• [ 26 ] As discussed later in this review, the problem of low affinity can be overcome by transferring genes into T cells that encode TCRs selected or modified to have higher affinity for the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Genotypes of HLA class I genes and germline mutations were obtained for estimation of the binding affinity and number of self-antigens. (nature.com)
  • Causal ALS genes impact the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. (harvard.edu)
  • KIR genes are highly polymorphic, and specific KIR3DL1 alleles vary in surface expression and activity. (rndsystems.com)
  • In this paper, we apply logistic regression models to measure genetic association with human survival for highly polymorphic and pleiotropic genes. (duke.edu)
  • however, the gene locus for GSTM1 is polymorphic, containing two well-characterized expressing genes and a null allele. (nih.gov)
  • As blog readers know, HLA typing involves analysis of highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes comprised within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6. (pacb.com)
  • We have previously found that individual sensitivity to DOX cardiotoxicity was associated with differential expression of genes implicated in inflammatory response and immune trafficking, which was consistent with the increasing number of reports highlighting the important role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex polymorphism in hypersensitivity to drug toxicity. (utmb.edu)
  • MNS is a extremely polymorphic blood group comprising 49 antigens acknowledged by Worldwide Society of Blood Transfusion, a few of which can have been generated by genomic recombination among the many intently linked genes GYPA, GYPB and GYPE. (tbdb.org)
  • Crossover or conversion between the homologous areas of glycophorin A (GYPA) and glycophorin B (GYPB) provides rise to a number of totally different hybrid glycophorin genes encoding a variety of totally different glycophorin variant phenotypes which bear low prevalence antigens within the MNS blood group system. (tbdb.org)
  • The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is a group of genes that have an important function in the human immune system. (cegat.com)
  • The HLA region is highly polymorphic and contains six classical HLA genes: class I with HLA - A , - B and - C , and class II with HLA-DRB1 , - DQB1 and - DPB1 . (cegat.com)
  • Using targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and long-read whole-genome sequencing, we show that a single break within an antigen-encoding region of the genome can result in a cascade of recombination events leading to the generation of multiple chimeric var genes, a process that can greatly accelerate the generation of diversity within this family. (pacb.com)
  • Recently, the analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes has become prevalent due to the development of HLA imputation technology. (genominfo.org)
  • In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. (edu.au)
  • Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. (edu.au)
  • Antigens encoded by the genes in the group II took part in the rejection of transplanted tumors and other tissues. (slideshare.net)
  • HLA genes are extremely polymorphic. (wellnessofhealth.com)
  • The polygenic HLA (human leukocyte antigen) gene complex is the most polymorphic cluster of functional genes known. (tipp.org.tw)
  • [3] Most of them categorize the differences in 345 known antigens of our red blood cells (RBC) and are genetically determined by 48 known genes. (genomsys.com)
  • MHC-dependent antigens are peptides anchored to the cleft between the a-1 and a-2 domains of MHC class I molecules or the a-1 an b-1 domains of MHC class II molecules. (medscape.com)
  • However, many mutations are unique to the tumors in individual patients or shared by only a subset of patients, which, combined with the necessity that the mutated epitope be appropriately processed and conform to the peptide-binding requirements for the MHC molecules expressed by that patient, will limit the broad applicability of T-cell therapy for many mutation-associated antigens. (medscape.com)
  • As immune responses are based on the capability of HLA molecules to differentially bind specific peptides, the strength of immune responses differs according to the presentation of variable HLA antigens. (nature.com)
  • Highly polymorphic HLA molecules play a crucial role in immunological response to various pathogens. (medscimonit.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapy harnesses a patient's CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses toward peptide neoantigens, which are displayed on the surface of tumor cells by major histocompatibility complex molecules [MHC, termed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in humans] ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • It is a non-membrane-anchored glycoprotein and is noncovalently associated with 39-44 kD polymorphic heavy chains of MHC class I molecules to form HLA class I antigen complex. (biolegend.com)
  • β2M plays an essential role both in governing MHC class I molecules stability and in promoting antigen binding and presenting the antigen to CD3/TCR complex of CD8 + T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Peptide antigens are typically presented to T cells by highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and Class II molecules and have been studied extensively in humans and animal models of tuberculosis. (washington.edu)
  • HLA molecules convey antigens to T cells, triggering immunological responses and controlling organ and tissue transplant compatibility. (wellnessofhealth.com)
  • The published associations of specific polymorphisms in antigen recognition pathways, proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and effector molecules are reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 8-25 ] An important advantage of overexpressed self antigens for T-cell immunotherapy is that they may be expressed in a wide range of hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors and therefore have broad applicability. (medscape.com)
