Antigen stimulation germinal b cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

These follicles, having true germinal centers, are similar to the follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
The same antigen has also been shown to be expressed on CD4 + T cells derived from germinal centers. (lu.se)
With the B-cells, functional germinal centers in the lymphoid organs and protective antibodies become rarer, and age-associated B-cells accumulate. (medscape.com)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
Primed T cells and antigen-activated B cells then migrate into the primary follicles where they associate with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), giving rise to germinal centers (GCs). (rupress.org)

Generally, they are secondary, tertiary and other subsequent immune responses to the same antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Individuals living in isolated environments such as islands have a less diverse population of memory cells, which are, however, present with sturdier immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Despite activation of Ampk and the major role of Lkb1 in B cell activation, B cell specific deletion of Ampk does not significantly affect B cell activation, differentiation, carbon handling, gene expression, or humoral immune responses. (nih.gov)
Early activation of Ampk by pharmacological means also has little impact on B cell function, although treatment with the biguanide Phenformin critically impairs germinal center formation and class switch recombination in vivo, but does not significantly impair antigen-specific antibody responses. (nih.gov)
We have examined the ability of peripheral blood helper T cells coexpressing CD57 to participate in B cell activation/differentiation and evaluated their responses to polyclonal stimulation. (lu.se)
Among vertebrates it was shown that amphibians are capable of forming antibodies against a variety of antigens, causing several responses such as anaphylactic response and rejecting grafts. (scielo.org.ar)
It has been proposed that long-lasting B cell ediated immunity is sustained by recurrent antigen exposure and within the absence of cognate antigen, inflammatory stimuli related with adaptive immune responses like cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or T cell aid drive the activation of Bmem in an non-specific manner in vivo [10,11]. (cathepsin-s.com)
Upon ICOSL binding, ICOS signaling co-stimulates T and B cell responses. (bioxcell.com)
Recent data suggest CD8 ITC compartmentalization between KIR(+) cells with regulatory functions preventing autoreactive antibody responses and NKG2A(+) cells with enhancing functions of the IFN-g response. (immunology.fr)
Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. (medsci.org)
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
There is considerable evidence that the interaction of ICOS with its ligand is involved in the regulation of many, but not all, T-cell-mediated immune responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
His work covers various topics, including B cell responses to viral infection and vaccination, human primary immunodeficiency, and biology of lymphocyte development and function and to elucidate etiology of immunological disorders. (stanford.edu)
The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
Administration of QIV with the two adjuvants, individually or combined, resulted in enhanced HA-specific serum ELISA IgG titers, serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and splenic T cell responses as examined by IFN-γ and IL-4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays, 4-weeks post-prime and post-boost vaccination in BALB/c mice. (researchsquare.com)
While QIV+SDI-nanogel largely induced antigen-specific IgG1 responses, QIV+IMDQ-PEG-Chol predominantly induced IgG2a antibody isotypes post-prime vaccination, suggesting efficient induction of Th2 (IL-4) and Th1 (IFN-γ) responses, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)
Adjuvants formulated with a TLR9 agonist, CpG-2722, with various cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that are STING agonists increased germinal center B cell response and elicited humoral immune responses in immunized mice. (ijbs.com)
CpG-2722 induced antigen-dependent T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses, while 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 induced a Th2 response. (ijbs.com)
The combination of CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 generated a distinct antigen-dependent Th response profile characterized by higher Th1 and Th17, but lower Th2 responses. (ijbs.com)
The combination of these two agonists enhanced the expression of cytokines for Th1 and Th17 responses and suppressed the expression of cytokines for Th2 response in these cells. (ijbs.com)
Thus, the antigen-dependent Th responses observed in the animals immunized with different vaccines were shaped by the antigen-independent cytokine-inducing profiles of their adjuvant. (ijbs.com)
The expanded targeting cell populations, the increased germinal center B cell response, and reshaped T helper responses are the molecular bases for the cooperative adjuvant effect of the combination of TLR9 and STING agonists. (ijbs.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are central purveyors of both innate and adaptive immune responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
A failure of DCs to mature, as witnessed during HIV uptake, however, leads to attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses and may significantly contribute to induction of T cell regulatory responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
The failure of DCs to properly process and present HIV antigens and stimulate specific adaptive responses can prevent viral clearance and aid in establishment of viral reservoirs, two of the main obstacles to a therapeutic cure. (jscimedcentral.com)
They are also key players in spread of infection via trans-CD4 T cell infection (or in cis), and stimulation of adaptive immune responses in attempt to eliminate virus. (jscimedcentral.com)
This review focuses on how HIV is recognized and processed by DCs, the responses (and lack thereof) generated by DCs after capture, the role of DCs in HIV transfer to CD4 T cells, and the role of DCs in immunomodulatory responses to HIV. (jscimedcentral.com)
However, the unusual phenotype of synovial T cells, including their profound proliferative hyporesponsiveness to TCR ligation, has challenged the notion that T-cell effector responses are driven by cognate cartilage antigens in inflamed synovial joints. (biomedcentral.com)
On the basis of these data, it is proposed that T-cell survival and effector responses are driven by antigen-independent, cytokine-dependent mechanisms, and that therapeutic strategies that seek to restore T-cell homeostasis rather than further depress T-cell function should be explored in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
This chapter aims to explore this theme in more depth, beginning with an outline of the molecular events that dictate the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells at the outset of adaptive immune responses in regional lymph nodes. (biomedcentral.com)
Endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in T-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED). (bvsalud.org)
Here we report that when mice lacking the RelA subunit of NF-κB are brought to term by breeding onto a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1-deficient background, the mice that are born lack lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and an organized splenic microarchitecture, and have a profound defect in T cell-dependent antigen responses. (rupress.org)
However, cancer cells exploit these checkpoints to evade immune surveillance and suppress antitumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

