VariationCharacterizationVirusesDriftDiversityVariabilityProteinsUndergoesSignificant geneticPhenotypicDifferencesAntibodiesImmune evasionVariantsMechanismsViralLineagesPathogensHeterogeneityOccurInfectionVaccinesResponsesVirusRelationshipHumanBioinformaticsMakeupRiskHostPopulationsDataComponentsEnvironmental

Variation9

• For HMPV, the existence of different genetic lineages has been described on the basis of variation in a limited set of available sequences. (cdc.gov)
• Our results indicated that temporal genetic variation of the VP7 of serotype G1 rotaviruses was associated with changes in the antigenicity of these isolates. (microbiologyresearch.org)
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide (LOS) undergoes antigenic variation at a high rate, and this variation can be monitored by changes in a strain's ability to bind LOS-specific monoclonal antibodies. (uky.edu)
• Recent research on many vaccines, including the malaria vaccine, has focused on how to anticipate this diversity and create vaccinations that can cover a broader spectrum of antigenic variation. (wikipedia.org)
• Its most prevalent mechanism is its ability to evade recognition by antibodies through antigenic variation. (wikipedia.org)
• This protozoan parasite evades the host immune system by antigenic variation, a periodic switching of its variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. (nih.gov)
• Genetic and antigenic variation in HA has been used to classify influenza viruses into subtypes (H1-H16). (jci.org)
• however, earlier reports suggest that they do not play a role in the genetic variation of influenza B viruses [ 5 , 6 ]. (atlantis-press.com)
• Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Characterization3

• Antigenic characterization using a panel of serotype G1-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies classified lineage II isolates (1990-1993) as monotype G1a while lineage I isolates were classified as monotype G1b (1993-1995). (microbiologyresearch.org)
• Together, this network processes an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 respiratory specimens per year with approximately 5000 viruses voluntarily shared by the NICs undergoing extensive antigenic and genetic characterization among the WHO CCs. (who.int)
• In this study, we performed genetic, antigenic and pathobiological characterization of selected H3N2 virus isolates. (usda.gov)

Viruses13

• information on influenza viruses and to provide the infrastructure for experts to examine all relevant antigenic, virological and immunological data. (who.int)
• Therefore, WHO now reviews the available antigenic and genetic data on animal and human H5N1 viruses in addition to the analyses of seasonal vaccine stains and has developed and made H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses available to vaccine producers so they can work on developing safe and effective human H5N1 vaccines for potential productioni. (who.int)
• Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. (cdc.gov)
• Based on 78 vaccine efficacy or effectiveness (VE) data from 49 studies and 1,984,241 SARS-CoV-2 sequences collected from 31 regions, we analyzed the relationship between genetic distance (GD) of circulating viruses against the vaccine strain and VE against symptomatic infection. (nature.com)
• In this study, we evaluated the link between genetic mismatch of circulating SARS-CoV-2 viruses and reported COVID-19 VE from population studies. (nature.com)
• The segmented nature of the virus genome permits genetic reassortments to occur during co-infection of a host with different influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
• In addition, H3N2 vaccine strains should be updated to offer a better antigenic match with endemic turkey TR H3N2 avian influenza viruses to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
• The majority of influenza viruses tested are in the same genetic subclade as and antigenically similar to the influenza viruses included in this season's influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
• Avian influenza viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tract while human influenza viruses replicate in the respiratory tract-as conveyed by their differential genetic makeup. (science20.com)
• Nevertheless, the antigenic drift through several mechanisms that include insertions, deletions, and substitutions are frequent among influenza A and different lineages of influenza B viruses [ 7 - 10 ]. (atlantis-press.com)
• Genetic characterisation of the influenza A(H3N2) viruses indicated genetic drift, with seven substitutions at key antigenic sites. (eurosurveillance.org)
• Nevertheless, the high level of antigenic drift (genetic mutations) of some viruses, such as the influenza virus, reduces the efficacy of vaccines and needs to be addressed (1). (cmaj.ca)
• Placed at this biosafety level based on close antigenic or genetic relationship to other viruses in a group of 3 or more viruses, all of which are classified at this level. (cdc.gov)