  • However, the presentation of self antigens on normal tissues poses a risk of toxicity, and self-tolerance mechanisms restrict the repertoire of reactive T cells present in vivo to those with low-affinity T-cell receptors (TCRs). (medscape.com)
  • The isolation of high-avidity T cells for tumor-associated self antigens can be even more challenging in patients with malignancy because the tumor may further promote their deletion or result in functional impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the disadvantages of many self antigens as targets for T-cell therapy, a few have emerged as promising targets for differential recognition of normal and malignant cells and are advancing to clinical trials. (medscape.com)
  • [ 28 ] Moreover, by optimizing in vitro culture conditions for human T cells, it has been possible to isolate T cells from normal human donors with sufficient avidity for self antigens such as WT1 and proteinase 3 in order to recognize leukemia. (medscape.com)
  • For each patient, self-antigen load was estimated by adding up the number of self-antigens with strong-binding affinity. (nature.com)
  • This pathway may help to explain the unique antigen presentation abilities of dendritic cells, particularly their role in maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. (umassmed.edu)
  • They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. (edu.au)
  • Through this process, a large and heterogeneous pool of p/MHC antigens is continuously generated in healthy, pathogen infected, or tumor cells as a means of displaying a cell's peptide repertoire to the immune system ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • MHC proteins bind peptide antigens within the cell, and display them at the cell surface for interaction with T cell receptors. (umassmed.edu)
  • MHC proteins are highly polymorphic, with allelic differences associated with differences in peptide binding preferences and in individual susceptibility to allergy, infection, and autoimmune disease. (umassmed.edu)
  • In cellular studies, we have discovered a new extracellular pathway for antigen presentation particularly active in immature dendritic cells, in which peptide generation and MHC loading occur entirely outside of the cell. (umassmed.edu)
  • The interaction of MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of an antigen presenting cell with receptors on T cells induces characteristic T cell effector functions. (umassmed.edu)
  • However, some T cells can also be activated by non-peptide antigens via MHC-independent antigen presenting systems. (washington.edu)
  • Cutting edge: the minor histocompatibility antigen H60 peptide interacts with both H-2Kb and NKG2D. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from K562 cells treated with PMA using CD32 (Phospho-Tyr292) Antibody.The lane on the right is treated with the antigen-specific peptide. (cusabio.com)
  • Binding to this receptor results in down-modulation of previous state of cell activation triggered via antigen receptors on B-cells (BCR), T-cells (TCR) or via another Fc receptor. (cusabio.com)
  • Polymorphic CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene, prostate-specific antigen polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. (cdc.gov)
  • A G/A polymorphism in the androgen response element 1 of prostate-specific antigen gene correlates with the response to androgen deprivation therapy in Japanese population. (cdc.gov)
  • In a study of 267 individuals exposed to intense seasonal malaria transmission, we examined the relationship between the magnitude of IgG responses to 1087 Plasmodium falciparum antigens and several features of these antigens including their subcellular location, relative abundance, molecular weight, whether or not they contain predicted MHC class II epitopes, their degree of polymorphism and whether they are predicted to have human orthologs. (nih.gov)
  • So here we had, there was this antibody from a patient in New York City reacting with a... antigen that was present in an Australian. (webofstories.com)
  • Now as far as we knew, neither of those people were - well, the transfused patient had… had some illness that required it - he had hemophilia - but it didn't seem to be related to this antibody and the… the Australian who had the antigen, was a non-hospitalized person as far as we understood it, he or she wasn't receiving, it was he actually, wasn't… wasn't ill. (webofstories.com)
  • In preliminary experiments, described here, with lung tissue from smokers, levels of 32P-postlabeled nuclease P1-enhanced DNA adducts were inversely correlated with levels of antigen cross-reacting with antibody to GSTM1-1, suggesting that initiation depends on the expression of GSTM1-1. (nih.gov)
  • These results provide insights into the proteomic features of antigens that underlie the variation in antibody responses during a natural infection, information that could inform vaccine strategies. (nih.gov)
  • The page also collects GeneMedi's different modalities and formats products for ADRB2 in therapeutics/drug discovery and IVD diagnostics, which is including antibody, ADC, bispecific, antigen, ORF vector, VLP, etc. (genemedi.net)
  • Licensed influenza vaccines that induce high antibody titers to the highly polymorphic viral surface antigen hemagglutinin must be re-formulated and readministered annually. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. (harvard.edu)
  • Shorter CAG repeats in androgen receptor and non-GG genotypes in prostate-specific antigen loci are associated with decreased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • however, the molecular mechanisms that direct this process to antigen-encoding loci while the rest of the genome remains relatively stable were not determined. (pacb.com)