The adaptive immune system and antigen-specific receptor generation (TCR, antibodies) are responsible for adaptive immune memory. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the formed antibodies in the body there remains a small number of memory T and B cells that make up the cellular component of the immunological memory. (wikipedia.org)
Memory B cells are plasma cells that are able to produce antibodies for a long time. (wikipedia.org)
The memory B cell has already undergone clonal expansion, differentiation and affinity maturation, so it is able to divide multiple times faster and produce antibodies with much higher affinity (especially IgG). (wikipedia.org)
The germinal centre (GC) response is characterized by regulated production of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in response to T-cell dependent antigens. (sustech.edu.cn)
The T cell-dependent (TD) antibody response involves the generation of high affinity, immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switched antibodies that are generated through germinal center (GC) response. (sustech.edu.cn)
Here we demonstrate that B cell-specific deletion of RBP hnRNP F leads to diminished production of class-switched antibodies with high affinities in response to a TD antigen challenge. (sustech.edu.cn)
In this study, the production of antibodies was assessed against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in the anuran Bufo arenarum after six weekly injections of sublethal doses of lead (50 mg.kg -1 , as lead acetate). (scielo.org.ar)
It was thus concluded that the changes due to the assayed doses of Pb in the levels of antibodies cannot be explained on the basis of only one single action mechanism of the metal, but as the result of a conjunction of effects over different immunocompetent cell subpopulations. (scielo.org.ar)
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential in the induction of high-affinity, class-switched antibodies. (bioxcell.com)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
Antibodies to CD38 are useful in subtyping of lymphomas and leukemias, detection of plasma cells (i.e. identification of myelomas), and as a marker for activated B and T cells. (thermofisher.com)
The B lymphocytes are transformed into plasma cells and secrete antibodies. (brainkart.com)
Most patients with primary Sjogren syndrome have two specific antibodies: against Ro (SS-A) and La (SSB) antigens. (medscape.com)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