Drift5

• In between epidemics, minor influenza genetic changes occur (antigenic drift). (science20.com)
• Not only are there numerous viral genotypes, with new ones likely to emerge, but there is also the capability for permanent genetic and antigenic drift, which enables the virus to evade the host immune response (IR) in a single infected person. (aphios.com)
• HIV diversity and capability for antigenic drift are only two of the reasons for the inefficiency of first-generation anti-HIV vaccines, which induced a humoral (antibody) response against a limited number of epitopes. (aphios.com)
• antigenic drift and genetic shift [ 3 , 4 ]. (atlantis-press.com)
• Vaccination and antigenic drift in influenza. (cmaj.ca)

Diversity7

• In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity of HMPV by phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained for part of the fusion protein (n = 84) and the complete attachment protein open reading frames (n = 35). (cdc.gov)
• Bioinformatics was used to determine the diversity of genes known or predicted to be involved in biosynthesis of the O-antigenic moiety of LPS in B. pseudomallei and its near-relative species. (nau.edu)
• The enormous genetic diversity of HIV presents a major problem for vaccine development. (aphios.com)
• This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of T. parva populations in cattle and buffalo, in an area where livestock co-exist with buffalo adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. (ilri.org)
• Three T. parva antigens (Tp1, Tp4, and Tp16), known to be recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in immunized cattle, were used to characterize genetic diversity of T. parva in cattle (n = 126) and buffalo samples (n = 22). (ilri.org)
• These data illustrate the complex interplay between T. parva populations in buffalo and cattle, revealing the significant genetic diversity in the buffalo T. parva population, the limited sharing of parasite genotypes between the host species, and highlight that a subpopulation of T. parva is maintained by transmission within cattle. (ilri.org)
• Antigenic and genetic diversity is observed among the different genotypes. (bvsalud.org)

Variability2

• To develop vaccines, the extent of genetic and antigenic variability of the different HMPV transmembrane glycoproteins must be understood. (cdc.gov)
• Genetic and antigenic variability between isolates, even within a country, remains a continuous challenge to control of the disease. (iastate.edu)

Proteins3

• While a host's homologous recombination can act as a defense mechanisms for fixing DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs), it can also create changes in antigenic DNA that can create new, unrecognizable proteins that allow the antigen to escape recognition by the host's immune response. (wikipedia.org)
• The authorities believe that poisoning children with toxic chemicals phenol, Tween 80, and germ proteins containing foreign genetic material is good 'preventive' policy. (proliberty.com)
• GAS M proteins share epitopes (antigenic-determinant sites that are recognized by antibodies) with proteins found in synovium, heart muscle, and heart valve, suggesting that molecular mimicry by GAS antigens from rheumatogenic strains contributes to the arthritis, carditis, and valvular damage. (msdmanuals.com)

Undergoes1

• Every 10 to 15 years, influenza undergoes a dramatic genetic change ( antigenic shift ) which as described, is responsible for epidemics/pandemics. (science20.com)

Significant genetic2

• There are significant genetic and antigenic differences between these initial isolates. (iastate.edu)
• Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity among tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Phenotypic1

• Here, we studied the genetic and molecular basis of these phenotypic differences. (nau.edu)

Differences2

• Other members of this subfamily, respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus, can be divided into subgroups based on genetic or antigenic differences or both. (cdc.gov)
• Each serotype could be divided into two genetic lineages, but these did not reflect major antigenic differences. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies1

• In the B cell system protective memory is mediated by plasma cells that secrete antibodies, whereas reactive memory is mediated by memory B cells that proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells in response to secondary antigenic stimulation. (scielo.br)

Immune evasion1

• Antigenic escape, immune escape, immune evasion or escape mutation occurs when the immune system of a host, especially of a human being, is unable to respond to an infectious agent: the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a pathogen, such as a virus. (wikipedia.org)

Variants3

• We applied the VE-GD model to predict protection mediated by existing vaccines against new genetic variants and validated the results by published real-world and clinical trial data, finding high concordance of predicted VE with observed VE. (nature.com)
• However, the protective effect of the various vaccine products is challenged by new genetic variants. (nature.com)
• Among all the influencing factors, emerging genetic variants relative to the vaccine strain play a critical role in determining vaccine effectiveness. (nature.com)