  • Association of polymorphic MHC microsatellites with GVHD, survival, and leukemia relapse in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplant donor/recipient pairs matched at five HLA loci. (cdc.gov)
  • We applied this approach to predict the Ab response to a polyvalent vaccine based on the highly polymorphic malaria Ag apical membrane antigen-1. (nih.gov)
  • However, these antigens are highly polymorphic and undergo clonal antigenic variation, meaning that effective opsonisation (or prevention of iRBC sequestration in blood vessels) may only develop after many and varied malaria infections. (immunology.org)
  • Complement- fixing Abs against gametocyte and gamete antigens can prevent the establishment of infection in the mosquito and thereby block malaria transmission. (immunology.org)
  • Rapid antigen diversification through mitotic recombination in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (pacb.com)
  • For Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, this diversity is exemplified by the variant gene family called var, which encodes the major surface antigen displayed on infected red blood cells (RBCs). (pacb.com)
  • Our protein fragment sequence assembly approach has revealed atypical VAR2CSA domain architectures that impact antigen reactivity and function, and should inform the design of VAR2CSA-based vaccines. (nih.gov)
  • Multiple regression analysis revealed that extracellular location independently predicted higher IgG reactivity, whereas location in the plasma membrane predicted low IgG reactivity in highly conserved membranes, and conversely high reactivity in highly polymorphic membranes. (nih.gov)
  • Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. (edu.au)
  • For immunohistochemical staining of cells expressing MHC class I antigen of the b haplotype, we recommend the use of the biotinylated anti-mouse H-2Kb mAb AF6-88.5 in our special formulation for immunohistochemistry, Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • [ 1 ] This protein, also known as polymorphic epithelial mucin or epithelial membrane antigen, has a large extracellular region, a transmembrane sequence, and a cytosolic domain. (medscape.com)
  • [ 33-38 ] Mutated proteins may also contribute to the malignant phenotype, making them particularly attractive targets for immunotherapy, since antigen loss would be expected to decrease. (medscape.com)
  • Because mutant proteins are truly tumor-specific, high-avidity T cells specific for novel peptides derived from these proteins should not have been deleted in normal HCT donors, and T-cell immunotherapy targeting these antigens should have little risk of on-target toxicity to normal cells in the recipient. (medscape.com)
  • Self-antigen presentation outside the central nervous system has crucial role regarding self-proteins tolerance and autoimmunity, leading to neuroinflammation. (nature.com)
  • On the other hand, self-antigen presentation outside the CNS may have crucial role regarding self-proteins tolerance and autoimmunity leading to neuroinflammation 11 . (nature.com)
  • We have focus on two related areas: antigen presentation by MHC proteins, and the molecular mechanisms of T cell activation. (umassmed.edu)
  • namely, they express virus encoded latent proteins, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), EBNA-2, and latent membrane antigen 1 (LMP-1). (bmj.com)
  • CD32 is a 40 kD polymorphic transmembrane glycoprotein also known as FcγRII and FCRII. (biolegend.com)
  • This gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is the highly polymorphic Kell blood group antigen. (thermofisher.com)
  • The Kell glycoprotein links via a single disulfide bond to the XK membrane protein that carries the Kx antigen. (thermofisher.com)
  • Cancer antigen 27-29 (or CA 27-29) is an epitope of a large transmembrane mucin glycoprotein named MUC1 that is expressed on the cell surfaces of most glandular epithelia. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, a given MHC-dependent antigen can only be presented by the subpopulation of allogeneic HCT recipients who express the corresponding MHC allele. (medscape.com)
  • These split antigens are the allele products of the DQB1*0302 and DQB1*0305, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • MUC1 is highly polymorphic and each allele encodes a product that contains a different number of repeats (between 30 and 90) leading to large differences in molecular weight of the protein. (thermofisher.com)
  • The GYPE gene has an virtually an identical sequence to GYPA*01 allele in exon 2 (99% homology), which accounts for M antigen. (tbdb.org)
  • HLA-DQ8 (DQ8) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. (wikipedia.org)
  • In human genome, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene contains the most polymorphic region, as it codes for antigens directly involved in immunological recognition. (nature.com)
  • In Silico Prediction of Human Leukocytes Antigen (HLA) Class II Binding Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Peptides in Botswana. (harvard.edu)
  • The aim of this review was to analyze associations between HLA (human leukocyte antigens) alleles described thus far and an array of ophthalmologic disorders. (medscimonit.com)
  • The identification of recurrent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) neoepitopes driving T cell responses against tumors poses a significant bottleneck in the development of approaches for precision cancer therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)
  • The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the most polymorphic in the human genome that has been associated with protection and predisposition to a broad array of infectious, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Logistic regression models for polymorphic and antagonistic pleiotropic gene action on human aging and longevity. (duke.edu)