Under these M cells and in close proximity, B cells, CD4 + T cells, and APCs (including dendritic follicular cells [DFCs]) are found. (medscape.com)
The ligand Is expressed on antigen presenting cells including splenic B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. (bioxcell.com)
Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
In dendritic cells, CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 showed a cooperative effect on inducing expression of molecules critical for T cell activation. (ijbs.com)
B ) Muzzle skin was digested and analyzed via FACS for Siglec F + eosinophils (left panels), Ly- 6G + neutrophils (middle panels), Ly-6C + MHC-II lo monocytes and Ly-6C + MHC-II hi monocyte-derived dendritic cells (right panels). (elifesciences.org)
Note limited IL-17 production at this age from αβ T cells and no IL-17 production from TCRδ hi Vγ3 + dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs). (elifesciences.org)
The stroma of the organ is composed of dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages (Fig. 16-1). (brainkart.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are both widely dispersed in the body and are potent activators of effector immune response, which stresses their important role in HIV infection [1,2]. (jscimedcentral.com)

Consequently, despite their CD4 phenotype and their ability to be activated, to express the IL-2 receptor, and to enter into the cell cycle, they do not act as T helper cells under conditions where CD4 + /CD57 - cells normally do so. (lu.se)
The differentiation of Tfh cells is a multi-step process that depends upon the co-receptor ICOS and the activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase leading to the expression of key Tfh cell genes. (bioxcell.com)
Here, decreasing stimulation via the B-cell receptor by aging T-lymphocytes makes a difference. (medscape.com)
As Dörner emphasized, these cells are not under the command of the B-cell receptor and are independent of the cytokine BAFF (B-cell activating factor). (medscape.com)
In blood of adult subjects and in placental blood, we will carry out their functional analysis of IFN-γ production or cytotoxic activity (without engagement of the T cell receptor). (immunology.fr)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
CD38 functions as a multi-catalytic ectoenzyme serving as ADP-ribosyl cyclase, cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase and possibly NAD+ glycohydrolase or as a cell surface receptor. (thermofisher.com)
It is upregulated on T lymphocytes following activation via the T-cell receptor. (bdbiosciences.com)
ICOS is a costimulatory receptor, and its ligand on antigen-presenting cells has been called B7RP-1, GL50, B7h, B7-H2, or LICOS. (bdbiosciences.com)
TAPIR: a T-cell receptor language model for predicting rare and novel targets. (preprintclub.com)
This wide range of receptors allows for efficient receptor mediated phagocytosis of many foreign antigens. (jscimedcentral.com)
In the mouse brain, we found that the plasticity inhibitors Nogo-A and Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) are differentially expressed in the SVZ-OB system, in which Nogo-A identifies immature neuroblasts and NgR1 germinal astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)

Our observation that CD8 ITC are present in placental blood suggests that they differentiate partly independently of stimulation by foreign antigens. (immunology.fr)

These surfaces protect the body from an enormous quantity and variety of antigens. (medscape.com)

Splenic outer periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS): An immunoproliferative microenvironment constituted by antigen-laden marginal metallophils and ED2-positive macrophages in the rat. (nih.gov)
Disruption of the negative signaling inositol phosphatase, SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP), results in the loss of marginal zone B cells (MZBs) with reorganization of marginal zone macrophages (MZMOs) to the red pulp of the spleen. (silverchair.com)
IgG2a also engages in high affinity interactions with Fc receptors on immune cells which can result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by phagocytosing cells like macrophages 3-8 . (researchsquare.com)
It consists mainly of ( a ) cortical thymocytes, theimmunologically immature T lymphocytes, and ( b ) a small number of macrophages and plasma cells. (brainkart.com)

