• APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the term "antigen-presenting cell" is often used specifically to describe professional APCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • APCs can also present foreign and self lipids to T cells and NK cells by using the CD1 family of proteins, which are structurally similar to the MHC class I family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigens to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We studied the roles of direct and indirect antigen presentation (mediated by donor- and host-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs), respectively) in a mouse model of IUHCTx. (ca.gov)
  • We found that IUHCTx leads to precocious maturation of neonatal host DCs and that there is early differentiation of donor-derived DCs, even after transplantation of a stem cell source without mature APCs. (ca.gov)
  • the latter are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that function as memory cells interacting with type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
  • Under these M cells and in close proximity, B cells, CD4 + T cells, and APCs (including dendritic follicular cells [DFCs]) are found. (medscape.com)
  • MHC class II molecules are found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lately, it has been described a novel function for ILCs as antigen presenting cells (APCs) through MHC-II-dependent presentation of commensal-derived antigens (3-7). (europa.eu)
  • Despite increasing data during the last decades, how commensal lipids are handled by immune cells, the contribution of different APCs to lipid presentation, and their effects on mucosal NKT cells remain poorly understood. (europa.eu)
  • As a result of the progress of the project, it was found that NKT cell-APCs crosstalk is a key mechanism for the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. (europa.eu)
  • Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
  • class II are expressed on specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (mhmedical.com)
  • helper T cells produce further cytokines, especially IL-2, and prime host APCs via CD40:CD40L interaction. (mhmedical.com)
  • In phase I, chemotherapy or radiotherapy as part of transplant conditioning causes host tissue damage and release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, with resulting priming of host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (mhmedical.com)
  • Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
  • Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
  • During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
  • We demonstrate that specific T lymphocyte interaction with peptide-presenting APCs led to apoptosis in the APC population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antigen presentation leading to T lymphocyte activation is therefore coordinated with apoptosis in the APC population and could provide a mechanism of immune response regulation by eliminating APCs, which have fulfilled their role as specific ligands for T lymphocyte activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The APC involved in activating T cells is usually a dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once a dendritic cell's pattern-recognition receptors recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antigen is phagocytosed and the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dendritic cell is then a fully mature professional APC. (wikipedia.org)
  • Logically, the team is interested in finding out whether and by what means the dendritic cell redirects the transport of MHC molecules depending on the nature of microbial products that it has detected. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • We tried to understand how the dendritic cell organized trafficking of MHC molecules. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Dendritic cell activation (MHC II molecules in green, Lysosomes in red, nuclei in grey). (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Change in the distribution of MHC class II molecules within a dendritic cell in the presence (top) or absence (bottom) of the ubiquitin ligase MARCH1. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • These properties have made lentiviral vectors advantageous for use in dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. (jci.org)
  • As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • Described here are some of the general requirements of in vitro test methods for skin sensitization, and progress that has been made in developing suitable approaches with particular emphasis on the utility of dendritic cell culture systems. (cdc.gov)
  • This project will aim to test a cancer immunotherapy approach based on in-vivo dendritic cell reprogramming of tumor cells to reinstate anti-tumor immunity. (lu.se)
  • Experience in dendritic cell biology and antigen presentation mechanisms is a merit, T cell biology is also attractive. (lu.se)
  • They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (e.g. macrophages), or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides (bound to a class II MHC molecule) on their membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the MHC class II molecule has been transported to the cell surface, the invariant chain is cleaved and removed by proteases, allowing peptides to bind to the peptide-binding groove. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The peptides that bind to the MHC class II molecule are derived from extracellular proteins that have been internalized by the cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The peptides are then presented to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex and initiate an immune response. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • They play a critical role in presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which are necessary for mounting an effective immune response against pathogens. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • These molecules present peptides derived from extracellular proteins to CD4+ T cells, which recognize the peptide-MHC complex through their T cell receptors (TCRs). (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Here the MHC encounter antigens from pathogens or peptides from the self to orient the response of the immune system, either to mount an attack or to signal that they are harmless. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. (nih.gov)