  • 2003). After the early success of transplantation of cord blood from related donors, cord blood banks were established to provide rapidly accessible, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-typed units predominantly for transplantation of HPCs from unrelated donors. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Ligands of the human NKG2D receptor are remarkably polymorphic, suggesting that these may also serve as minor histocompatibility Ags. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Used for matching organ transplants to donors and other applications, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is rapidly shifting from older methods to NGS technologies. (bitesizebio.com)
  • 6p21.1-6p21.3), is the most polymorphic and genetically variable region in the human genome. (genominfo.org)
  • Evans GA, Margulies DH, Shykind B, Seidman JG, Ozato K. Exon shuffling: mapping polymorphic determinants on hybrid mouse transplantation antigens. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • A vaccine providing protective immunity to the highly conserved internal antigens could provide longer-lasting protection against multiple influenza subtypes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 9. Comparative assessment of MHC antigen expression in bladder and testis tumour biopsies and established urological tumour cell lines: the relevance of cytokine and gene transfection for correction of defective MHC antigens. (nih.gov)
  • class I antigens (HLA-A, -B, and -C) and class II antigens (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP) which form key determinants of histocompatibility. (genominfo.org)
  • Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), a molecule expressed predominantly on activated T cells, plays an important role in the down-regulation of T-cell activation. (researchgate.net)
  • The androgen receptor (AR) gene has polymorphic regions containing variable length glutamine and glycine repeats and these are believed to be associated with PC risk. (nih.gov)
  • Recent data has suggested that polymorphisms in the prostate specific antigen (PSA) may increase prostate cancer (PC) risk. (nih.gov)
  • An individual's genotype is often referred to by the nucleotide carried at the polymorphic site in question (i.e. tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α-308A or TNF-α-308G). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1. Lacking prognostic significance of beta 2-microglobulin, MHC class I and class II antigen expression in breast carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • Antigens expressed on merozoites are also polymorphic but Abs against conserved or semi-conserved epitopes can inhibit merozoite invasion of RBC. (immunology.org)
  • This gene is known to contain a highly polymorphic variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) domain. (nih.gov)
  • By modelling genotype frequency as a function of age, we introduce a logistic regression model with polytomous responses to handle the polymorphic situation. (duke.edu)
  • It is well known that the magnitude of pathogen-specific IgG responses during natural infections varies across individual antigens, yet the factors underlying this heterogeneity are unclear. (nih.gov)
  • Self-antigen with strong-binding affinity is considered to be pathogenic. (nature.com)
  • We aim to investigate whether strong-binding affinity self-antigen load is associated with early/late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). (nature.com)
  • As strong-binding affinity self-antigen is considered to be pathogenic in neuroinflammation, our finding indicated that self-antigen load did have a role in the pathogenesis of AD owing to its association with neuroinflammation. (nature.com)
  • To investigate the Ns genome donor of Leymus and to elucidate the origin of Xm genome of Leymus , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze 13 Leymus accessions, together with 14 taxa from related Triticeae genera. (degruyter.com)
  • 1- 3 Histologically, PTLPDs represent a disease spectrum ranging from benign polyclonal, polymorphic B cell proliferations to obviously malignant lymphomas, which are generally associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. (bmj.com)
  • We investigated an uncommon glycophorin molecule with protease-resistant M antigen. (tbdb.org)
  • [ 8 , 29-31 ] WT1 has been ranked as the top priority cancer antigen for translational immunotherapy research and is currently being investigated in clinical trials of T-cell immunotherapy following allogeneic HCT, either using T cells derived directly from the donor or engineered by gene transfer to express a WT1-specific TCR ( Box 1 ). (medscape.com)
  • 7. Altered expression of HLA class I antigens in breast cancer: association with prognosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cancer antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29) is used to predict early recurrence of disease in women with treated carcinoma of the breast. (medscape.com)
  • CA 27-29 measures an overlapping antigen as the cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) assay. (medscape.com)
  • 16. Expression of MHC class I and class II antigens in colonic carcinomas. (nih.gov)
  • Abstract CN04-01: Contribution of polymorphic transporters to oncology drug disposition and safety. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Patients were then dichotomized into high or low self-antigen load groups in the binary multivariate logistic regression analysis. (nature.com)
  • Dendritic Cells Require TMEM176A/B Ion Channels for Optimal MHC Class II Antigen Presentation to Naive CD4+ T Cells. (harvard.edu)
  • Kündig TM, Bachmann MF, DiPaolo C. Fibroblasts as efficient antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid organs. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Immunohistochemically, lymphoma cells were positive for p53 but negative for latent membrane protein 1 and EBV nuclear antigen 2. (bmj.com)
  • Phagocytosis of iRBC is augmented by their opsonisation by cytophilic Abs binding to parasite antigens exported to the RBC surface. (immunology.org)