Innate immune memory (also called trained immunity) is neither antigen-specific nor dependent on gene rearrangement, but the different response is caused by changes in epigenetic programming and shifts in cellular metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
This immunity is engendered by cellular (CD4 and CD8 T cells) and humoral (B cells) immune compartments. (cathepsin-s.com)
2015). "ICOS coreceptor signaling inactivates the transcription factor FOXO1 to promote Tfh cell differentiation" Immunity 42(2): 239-251. (bioxcell.com)
and (b) cell-mediated immunity, mediated by sensitized lymphocytes. (brainkart.com)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

Also it is actually not clear whether or not antigen reencounter benefits within the activation of antigenresponding Bmem or if intrinsic changes modulate their differentiation into ASC following appropriate stimulation [9]. (cathepsin-s.com)
Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
Memory Th1 cells modulate heterologous diseases through innate function. (preprintclub.com)
While CD4 T cells are by far the most abundant HIV-infected cell, DCs express a variety of HIV co-receptors and lectin receptors that modulate HIV uptake, antigen processing, and trans-infection to T cells, thus contributing to a wide variety of immunological outcomes. (jscimedcentral.com)
This is consistent with a negative-feedback loop, in which newly generated neurons modulate cell division of SVZ stem cells. (jneurosci.org)

In addition, the ability of HIV to exploit DC surface receptors or intracellular routing mechanisms to avoid antigen-processing machinery also contributes to viral persistence and promotes trans or cis-infection of CD4 T cells. (jscimedcentral.com)
Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

CD38 (NAD+ glycohydrolase) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein able to induce activation, proliferation and differentiation of mature lymphocytes and mediate apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. (thermofisher.com)
The antigen is expressed at only moderate density on activated T lymphocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
These are the organs in which precursor lymphocytes proliferate, develop, and differ-entiate from lymphoid stem cells to become immunologically competent cells. (brainkart.com)
After acquiring immu-nological competency, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to induce appropriate immune response on exposure to antigens. (brainkart.com)
Bone marrow is the site for prolifera-tion of stem cells and for the origin of pre-B cells and their matu-ration to become immunoglobulin-producing lymphocytes. (brainkart.com)
B lymphocytes develop their B-cell receptors (BCRs) by DNA rearrangement. (brainkart.com)
The microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in facilitating the activation and maturation of antigen-specific lymphocytes and ultimately the mounting of an adaptive immune response ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)

After the inflammatory immune response to danger-associated antigen, some of the antigen-specific T cells and B cells persist in the body and become long-living memory T and B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
10] Glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) have been reported to produce a wide variety of proinflammatory molecules that play an important role in immune and inflammatory reactions in the kidney, and MCs itself are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. (mirnadatabase.com)
The strong association between specific alleles encoded within the MHC class II region and the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has provided the best evidence to date that CD4 + T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of this chronic inflammatory disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Precisely how effector T cells initiate and promote the inflammatory process in RA, however, remains far from clear. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the results of detailed phenotypic and functional analyses of chronically activated T cells derived from inflamed joints are difficult to reconcile with traditional models of cartilage-antigen-driven inflammatory disease in patients with RA. (biomedcentral.com)
Much of the remainder of the discussion focuses on the different ways in which, in the longer term, the chronic inflammatory process influences maturation, differentiation, and function of effector T cells at sites of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
I conclude by speculating about how our understanding of T-cell activation in chronic inflammation may influence future therapy, and discuss this in the context of the prevailing view that in a susceptible host, chronic inflammatory disease occurs through a failure of regulatory T cells to downregulate the inflammatory process. (biomedcentral.com)