  • However, even in a fully HLA matched HCT, GVHD still occurs due to donor T cells directed against minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHAs), polymorphic peptides displayed on host HLA molecules. (mhmedical.com)
  • The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
  • Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)
  • In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
  • α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
  • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that encode for cell-surface proteins involved in antigen presentation to the immune system. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)
  • MHC proteins determine antigen recognition by lymphocytes and therefore their activation within secondary lymphoid organs. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
  • Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
  • Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
  • The 2022 William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Basic Immunology was shared by Drs. Vishva Dixit, Judy Lieberman, Feng Shao, and Hao Wu in recognition of the importance of their discoveries regarding gasdermins, the proteins that rip open cell membranes during an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. (cancerresearch.org)
  • One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
  • The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • while both proteins have biologically relevant functions at the cell surface, neither one can locate there on its own. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • MetT-PCP carried out deISGylation of the ISG15-conjugated cellular proteins, suggesting a possible role in combating cellular antiviral pathways. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The HLAs are highly polymorphic proteins that have a key role in antigen presentation and immunoregulation. (mhmedical.com)
  • After the binding of antigens, Class I and Class II proteins present them to CD8 and CD4 T cells, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FAs are structures composed of clustered transmembrane proteins called integrins that bind to the extracellular matrix and link to the actin cytoskeleton and control cell migration, proliferation, survival and differentiation (Gardel et al. (bio2009.org)
  • Furthermore, lamina propria T cells from the duodenum of these patients proliferated in response to milk proteins and secreted Th2 cytokines (IL-13). (medscape.com)
  • Involved in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system. (nih.gov)
  • Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
  • In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
  • They then migrate via the lymphatics to secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the digestive tract and lungs) where they present these antigens to T and B lymphocytes. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Paradoxically, while we have known for a long time the key role played by these cells in the activation of B and T lymphocytes, and we identified the sensors that allow them to detect danger signals emitted by pathogens, operation of this interface remains partly a mystery. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • To deliver these immunological instructions, antigen (in practice a peptide a few amino acids in length) is not presented in isolation to T lymphocytes by dendritic cells but is nestled in a pocket formed by a molecule, known as the Major Histocompatibility Complex (called HLA in humans). (univ-mrs.fr)
  • T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
  • Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes has been characterized extensively in terms of T lymphocyte activation and eventual cell death. (ox.ac.uk)
  • the remainder arise from T lymphocytes or natural killer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They can only recognize and respond to antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such cells express MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and can stimulate CD4+ helper T cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to encountering foreign antigen, dendritic cells express very low levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation, including CD40 and B7. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell surface recognition and cytosolic sensing of these molecules result in signaling cascades that promote rapid and localized autophagy machinery recruitment. (frontiersin.org)
  • MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This ensures that only properly folded MHC class II molecules are transported to the cell surface. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • MHC class II molecules are essential for the presentation of exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • By looking under the microscope at the behavior of MHC molecules in dendritic cells we found that the addition of microbial products induces dramatic changes in all cells in our culture," says Evelina Gatti, co-leader on this team subject. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Initially on the inside of the cells, MHC molecules were suddenly exposed on the outside of the cell. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • This allows the molecules to have a "ticket" for restricted access into specialized compartments of the cell. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecules and Cells is an international on-line open-access journal devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge in all areas of biology. (molcells.org)
  • Adipocytes could act as antigen presenting cells via expression of key molecules for antigen presentation in obese adipose tissue. (molcells.org)