Mechanisms2

• The most common of antigenic escape mechanisms, homologous recombination, can be seen in a wide variety of bacterial pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that infects the human stomach. (wikipedia.org)
• Although the mechanisms of immune escape caused by the new mutations are being elucidated in experimental studies, an integrative framework to quantify the effect of genetic mismatch on VE would be instrumental for efficient evaluation of vaccine protection for any country in real time. (nature.com)

Viral1

• Due to the sudden and drastic antigenic shifts that are observed in rare/novel hybrid viral strains, making vaccine predictions are no longer possible and pre-designed flu shots are ineffective. (science20.com)

Lineages2

• We address the antigenic relationship between genetic lineages in virus neutralization assays. (cdc.gov)
• For HMPV, two major genetic lineages have been identified worldwide on the basis of analysis of a limited set of sequences ( 25 - 27 ). (cdc.gov)

Pathogens1

• Because vaccines generally cover a small ratio of strains of one virus, the recombination of antigenic DNA that lead to diverse pathogens allows these invaders to resist even newly developed vaccinations. (wikipedia.org)

Heterogeneity2

• HMPV might cause repeated infections throughout life, similar to HRSV, which could be either due to incomplete immunity or to genetic heterogeneity of the virus. (cdc.gov)
• These studies reveal a wide range of genetic tumor heterogeneity in both spatial and temporal dimensions, encompassing diverse single-nucleotide mutations, insertions, deletions and copy number variations ( 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Occur2

• This process can occur in a number of different ways of both a genetic and an environmental nature. (wikipedia.org)
• Higher attack rates occur with certain streptococcal M protein serotypes and a stronger host immune response (likely resulting from as-yet-uncharacterized genetic tendencies). (msdmanuals.com)

Infection1

• One cause of antigenic escape is that a pathogen's epitopes (the binding sites for immune cells) become too similar to a person's naturally occurring MHC-1 epitopes, resulting in the immune system becoming unable to distinguish the infection from self-cells. (wikipedia.org)

Vaccines1

• The problem of antigenic escape has greatly deterred the process of creating new vaccines. (wikipedia.org)

Responses1

• Collectively, our data demonstrate that PTPN22 controls cDC2 homeostasis, which in turn ensures appropriate cDC2-dependent T cell responses under antigenic challenge. (frontiersin.org)

Virus1

• Unfortunately we can't tell from the genetic analysis whether this, or any, flu virus is easily transmissible. (scienceblogs.com)

Relationship1

• The genetic relationship between T. parva populations circulating in cattle and buffalo is poorly understood, and has not been studied in sympatric buffalo and cattle. (ilri.org)

Human1

• A single nucleotide polymorphism, PTPN22 R620W , is one of the strongest genetic risk factors for multiple autoantibody associated human autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Bioinformatics1

• Interleukin 12B rs3212227 and rs6887695 single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to preeclampsia: Genetic, haplotype and bioinformatics analysis. (nih.gov)

Makeup1

• Overcoming all of these hurdles means there must be a corresponding change in the virion's genetic makeup. (science20.com)

Risk1

• Genetic host risk factors include the D8/17 B-cell antigen and certain class II histocompatibility antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

Host1

• Such a task is met with multiple barriers including host cell entry via receptor binding which requires genetic compatibility. (science20.com)

Populations1

• Genetic bottlenecks as a result of fragmentation reduce the viability of populations and can leave amphibians more vulnerable to other synergistic environmental stressors such as climate change, pollution and emerging wildlife diseases (Cushman 2005, Laurence and Useche 2009). (froglife.org)

Data1

• My research interests focus on uncovering the dynamics of domestic dog rabies in heterogeneous landscapes using a combination of genetic and epidemiological data. (gla.ac.uk)

Components2

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most important virulence and antigenic components of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. (nau.edu)
• It has been discovered that the genetic structure of tumor cells and the components of the immune microenvironment interact with each other. (spandidos-publications.com)

Environmental1

• Tumor cells are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental elements in the microenvironment, resulting in a complex regulation process ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)