Small foci of plasma cells that blend in with normal splenic cellular constituents frequently occur in spleens of aged rats and mice. (nih.gov)
Small, multifocal aggregates of plasma cells (arrows) are present within the splenic red pulp. (nih.gov)
Bulk RNA-sequencing of CD43- sorted CD19-Cre+/-Prkaa1-/- (KO) and CD19-Cre+/-Prkaa1+/+ (WT) splenic naïve B cells (n = 3 each genotype), stimulated using CD40L + IL4 in vitro to terminal differentiation over 5 days (n = 3 each genotype at 5 timepoints plus naive, 36 samples total). (nih.gov)
A chronic expansion of B1a cells in BM induced by the venom was also observed, splenic cells retained venom proteins and inside the peritoneal cavity a Th2-mediated inflammation with infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils and IL-17A-producing CD4+ CD44+ CD40L+ Ly6C+ effector memory T cells (TeM) were maintained. (cathepsin-s.com)

Analyses of TNFR1/RelA-deficient embryonic tissues and of radiation chimeras suggest that the dependence on RelA is manifest not in hematopoietic cells but rather in radioresistant stromal cells needed for the development of secondary lymphoid organs. (rupress.org)
Targeted gene deletion and radiation chimera analyses have provided insights into the molecular machinery underlying the development of secondary lymphoid organs, emphasizing the importance of crosstalk between hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. (rupress.org)
immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

Like thymic selection during T-cell maturation, a selection process within the bone marrow eliminates B cells with self-reactive antibody receptors. (brainkart.com)
Immature DCs possess a wide variety of receptors, such as Fc receptors, lectins, and langerin, which allow them to efficiently bind and internalize antigen. (jscimedcentral.com)

The localization of this cell population to specialized lymphoid structures suggests that it may play a role in the evolution of the antibody response following antigenic stimulation in vivo. (lu.se)
B cells deficient in hnRNP F are characterized by defective proliferation and c-Myc upregulation upon antigenic stimulation. (sustech.edu.cn)

Experimental Design: Bcl -6, CD10, and CD40 were chosen as markers for a germinal center phenotype, CD23 as a marker of pre/early germinal center origin, and CD138 as a marker for postgerminal center origin. (aacrjournals.org)
Indeed, there are now compelling data to suggest that chronic cytokine activation may contribute substantially to the phenotype and effector function of synovial T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

While the reduced formation of naïve T-cells can be attributed to the regression of the thymus gland, the naïve B-cells are a consequence of age-related, fatty bone marrow degeneration. (medscape.com)
In mammals, T cells mature in thymus and B cells in fetal liver and bone marrow. (brainkart.com)
Thymus is the site where a large diversity of T cells is produced and so they can recognize and act against a myr-iad number of antigen-MHCs (major histocompatibility complexes). (brainkart.com)
The thymus induces the death of those T cells that cannot recognize antigen-MHCs. (brainkart.com)

Lymph nodes contain a light-staining region (germinal center) and a peripheral dark-staining region. (medscape.com)
The germinal center is key to the generation of a normal immune response. (medscape.com)
Recently, our lab showed that Lkb1, a previously unstudied kinase in B cell immunology and the main upstream kinase of Ampk, had a critical and unexpected role in B cell activation and germinal center formation. (nih.gov)
This may be secondary to a germinal center origin or attributable to increased apoptosis via induction of bax and/or enhanced T-cell interaction, resulting in improved autologous tumor response. (aacrjournals.org)
The RNA-binding protein hnRNP F is required for the germinal center B cell response[J]. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS,2023,14(1). (sustech.edu.cn)
7] report that phospholipase C (PLC)-2 is necessary for effective formation of germinal center (GC) and Bmem. (cathepsin-s.com)
Final differentiation to germinal center Tfh cells (GC-Tfh) was instead FOXO1 dependent as the Foxo1(-/-) GC-Tfh cell population was substantially reduced. (bioxcell.com)
A novel protein kinase, polyploidy-associated protein kinase (PAPK) is a new member of the Ste20/germinal center kinase family that modulates cytoskeletal organization and cell survival. (phosphosolutions.com)
CD8 Treg, which have been described by the team of H. Cantor, play a censoring role in the immune response at the germinal center level where they block selection/differentiation of Tfh-like CD4 T-cells and autoreactive/autoimmune B cells. (immunology.fr)
CD38 is expressed at increasingly higher levels on B cells at each stage of B-cell differentiation, and is then down-regulated on germinal center B cells and mature plasma cells. (thermofisher.com)
Cutting edge: critical role of inducible costimulator in germinal center reactions. (bdbiosciences.com)