  • Adipocytes expressing MHC I could mediate CD8 T cell responses whereas those expressing MHC II molecules could regulate CD4 T cell responses. (molcells.org)
  • In addition, adipocytes could modulate the function and activation of iNKT cells via high expression of CD1d molecules in adipose tissue. (molcells.org)
  • Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (edu.au)
  • Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. (edu.au)
  • Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation. (edu.au)
  • NKT cells recognize lipid antigen presented in the context of CD1d molecules. (umaryland.edu)
  • It is known that ovarian cancer tissue and ascites contain lymphocytic infiltrates, suggesting that immune cells traffic to tumors, but are then inhibited by immunosuppressive molecules within the tumor microenvironment. (umaryland.edu)
  • CD1 molecules present lipid, glycolipid and lipopeptides to T and NKT cells [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • cytoplasmic antigens by MHC class II molecules have been made. (cd31-signal.com)
  • Eosinophils function as antigen presenting cells as they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MHC Class II genes also encode receptors but are restricted to antigen presenting cells of the immune system where they play a role in combating extracellular pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cross-presentation initiates immune responses against tumors and viral infections by presenting extracellular antigen on MHC I to activate CD8 + T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Direct and indirect antigen presentation lead to deletion of donor-specific T cells after in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation in mice. (ca.gov)
  • We next performed allogeneic IUHCTx into donor-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice and confirmed that both direct and indirect antigen presentation lead to clonal deletion of effector T cells in chimeras. (ca.gov)
  • Thus, tolerance induction after IUHCTx depends on both direct and indirect antigen presentation and is secondary to thymic deletion, without de novo Treg induction. (ca.gov)
  • Depending on the phylogenetic disparity, direct or indirect antigen presentation is predominant. (unige.ch)
  • HspX or α-crystallin, a 16 kDa protein, is one of the dominant antigens expressed during the latent stages of M. tuberculosis infection and under various other conditions like low oxygen tension, nutrient starvation or hypoxia 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • pp. 558-572) demonstrate that recombinant human hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (rhHAPLN1) significantly reduces the extended airspaces of the emphysematous alveoli by increasing the levels of TGF-β receptor I and SIRT1/6, as a previously unrecognized mechanism in human alveolar epithelial cells, and consequently mitigates COPD. (molcells.org)
  • Nonetheless, in addition of source of protein antigens, commensal bacteria are a source of lipids capable to activate the lipid-reactive cells named natural killer T (NKT) cells (8,9). (europa.eu)
  • Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. (edu.au)
  • However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. (edu.au)
  • Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
  • In vitro studies in dendritic cells (DCs) established SNARE protein SEC22B as a specific regulator of cross-presentation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 10%. In the remaining 10% of children with lecular weight protein found on the surface nephrotic syndrome, it is largely mediated of all nucleated cells which synthesize it. (who.int)
  • To demonstrate the flexibility and modular nature of the liposome system, 10 recombinant surface antigens representing distinct influenza virus strains were bound simultaneously to generate a highly multivalent protein particle that with 5 ng individual antigen dosing induced antibodies in mice that specifically recognized the constituent immunogens and conferred protection against heterologous H5N1 influenza virus challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a candidate vaccine antigen that binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2), leading to virus entry. (cdc.gov)
  • T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Our team was also able to show that brain and DC-associated LAMP associated molecule (BAD-LAMP, C20orf103, LAMP5) is a chaperone for endocytic toll-like receptors (TLR) specifically expressed in the human type-I Interferon producing plasmacytoïd dendritic cells, which are specialized in the detection of nucleic acids potentially of viral or bacterial origin. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • MHC Class I genes encode surface receptors in most nucleated cell types and facilitate immune responses to intracellular pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is fundamental to transplant biology. (mhmedical.com)
  • In addition, anti-GBM disease has a strong positive association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15 haplotype, particularly the DRB1*1501 allele, which is found in more that 80% of patients with anti-GBM disease. (medscape.com)
  • T cells cannot recognize (and therefore cannot respond to) "free" or soluble antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we assess a vaccine adjuvant system comprised of immunogenic liposomes that spontaneously convert soluble antigens into a particle format, displayed on the bilayer surface. (cdc.gov)
  • This reduction of T cell activity may result in a more potent induction of neutralizing antibody responses, clearing the viral infection. (usda.gov)
  • Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. (mdpi.com)
  • Here, we show that primary human as well as mouse CD206+ macrophages are effective in functional cross-presentation of soluble self-Ag and non-self-Ag, including tumor-associated Ag (TAA), as well as viral Ag. (jci.org)
  • Alternatively, the DCs are transduced with a viral vector that expresses the antigen. (jci.org)
  • These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • The vaccine formulations targeting these antigens have caused a relatively weak immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)
