mechanisms controlling lipid-mediated immunity by examining the ILC-NKT cell crosstalk. (europa.eu)
as well as the study of the role of ILC3s on lipid-mediated immunity (Aim 2). (europa.eu)
As mentioned above, the project aimed to investigate the mechanisms regulating lipid-mediated immunity in the intestinal mucosa by examining the crosstalk between ILCs and NKT cells. (europa.eu)
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Mutant forms of CD1b lacking the endosomal targeting motif are expressed at high levels on the cell surface but are unable to efficiently present lipid antigens acquired either exogenously or from live intracellular organisms. (elsevierpure.com)

T cells cannot recognize (and therefore cannot respond to) "free" or soluble antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we assess a vaccine adjuvant system comprised of immunogenic liposomes that spontaneously convert soluble antigens into a particle format, displayed on the bilayer surface. (cdc.gov)

Involved in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system. (nih.gov)

The TMDs of both chains are anchored in the plasma membrane of the cell. (tutorialspoint.com)
The TMDs of both chains are anchored in the plasma membrane of the cell and form a "hairpin" structure, which stabilizes the peptide-binding groove. (tutorialspoint.com)
Microvesicles have a diameter ranging from 100 nm to 1 µm and are released by cell membrane budding. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, because cancer cells are attacked at the molecular stage, invasive cancer that is difficult to remove by surgery (in situ cancer becomes invasive cancer after breaking through the basement membrane) or cancer cells flowing through the lymph and blood can also be attacked, so it can be said to be right Metastasis and prevention of recurrence are effective. (medicaltrend.org)
Dendritic cells, which were discovered by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, are produced primarily in the bone marrow and derive their name from the multiple long membrane projections or dendrites that these cells possess (Figure 1.43). (pediagenosis.com)
Antigen presentation by the DC is achieved via a membrane complex called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which was originally discovered for its role in graft rejection (hence the unwieldy name). (pediagenosis.com)
The transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains ensure that the alpha chain spans the membrane and is properly expressed by the cell. (microbenotes.com)
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)

Both ILC2 and ILC3 populations are able to internalize and present peptide antigens on MHC-II and control T cell responses (3-7). (europa.eu)

However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. (edu.au)

Absence of a costimulatory signal results in T-cell anergy, which is a key mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance to self-antigen in normal immunoregulation. (mhmedical.com)
Under serum-free conditions we observed that 3-4% of circulating B cells from healthy donors were capable of binding the MS-associated self-antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) and of presenting the immunodominant peptide MBP85-99, as determined by staining with the mAb MK16 recognising the peptide presented by HLA-DR15-positive cells. (regionh.dk)

To demonstrate the flexibility and modular nature of the liposome system, 10 recombinant surface antigens representing distinct influenza virus strains were bound simultaneously to generate a highly multivalent protein particle that with 5 ng individual antigen dosing induced antibodies in mice that specifically recognized the constituent immunogens and conferred protection against heterologous H5N1 influenza virus challenge. (cdc.gov)

Typically this involves protein antigens becoming internalized and broken down into small peptide fragments by an antigen‐presenting cell (APC), such as a DC. (pediagenosis.com)

Pleural mesothelial cells stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22 cell differentiation in response to tuberculosis antigen. (atsjournals.org)

DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Ongoing research investigates mechanisms invoked by cancer cells to abrogate MHC-I expression and attenuate anti-tumour CD8 + cytotoxic T cell response. (portlandpress.com)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
It has been proposed that the elimination of antigen-presenting DCs by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) limits the duration of antigen presentation, hence resolving ongoing immune responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)

The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
In the B cell system protective memory is mediated by plasma cells that secrete antibodies, whereas reactive memory is mediated by memory B cells that proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells in response to secondary antigenic stimulation. (scielo.br)
Some T‐cells also have functions very similar to NK cells and can detect and kill virally infected cells, while other T‐cells assist in the production of antibodies, the functions of which we will deal with in the next chapter. (pediagenosis.com)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)

Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
We propose that in Huh7 cells hepcidin modulation leads to an unfavourable intracellular environment for HCV replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles released by all cells, including virally infected cells, into the extracellular space. (oaepublish.com)

Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
This interaction leads to the activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells, which subsequently activate other immune cells such as B cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
However, differentiation and immune regulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remain unknown. (atsjournals.org)
The impacts of proinflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation by pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) on Th22-cell differentiation were explored. (atsjournals.org)
Moreover, PMCs were able to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation by presenting tuberculosis-specific antigen. (atsjournals.org)
In particular, PMCs were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation. (atsjournals.org)
They achieve this by providing such cells with two signals that are essential for a naive T‐cell (i.e., one that has not previously been engaged in an immune response) to become activated and to undergo clonal expansion and differentiation to a fully fledged effector T‐cell (i.e., capable of mounting immune responses). (pediagenosis.com)
Differentiation of naïve donor T cells into effector cells subsequently occurs, resulting in immunologic attack on host tissues and the potential development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) ( 2 ). (mhmedical.com)
function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)

The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)

In addition to its role in cellular homeostasis, autophagy is essential to immunity. (frontiersin.org)
The HLA system is genetically encoded in humans by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is found on chromosome 6, and plays a determining role in immunity and in self-recognition in virtually all cells and tissues, with the exception of erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
Specifically, a previously unknown role for ILC3s on CD1d-dependent immunity was discovered. (europa.eu)
Currently, there is little consensus as to which criteria determine receptor selection to ensure superior Ag presentation and immunity. (edu.au)
Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)
The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
He also explores the scope of environmental and microbial metabolites that can modulate human T cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Such studies pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutics based on selective modulation of T cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Dr Jan Petersen 's research focuses on antimicrobial immunity and natural killer (NK) cell immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Dr Adam Shahine is focused on the molecular roles of lipids in the regulation and dysregulation of human adaptive immunity. (rossjohnlab.com)
Dr. Steinman has made great achievements in "Analysis and Research on the Role of Dendritic Cells and Acquired Immunity" and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2011. (medicaltrend.org)
Plasmacytoid DCs reside in peripheral blood and have an important role in antiviral immunity, mainly through the release of type I interferon [ 19 ] . (oaepublish.com)
In this review, we discuss the role of the UPR in maintaining mucosal epithelial cell integrity and barrier function and highlight how the UPR is regulated by the host innate immunity. (distantreader.org)
We will discuss this in much more detail in Chapter 5, but will quickly summarize events now as it is important that the reader is aware of the central role of DCs in adaptive immunity from the outset. (pediagenosis.com)

NKT cells, through TCR recognition of self- or commensal-derived lipids presented by CD1d, contribute to establish immune homeostasis and to anti-microbial, anti-tumour and autoimmune responses (10,11). (europa.eu)

The multivalent dendritic vaccine uses 4 to 8 cancer antigens to match each patient's cancer. (medicaltrend.org)
My findings shed light on how CTL-mediated DC killing and inter-DC antigen transfer regulate immune responses and how DC vaccine regimens for immunotherapy can be improved. (wgtn.ac.nz)
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a candidate vaccine antigen that binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2), leading to virus entry. (cdc.gov)
Compared to other vaccine formulations, immunization using CoPoP liposomes admixed with recombinant RBD induces multiple orders of magnitude higher levels of antibody titers in mice that neutralize pseudovirus cell entry, block RBD interaction with ACE2, and inhibit live virus replication. (cdc.gov)

They are also expressed on other cells such as endothelial cells and/or epithelial cells induced by IFN-γ. (microbenotes.com)

CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)

They play a critical role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses by presenting exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
A key mechanism of immune evasion deployed by tumour cells is to reduce neoantigen presentation through down-regulation of the antigen presentation machinery. (portlandpress.com)
Because of their expanding roles in the endocrine regulation of homeostasis and stress, and their involvement in human pathophysiology, exosomes are now the epicenter of a new field, termed 'exosomics' ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Hiding in the entryways used by pathogens, dendritic cells locate infectious agents, ingest them and release biochemical signals to alert the first line of defensive cells in the body and draw them to the site of the infection. (univ-mrs.fr)
they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
The rapid activation of effector T cells by antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) is necessary to contain and eradicate pathogens. (wgtn.ac.nz)
Upon eradication of the pathogens by effector T cells, the immune response eventually resolves, and the clearance of residual antigen is necessary to prevent immune cell exhaustion or immunopathology. (wgtn.ac.nz)