Here, they undergo antigen-driven clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma and memory cells. (rupress.org)

Stimulation of B cells leads to the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) within the Peyer patches, preventing adherence of bacteria and viruses to the epithelium and thus blocking entry to the subepithelial layers of the intestine. (medscape.com)
Furthermore these cells do not induce differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-producing cells. (lu.se)
The basic and common immunologic defect in common variable immunodeficiency is a failure of B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells that produce the various immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. (medscape.com)
Different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses produced by class-switched B cells help in opsonization and virus neutralization and hence, facilitate viral clearance from the host. (researchsquare.com)
The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)

The CD4 + CD57 + T cells do not express mRNA for a number of different cytokines or for the CD40 ligand after activation in vitro. (lu.se)
Mechanistically, hnRNP F directly binds to the G-tracts of Cd40 pre-mRNA to promote the inclusion of Cd40 exon 6 that encodes its transmembrane domain, thus enabling appropriate CD40 cell surface expression. (sustech.edu.cn)

In turn, myeloid cells are less active in old age due to phagocytosis and antigen presentation, and they get more mutations. (medscape.com)

The HK5.3 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse ICOSL (inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand) also known as CD275, B7RP-1, and B7-H2. (bioxcell.com)
We report that ICOS signaling inactivates the transcription factor FOXO1, and a Foxo1 genetic deletion allowed for generation of Tfh cells with reduced dependence on ICOS ligand. (bioxcell.com)
Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
One such mechanism involves the upregulation of immune checkpoints, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

HIV uptake by DCs is unique in that it does not preferentially drive DC maturation and stimulate T cell instruction, but rather favors viral spread [10]. (jscimedcentral.com)

The findings suggest that this peripheral blood helper T cell population is functionally different from regular CD4 + T cells. (lu.se)
T-helper cells become less common, and as a result, terminally differentiated effector memory T-cells become more common. (medscape.com)

the latter are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that function as memory cells interacting with type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)

We propose that ICOS signaling transiently inactivates FOXO1 to initiate a Tfh cell contingency that is completed in a FOXO1-dependent manner. (bioxcell.com)
B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)

BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)

Stimulation of CD28 on type 1 THCs by B7 costimulatory molecules results in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon gamma by type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)

Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, these DEGs may provide insights into the altered immune response to microbiota in the ageing gut, including reduced antigen presentation and alterations in cytokine and chemokine production. (biomedcentral.com)
CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 have distinct cytokine inducing profiles in different cell populations. (ijbs.com)
For cytokine genes, at least three stages are thought to be required for the acquisition of transcriptional competence in T cells: an initiation phase, a commitment phase, and a phase of acute gene transcription (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)

however, it needs to be emphasized that most autoimmune diseases are driven by a dysfunction in the immune network consisting of B cells, T cells, and other immune cells. (hindawi.com)
From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)
In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
The TME consists of various cellular components, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix, along with soluble factors and signaling molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
These checkpoints act as molecular brakes on immune cells, preventing excessive activation and potential damage to healthy tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)

Not too long ago, working with venom proteins of Thalassophryne nattereri (VTn) Brazilian fish we establish a model in which GC derivedB cells and high-affinity particular Abs had been permanently generated [12]. (cathepsin-s.com)
It detects mouse PAPK and is antigen affinity purified. (phosphosolutions.com)

Dysregulation of various cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) causes immunosuppressive functions and aggressive tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)

Immature B cells proliferate and differentiate within the bone marrow. (brainkart.com)
Most DCs in tissues and blood are present in an immature state, but upon antigen acquisition and activation they mature. (jscimedcentral.com)