  • Compared to other vaccine formulations, immunization using CoPoP liposomes admixed with recombinant RBD induces multiple orders of magnitude higher levels of antibody titers in mice that neutralize pseudovirus cell entry, block RBD interaction with ACE2, and inhibit live virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCTx) is a promising method to induce donor-specific tolerance but the mechanisms of antigen presentation that educate host T cells and the relative importance of deletion vs. regulation in this setting are unknown. (ca.gov)
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
  • Ongoing research investigates mechanisms invoked by cancer cells to abrogate MHC-I expression and attenuate anti-tumour CD8 + cytotoxic T cell response. (portlandpress.com)
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of physiologically conserved or novel mechanisms utilised by tumour cells to reduce MHC-I or MHC-II expression. (portlandpress.com)
  • B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
  • These self-reactive T cells can be found also in healthy subjects but are strictly controlled by various mechanisms including suppression by T Regulatory (Treg) cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taking this into consideration, this project has focussed in understanding the mechanisms controlling lipid-mediated immunity by examining the ILC-NKT cell crosstalk. (europa.eu)
  • As mentioned above, the project aimed to investigate the mechanisms regulating lipid-mediated immunity in the intestinal mucosa by examining the crosstalk between ILCs and NKT cells. (europa.eu)
  • Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We are delineating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the differentiation of stromal cells towards lymphoid tissue organizing cells, allowing the attraction of hematopoietic cells to the developing lymph nodes. (vumc.nl)
  • Determine the mechanisms by which NKT cells are reduced in cancer patients. (umaryland.edu)
  • Investigate the mechanisms by which NKT cells recognize and destroy tumors. (umaryland.edu)
  • These new insights coupled with the X-ray crystallographic solution of several peptide/MHC-T-cell receptor structures have revealed mechanisms of histoincompatibility. (cd31-signal.com)
  • However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To confirm the presence of cross-presenting TAM in vivo, we performed phenotypic and functional analysis of TAM from B16-F10 and CT26 syngeneic tumor models and have identified CD11b+F4/80hiCD206+ TAM to effectively cross-present TAA. (jci.org)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • First, using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we established that Ag-targeted, but not nontargeted, DCs are responsible for Ag presentation in settings of Ab-targeted vaccination in vivo. (edu.au)
  • Critically, in both diseases, upstream immunological processes have been poorly characterised ex vivo , particularly with respect to the site and nature of antigen presentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the in vivo contribution of SEC22B to cross-presentation has not been tested. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This project will delve into innate immune cell function, establishing in vitro and in vivo systems test innate immune cell function in regeneration. (lu.se)
  • Inspired from developmental processes, human mesenchymal cell lines can be programmed to form cartilage, bone and bone marrow tissues in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the generation of primary T cell responses and the maintenance of immune responses. (usda.gov)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • Besides, an increase in T cell responses are observed against HspX in healthy latent individuals as compared to active TB patients suggesting its role in maintaining a disease free state in these subjects 9 . (nature.com)
  • They play a critical role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses by presenting exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Antigen (Ag) cross-presentation leading to tumor Ag-directed cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses is crucial for antitumor immunity. (jci.org)
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells also play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses via cell-cell contact or cytokine secretion involving IL-10. (molcells.org)
  • Both ILC2 and ILC3 populations are able to internalize and present peptide antigens on MHC-II and control T cell responses (3-7). (europa.eu)
  • NKT cells, through TCR recognition of self- or commensal-derived lipids presented by CD1d, contribute to establish immune homeostasis and to anti-microbial, anti-tumour and autoimmune responses (10,11). (europa.eu)
  • We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Alterations in cellular metabolism modulate CD1d-mediated NKT-cell responses. (umaryland.edu)
  • However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
  • In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)
  • When trimeric H3 HA was presented on liposomes, antigen delivery to macrophages was improved in vitro, and strong functional antibody responses were induced following intramuscular immunization of mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Taken together, these results show that stable presentation of recombinant HA on immunogenic liposome surfaces in an arrayed fashion enhances functional immune responses and warrants further attention for the development of broadly protective influenza virus vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Hiding in the entryways used by pathogens, dendritic cells locate infectious agents, ingest them and release biochemical signals to alert the first line of defensive cells in the body and draw them to the site of the infection. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • B cells use unconventional strategies for the production of a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies from a very limited amount of DNA. (cipsm.de)