Besides, an increase in T cell responses are observed against HspX in healthy latent individuals as compared to active TB patients suggesting its role in maintaining a disease free state in these subjects 9 . (nature.com)
We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
Naive CD4 + T cells can develop into various helper T (Th) subsets with different cytokine profiles and play a discriminative role in translating antigen-specific immune responses into tissue functions or immunopathology. (atsjournals.org)
provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)
Dr Kate McArthur 's research uses a variety of microscopy and cell biology techniques to understand the mechanisms behind, and immune responses to, mitochondrial changes and aberrant cell death during disease. (rossjohnlab.com)
However, with prolonged ER stress IRE1a becomes hyperactive and degrades mRNAs associated with anti-apoptotic responses, promoting cell death. (distantreader.org)
The aim of my thesis was to examine the impact of CTL-mediated DC killing and inter-DC antigen transfer on the induction and the quality of resulting T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
In conclusion, in the absence of inter-DC antigen transfer, CTLmediated DC killing reduces the size of T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
However, in the presence of inter- DC antigen transfer, the impact of CTL-mediated DC killing is reduced, hence influencing the size and quality of T cell responses. (wgtn.ac.nz)
When trimeric H3 HA was presented on liposomes, antigen delivery to macrophages was improved in vitro, and strong functional antibody responses were induced following intramuscular immunization of mice. (cdc.gov)
Taken together, these results show that stable presentation of recombinant HA on immunogenic liposome surfaces in an arrayed fashion enhances functional immune responses and warrants further attention for the development of broadly protective influenza virus vaccines. (cdc.gov)

It moves from the tissue to lymph nodes, where it encounters and activates T cells. (wikipedia.org)
The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Recent reports have also confirmed the involvement of EVs derived from plasmacytoid DCs in transferring antigens to tissue-resident DCs to activate CD8 + T cells [ 18 ] . (oaepublish.com)
They have a restricted tissue distribution and they are chiefly found on macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and other antigen-presenting cells. (microbenotes.com)
This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)

In addition, we review current insights into how the UPR is involved in viral infection at mucosal barriers and potential therapeutic strategies that restore epithelial cell integrity following acute viral infections via cytokine and cellular stress manipulation. (distantreader.org)
Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)

It is known that interactions between immune system and commensal bacteria are complex and involved several immune cell types. (europa.eu)
The inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comprise autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, immune cell infiltration to the synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocyte expansion and destruction of cartilage and bone. (biomedcentral.com)
We know that innate immune cells are required for blastema progenitor cell formation, but are lacking an understanding of the immune cell processes and functions that are required for inducing and maintaining these progenitors cells. (lu.se)
This project will delve into innate immune cell function, establishing in vitro and in vivo systems test innate immune cell function in regeneration. (lu.se)
This will be coupled with next generation sequencing based approaches to understanding the consequences of perturbing immune cell function. (lu.se)

DCs effectively grant permission for T‐cells of the adaptive immune system to become involved in fighting an infection. (pediagenosis.com)

In contrast, in the presence of efficient CTL-mediated DC killing, inter-DC antigen transfer enabled the host DCs to stimulate T cell proliferation. (wgtn.ac.nz)

These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation. (edu.au)

Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, CTLs regulated the clonal expansion of naive T cells by controlling the survival of antigen-presenting DCs. (wgtn.ac.nz)

In particular, the dialogue between T cells and beta cells is far more complex in humans and recent evidence supports potential type 1 diabetes 'endotypes' based on age at onset [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
review the heterogeneity of the current models for memory T cells generation and maintenance in humans and mice. (scielo.br)

Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease. (wikipedia.org)
Features of PACAP and VIP PACAP and VIP are broadly distributed in the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) including autonomic (ANS) anxious systems and peripheral cells including center, lung, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, and gastrointestinal tract aswell as immune system cells and lymphatic program.5,103 VIP and PACAP possess critical roles as neurotransmitters, vasodilators including perfusion and hypoxia regulators, and immune system and nociception modulators. (euromed2016.com)

Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. (edu.au)

Sodium azide may be removed by washing stained cells or plate-bound antibody or dialyzing soluble antibody in sodium azide-free buffer. (bdbiosciences.com)
In the presence of serum, however, the majority of B cells bound MBP in a complement-dependent manner, and almost half of the B cells became engaged in presentation of MBP85-99. (regionh.dk)

γδT cells, consisting of a gamma (γ) and delta (δ) T cell receptor (TCR) chain, are primarily CD4 − /CD8 − negative T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
To elucidate the mechanism by which Th22 cells differentiate and recruit into the pleural space. (atsjournals.org)
Although IL-22-producing helper T (Th22) cells have been reported to be involved in human tuberculosis, the mechanisms by which Th22 cells differentiate and are recruited into the pleural space are unknown. (atsjournals.org)