The influence of adipocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also causes the bone marrow to develop B-cells more and more weakly and slowly. (medscape.com)
Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. (lecturio.com)
Some lymphoid cells develop and mature within the bone mar-row and are referred to as B cells (B for bursa of Fabricius , or bone marrow). (brainkart.com)
Stromal cells within the bone marrow interact directly with the B cells and secrete various cytokines that are required for the development of B cells. (brainkart.com)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)

Endotoxin level is ≤0.01 EU/µg (≤0.001 ng/µg) of protein as determined by the LAL assay.NA/LE are perfectly suited to be used in culture or in vivo (for nonhuman studies) for functional assays - blocking, neutralizing, activation or depletion - where the presence of azide may damage cells or exogenous endotoxin may signal or activate cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)

Chronic inflammation of MALT from infective or autoimmune disorders can lead to the development of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, or MALTomas. (medscape.com)

A small subpopulation of CD4 + T cells found in peripheral blood coexpresses the CD57 + marker normally found on, e.g. (lu.se)
ICOS is expressed on subpopulations of CD4-CD8- and CD4+CD8- (but not CD4-CD8+ or CD4+CD8+) thymocytes, on some T-cell lines, and on small numbers of peripheral leukocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
The hierarchy of T-cell dysfunction from peripheral blood to inflamed joint suggests that these defects are acquired through prolonged exposure to proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. (biomedcentral.com)

Mucosal epithelial surfaces contain M cells, specialized cells that are so named because they exhibit microfolds on their luminal surface and have a membranous appearance. (medscape.com)
These studies described failure of B-cell differentiation because of altered B-cell surface-molecule expression. (medscape.com)
Crosslinking of CD38 on the surface of mature, resting B cells induces B-cell proliferation, which is enhanced by co-signals such as IL-4 and LPS. (thermofisher.com)
Studies reveal that chronic exposure of T cells to TNF uncouples TCR signal transduction pathways by impairing the assembly and stability of the TCR/CD3 complex at the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

We find Ampk is activated upon B cell stimulation in vitro. (nih.gov)
G ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from LMC and Sox13 -/- mice and re-stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin to assess production of IL-5 and IL-13 by ILCs. (elifesciences.org)
D ) Muzzle-infiltrating cells were isolated from indicated mice, stimulated in vitro with PdBu/ionomycin, and analyzed for αβ T cell subset-specific production of IL-17A and IL-22 and for CD4 + T cell production of IL-4, and IL-13. (elifesciences.org)

In search for subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with different histogenetic origin and prognosis, as has been described by gene expression profiling, we examined tumor specimens from 125 patients with DLBCL, uniformly treated by either cyclophosphamideAdriamycin-vincristine-prednisone or methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin in a multicenter trial set by the Nordic Lymphoma Group 1989-1994. (aacrjournals.org)
This innovative approach enhances the patient's immune system to target and eliminate tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
There are still significant barriers to therapeutic success because of tumor-specific antigens (TA) and toxicities associated with treatment [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)

Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)

If needed, plasma cells can be identified with immunohistochemistry for human kappa light chains or immunoglobulins. (nih.gov)

In contrast, the naive plasma cell is fully differentiated and cannot be further stimulated by antigen to divide or increase antibody production. (wikipedia.org)
3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)

The T cell activation molecule H4 and the CD28-like molecule ICOS are identical. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cutting edge: the related molecules CD28 and inducible costimulator deliver both unique and complementary signals required for optimal T cell activation. (bdbiosciences.com)

Memory B cell activity in secondary lymphatic organs is highest during the first 2 weeks after infection. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)

Plasma cell hyperplasia is a common, often mild, lesion in the spleen of rodents, particularly mice. (nih.gov)
Spleen - Hyperplasia, Plasma cell in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. (nih.gov)
T cells are primed by antigen-presenting cells in the T cell zones of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of the spleen, the paracortex of LNs, and the dome area of Peyer's patches (PPs) * lining the intestine. (rupress.org)