  • The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
  • In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease is a rare autoimmune disorder in which circulating antibodies are directed against an antigen normally present in the GBM and alveolar basement membrane. (medscape.com)
  • M cells in the intestinal epithelium overlying Peyer patches allow transport of antigens to the lymphoid tissue beneath it. (medscape.com)
  • Germinal centers where B cells proliferate and differentiate are poorly developed in all lymphoid tissue, including the spleen. (medscape.com)
  • In MS patients Treg cells are impaired in number and function [ 7 ] and allow self-reactive T cells to expand in the periphery, cross the BBB and reach the CNS, where they undergo into a secondary re-activation and induce demyelination and axonal damage [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altering FAs by other means did not induce the same changes in pAkt as those seen by reducing ARAP2 in U118 cells. (bio2009.org)
  • In addition to its role in cellular homeostasis, autophagy is essential to immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, we propose a new mechanism of virus immunity in which a non-persistent virus (FMDV) induces immunosuppression by producing IL-10 that reduces T cell function. (usda.gov)
  • However, this finding has triggered further interest in utilising tumour-specific MHC-II to harness sustained anti-tumour immunity through the activation of CD4 + T helper cells. (portlandpress.com)
  • as well as the study of the role of ILC3s on lipid-mediated immunity (Aim 2). (europa.eu)
  • Specifically, a previously unknown role for ILC3s on CD1d-dependent immunity was discovered. (europa.eu)
  • Currently, there is little consensus as to which criteria determine receptor selection to ensure superior Ag presentation and immunity. (edu.au)
  • Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We are addressing the role of stromal cells as antigen presenting cells, as well as their influence on the antigen presenting function of dendritic cells. (vumc.nl)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized from the bone marrow during inflammation , Frontiers in Antigen Presenting Cell Biology , 2013, Front. (vumc.nl)
  • Although in vitro small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated Sec22b silencing in bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) reduced cross-presentation, treatment of SEC22B-deficient BMDCs with the same shRNA produced a similar defect, suggesting the Sec22b shRNA modulates cross-presentation through off-target effects. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of disorders involving malignant monoclonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in lymphoreticular sites, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, the spleen, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Disease is likely to be disseminated at the time of presentation, and diagnosis is usually based on lymph node or bone marrow biopsy or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hodgkin Lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In wild-type mice, there was a similar deletion of effector cells without expansion of donor-specific Tregs. (ca.gov)
  • Differentiation of naïve donor T cells into effector cells subsequently occurs, resulting in immunologic attack on host tissues and the potential development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) ( 2 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
  • Since these observations, our team has collected an enormous amount of new data on the biochemical pathways involve with the acquisition by dendritic cells of unmatched immunomodulatory functions. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • VEGF Potentiates GD3-Mediated Immunosuppression by Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. (umaryland.edu)
  • Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • This may also provide oncologists with targets for vaccines against cancer cells. (oncolink.org)
  • DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These immature dendritic cells are ineffective at presenting antigen to T helper cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
  • CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system , although there are known rare exceptions. (wikidoc.org)
  • All of the latter CD4 + T cell groups are not considered T helper cells, and are beyond the scope of this article. (wikidoc.org)
  • Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
  • The importance of helper T cells can be seen from HIV , a virus that infects cells that are CD4 + (including helper T cells). (wikidoc.org)
  • Although these diseases are idiopathic, recent investigations support the role of eosinophils, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin [IL]-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and eotaxin as the critical factors in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
  • For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)
  • Additionally, we described the interference of FMDV with DC maturation and antigen presentation capacity. (usda.gov)
  • In this sequence of events, the team of Philippe Pierre and Evelina Gatti is particularly interested in the key stage of maturation of dendritic cells. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)
  • Although defects may occur in many steps in B-cell development and maturation, resulting in agammaglobulinemia, the most common and well-described defect is the impaired maturation of the pro-B cells to pre-B cells. (medscape.com)
  • They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We propose that in Huh7 cells hepcidin modulation leads to an unfavourable intracellular environment for HCV replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
  • This interaction leads to the activation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells, which subsequently activate other immune cells such as B cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • They use these instructions not only for themselves - because the encounter with microbial products is not a trivial event and generates natural stress in the cells - but also for immune cells with which they cooperate. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Interactions of adipose tissue immune cells. (molcells.org)