Towards the end of a HIV infection the number of functional CD4 + T cells falls, which leads to the symptomatic stage of infection known as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). (wikidoc.org)
We characterised the immunophenotype and functional characteristics of psoriatic arthritis (PsA)-derived and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-derived myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to evaluate their potential role in arthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
Type 1 diabetes results from the poorly understood process of islet autoimmunity, which ultimately leads to the loss of functional pancreatic beta cells. (springer.com)
EVs also contain functional proteasomes that can enable peptide generation for antigen presentation [ 20 ] . (oaepublish.com)
They possess crucial roles in arteries in the CNS84 and VIP can be associated with keeping functional integrity from the BBB.83 PACAP and VIP impact regulatory T cell (Treg)29 and additional immune system functions. (euromed2016.com)
These T cells then developed into iii functional effector T cells. (wgtn.ac.nz)

The G46-6 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to HLA-DR, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. (bdbiosciences.com)
We have determined the outcome of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted peptide presentation to a specific T cell. (ox.ac.uk)

therefore, antibody preparations containing this preservative agent must not be used in cell cultures nor injected into animals. (bdbiosciences.com)
The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)

B cells may play both pathogenic and protective roles in T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These functions relate to the ability of B cells to bind and present antigens. (regionh.dk)

Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)

Almost all cell types can present antigens in some way. (wikipedia.org)

The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
The actual role of HLA-B27 in triggering an inflammatory response causing disease is still not precisely known. (medscape.com)
Calcium oxalate (CaOx), the major constituent of most kidney stones, induces inflammatory infiltration and injures renal tubular cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In inflammatory-mediated kidney injury, a variety of T cells (γδT cells, NKT cells, regulatory T cells) infiltrate the kidney, and the number and subset composition of infiltrating T cells varies among the different forms of kidney injury [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
put out new autoimmune hypothesis for atherogenesis in the context of many data that speak for an important role of inflammatory-immunologic processes. (scielo.br)

They conclude that although armed with highly distinct effector functions, there are many parallels between the T cell and B cell components of the immune response and their conversion into memory. (scielo.br)
In the absence of direct antigen presentation by injected DCs, host DCs stimulated local T cell proliferation but did not induce a systemic effector T cell response. (wgtn.ac.nz)

There are also rare disorders, probably genetic in etiology, that result in the absence or dysfunction of CD4 + T cells. (wikidoc.org)

An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Our results indicated that CaOx crystals lead to obvious increases in the expression and activation of intrarenal γδT cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Our work suggests the presence of aberrant γδT cell activation and reconstitution of the TCRδ immune repertoire in response to CaOx crystal deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, the interaction between CaOx crystals and γδT cells and whether exposure to CaOx crystals induces alterations in γδT cell distribution and activation remain unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Mounting evidence supports the notion that the activation and evolution of islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible people is contingent upon early life exposures affecting the islets, especially beta cells. (springer.com)
ER stress and activation of the UPR are natural mechanisms by which mucosal epithelial cells combat viral infections. (distantreader.org)
Successful triggering of a TCR results in activation and the acquisition of various immune‐related functions by the T‐cell (see Chapters 7 and 8). (pediagenosis.com)
T-cell activation requires costimulatory signals from the APC, specifically CD80/86 binding to CD28 or LFA-3 binding to CD2 ( 1 ). (mhmedical.com)

Critically, in both diseases, upstream immunological processes have been poorly characterised ex vivo , particularly with respect to the site and nature of antigen presentation. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs141

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

APCs23

Peptides17

Lymphocytes16

Professional antigen-prese5

Human leukocy2

Proteins13

Molecule9

Molecules30

Helper cells4

Receptors4

Dendritic cell8

Tumor6

Pathways6

Particular antigens2

Lipid6

Soluble antigens2

Foreign antigens1

Membrane8

Peptide antigens1

Receptor-mediated en1

Self-antigen2

Surface Antigens1

Protein antigens1

Tuberculosis antigen1

Cytotoxic6

Antibodies4

Intracellular3

Extracellular1

Differentiation10

Innate and adaptive immunity1

Immunity14

Recognition1

Vaccine4

Endothelial cells1

TCRs1

Exogenous1

Regulation3

Pathogens4

Responses11

Tissue7

Cellular2

Immune cell5

Adaptive1

Stimulate1

Endocytic1

Naive T cel2

Humans2

Peripheral2

Compartments1

Bound2

Primarily1

Differentiate4

Functional6

Major histoco2

Antibody2

Bind1

Recognize1

Present1

Inflammatory5

Effector2

Absence1

Activation9

Immunological1