Emerging resources show that even the innate immune system can initiate a more efficient immune response and pathogen elimination after the previous stimulation with a pathogen, respectively with PAMPs or DAMPs. (wikipedia.org)
What we see in both the T- and B-cell systems is that they become increasingly innate with age," he said. (medscape.com)
Innate CD8 T cells (CD8 ITC), of which we have provided the first description in humans, are characterized by the expression of the KIR (human)/Ly-49 (mouse) or NKG2A molecules, and the transcription factor Eomes. (immunology.fr)

After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)

In the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB). (jneurosci.org)

That leads to activation of these cells and rapid proliferation of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Surprisingly, however, Ampk activation occurs in the absence of energetic stress, and B cells continue to grow and divide despite Ampk activity. (nih.gov)
Combined, our results suggest an unexpected and unexplained activation of Ampk in B cells. (nih.gov)
Activation of a death signal transduction pathway may result in the stimulation of the PAPK promoter, which leads to increased PAPK expression and provides a negative feedback signal that prevents cell death. (phosphosolutions.com)
The T-cell activation marker H4 is the same molecule as ICOS. (bdbiosciences.com)
To evaluate the influence of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) Mouse monoclonal to TNK1 activation within the mRNA manifestation of RANK, RANKL, and OPG, recombinant human being IL-1 (rhIL-1) was given in the tradition press of IVD cells. (idplink.net)
Aberrant αβ T cell activation in AD of Sox13 -/- mice. (elifesciences.org)

It also induces death of those T cells that react with self-antigen MHC and pose a danger of causing autoimmune disease. (brainkart.com)

The analysis revealed a 25-gene signature of immune-associated DEGs and their expression profile was positively correlated with naïve T-cell, effector memory T-cell, central memory T-cell, resident memory T-cell, exhausted T-cell, resting Treg T-cell, effector Treg T-cell and Th1-like colorectal gene signatures. (biomedcentral.com)
FOXO1 regulated Tfh cell differentiation through a broad program of gene expression exemplified by its negative regulation of Bcl6. (bioxcell.com)
Next, we analyzed the gene expression profile of Tregs, naive T cells, and memory T cells in aged mice. (bioxcell.com)
We found that the gene expression profile of aged CD25(lo) Tregs were more related to young CD25(lo) Tregs than to either naive or memory T cells. (bioxcell.com)

The latter findings point to the participation of Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling in the regulation of other aspects of growth, such as tissue expansion or turnover by cell proliferation. (jneurosci.org)

Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)

Two B cell populations are accountable for sustaining the humoral immune memory: memory B cells (Bmem) plus the long-lived antibodysecreting cells (ASC) [1,2,3]. (cathepsin-s.com)
It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components. (lecturio.com)

Anatomy38

Organisms15

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs118

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes49

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Centers5

Responses36

Antibodies16

Dendritic8

Receptor12

Foreign antigens1

Variety of antigens1

Macrophages4

Immunity5

Modulate5

Intracellular3

Lymphocytes8

Inflammatory8

Splenic4

Lymphoid organs3

Receptors2

Antigenic stimulation2

Phenotype2

Thymus4

Center11

Clonal expansion1

Immunoglobulin6

CD402

Phagocytosis1

Ligand4

Maturation1

Helper2

APCs4

Dependent2

Determinants1

Secretion2

Uptake2

Cytokine4

Immune cells8

Affinity2

Microenvironment1

Immature2

Bone marrow6

Vivo1

Isotype1

Marginal1

Peripheral3

Surface5

Vitro3

Tumor3

Binds1

Mechanisms2

Immunoglobulins1

Antibody production2

CD282

Secondary1

Induce1

Spleen3

Innate3

Molecules1

Migrate1

Activation7

Induces1

Gene4

Proliferation1

Complexes1

Humoral2