  • However, in obese adipose tissue the number of pro-inflammatory immune cells is increased and that of anti-inflammatory immune cells is decreased. (molcells.org)
  • T h cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
  • We know that innate immune cells are required for blastema progenitor cell formation, but are lacking an understanding of the immune cell processes and functions that are required for inducing and maintaining these progenitors cells. (lu.se)
  • The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The TMDs of both chains are anchored in the plasma membrane of the cell. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The TMDs of both chains are anchored in the plasma membrane of the cell and form a "hairpin" structure, which stabilizes the peptide-binding groove. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Microvesicles have a diameter ranging from 100 nm to 1 µm and are released by cell membrane budding. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Conclusions We conclude that ARAP2 affects Akt signaling in some cells by a mechanism independent of FAs or membrane traffic. (bio2009.org)
  • Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
  • In vitro blockade of IL-10 with a neutralizing antibody restores T cell activation by DC. (usda.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro the predominance of direct or indirect presentation by depleting antigen-presenting cells in concordant and discordant xenogeneic combinations. (unige.ch)
  • In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It moves from the tissue to lymph nodes, where it encounters and activates T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glaucoma leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons but also to tissue remodelling which involves both the optic nerve head and the retina. (molvis.org)
  • In lean adipose tissue, IL-4 secreted by eosinophils and Th2 cells activates M2 type macrophages, which express arginase and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. (molcells.org)
  • In addition, levels of IFN-γ-secreting cell types, such as Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, and mast cells, are elevated in obese adipose tissue. (molcells.org)
  • The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2022) Effective Barriers: The Role of NKT Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut. (umaryland.edu)
  • This presentation will provide information on the CLIA Proficiency Testing (PT) Final Rule which was published in the Federal Register Notice on July 11, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • Rosa et al, Science Immunology 2022 ) and has shown recently that the same combination of factors can reprogram tumor cells into antigen presenting cells (Zimmermannova et al, In revision). (lu.se)
  • Chronic inflammation of MALT from infective or autoimmune disorders can lead to the development of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, or MALTomas. (medscape.com)
  • In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
  • With few exceptions, stem cell transplantation is usually reserved for patients with aggressive lymphomas after incomplete remission or relapse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymph nodes are organized to mediate an efficient interaction of antigen presenting cells and T cells. (vumc.nl)
  • Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and can mediate cytolytic activity. (umaryland.edu)
  • A key mechanism of immune evasion deployed by tumour cells is to reduce neoantigen presentation through down-regulation of the antigen presentation machinery. (portlandpress.com)
  • DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
  • Because of their expanding roles in the endocrine regulation of homeostasis and stress, and their involvement in human pathophysiology, exosomes are now the epicenter of a new field, termed 'exosomics' ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
  • Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, the subsequent differentiation of these cells into the different stromal cell subsets that are present within lymph nodes are studied. (vumc.nl)
  • The stage of lymphocyte differentiation at which the oncogenic event occurs determines the disease presentation and outcome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the CNS the immune system activates an inflammation process that damages the myelin (i.e. the fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the nerve fibers), the nerve fibers themselves and the cells specialized in myelin production (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we discuss our current understanding of microRNAs with a focus on their role and mode of action in regulating the immune system during inflammation and carcinogenesis. (123dok.net)
  • Immature DCs in SF may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation via sampling of the inflamed synovial environment, and in situ presentation of arthritogenic antigen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), comprise autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, immune cell infiltration to the synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocyte expansion and destruction of cartilage and bone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The G46-6 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to HLA-DR, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, antibody preparations containing this preservative agent must not be used in cell cultures nor injected into animals. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Sodium azide may be removed by washing stained cells or plate-bound antibody or dialyzing soluble antibody in sodium azide-free buffer. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • When T cells were cultured again with purified antibody, from rMOG primed mice, proliferation decreased in all the wells with antibody added, but when injected into coimmunized mice similar disease was observed as seen in the mice given immune serum. (uwm.edu)
  • Over all these results indicate a role for antibody in the processing and presentation of MOG in EAE. (uwm.edu)
  • This may be through the suppression of the presentation of MOG61-85 when antibody is bound to MOG when it is taken up by antigen presenting cells. (uwm.edu)
  • Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Absence of a costimulatory signal results in T-cell anergy, which is a key mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance to self-antigen in normal immunoregulation. (mhmedical.com)
  • Presenting symptoms usually include peripheral lymphadenopathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One of these cell types is the population called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) which comprise several families of cells that can be classified into three groups: ILC type 1 (ILC1), ILC2 and ILC3. (europa.eu)
  • Nevertheless, the interaction between CaOx crystals and γδT cells and whether exposure to CaOx crystals induces alterations in γδT cell distribution and activation remain unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The generation of an immune response is dependent on efficient interaction of rare antigen-specific T cells with dendritic cells that present the antigen. (vumc.nl)
  • MALT may consist of a collection of lymphoid cells, or it may include small solitary lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
  • Following T cell development , matured, naïve (meaning they have never been exposed to the antigen to which they can respond) T cells leave the thymus and begin to spread throughout the body, including the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
  • Antisense oligonucleotide gapmers containing phosphoryl guanidine groups reverse MDR1-mediated multiple drug resistance of tumor cells. (yale.edu)
  • Autophagy is a well-conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays key roles in bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Roles of autophagy machinery in macrophage antibacterial defenses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The role of autophagy in cross-presentation is controversial. (edu.au)
  • This may be due to studies using different types of antigen presenting cells for which the use of autophagy is not well defined. (edu.au)
  • Here we report that active use of autophagy is evident only in DC subtypes specialized in cross-presentation. (edu.au)
  • These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation. (edu.au)
  • WT T cells only bound MOG35-55 but T cells from B cell-/- mice also bound MOG61-85. (uwm.edu)
  • However, the role of recruited monocyte-derived macrophages, including TAM, as potential cross-presenting cells is not well understood. (jci.org)
  • Genomic deletion of a fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus resulted in specific absence of resident homeostatic and antigen-presenting macrophages, without affecting the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the infarcted heart. (elifesciences.org)
  • An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that CD11b+CD206+ TAM represent the dominant tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell population, expressing a unique cell surface repertoire, promoting Ag cross-presentation and Ag-specific CD8+ T cell activation comparable with cross-presenting CLEC9A+ DCs (cDC1). (jci.org)
  • Our results indicated that CaOx crystals lead to obvious increases in the expression and activation of intrarenal γδT cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our work suggests the presence of aberrant γδT cell activation and reconstitution of the TCRδ immune repertoire in response to CaOx crystal deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mounting evidence supports the notion that the activation and evolution of islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible people is contingent upon early life exposures affecting the islets, especially beta cells. (springer.com)
  • It is likely that in the case of autoimmune diseases, a high degree of organization will worsen the disease since efficient presentation of autoantigens will enhance activation of autoreactive T cells. (vumc.nl)
  • Dr. Webb is a leading immunologist and research scientist who is recognized for her studies focused on the modulation of CD1d-mediated NKT cell activation for cancer immunotherapy using natural and artificial platforms. (umaryland.edu)
  • 2020) Thymic resident NKT cell subsets show differential requirements for CD28 co-stimulation during antigenic activation. (umaryland.edu)
  • T-cell activation requires costimulatory signals from the APC, specifically CD80/86 binding to CD28 or LFA-3 binding to CD2 ( 1 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • Stimulation of B cells leads to the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) within the Peyer patches, preventing adherence of bacteria and viruses to the epithelium and thus blocking entry to the subepithelial layers of the intestine. (medscape.com)
  • The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The most problematic complication of PCI, with or without stent implantation, is the restenosis defined as the re-narrowing of the enlarged artery and characterized by an immune/inflammatory response going with a hyperplastic reaction, involving smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration/proliferation, and remodelling of the arterial wall. (unina.it)
  • B cells also play a pro-inflammatory role through secretion of obesity-induced IgG. (molcells.org)
  • Calcium oxalate (CaOx), the major constituent of most kidney stones, induces inflammatory infiltration and injures renal tubular cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In inflammatory-mediated kidney injury, a variety of T cells (γδT cells, NKT cells, regulatory T cells) infiltrate the kidney, and the number and subset composition of infiltrating T cells varies among the different forms of kidney injury [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)