Antigen presenting cells receptor antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Activation does not need antigen processing by APCs or presentation by MHC molecules. (pharmacygyan.com)
Overall, these results suggested that A2BR expression on myeloid cells and APCs indirectly suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses and promoted metastasis. (figshare.com)
Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
Foreign entities within the body get chopped into pieces by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which display the resulting chunks on their surface. (riken.jp)
When T cells associate with APCs, they form what is known as an 'immunological synapse', a juncture where numerous proteins assemble into elaborate complexes, such as the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). (riken.jp)
CD28, a T cell protein that promotes TCR signaling, typically assembles at a narrowly defined region of the cSMAC, where it interacts with CD80, a protein expressed on the surface of APCs. (riken.jp)
To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
Although it is possible to expand naturally occurring T(regs), an attractive alternative possibility, particularly suited to solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, is the stimulation of total T cell populations with defined allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) under conditions that lead to the generation or expansion of donor-reactive, adaptive T(regs). (lu.se)
Notably, PDE inhibition also enhanced the enrichment of human Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells driven by allogeneic APCs. (lu.se)
Interactions between immune cells such as T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are integral for mounting an adaptive immune response. (lu.se)

3) The T cell's CD28 binds with a B7 molecule on the APC in the last stage of the activation cycle (antigen-presenting cell). (pharmacygyan.com)
It binds various microorganisms by recognizing high-mannose-containing glycoproteins on their surface, and can function as a co-receptor for several viruses such as HIV and Hepatitis C. Binding to DC-SIGN can promote HIV and Hepatitis C virus to infect target cells (T-cells and hepatocytes, respectively). (wikipedia.org)
Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)
We here describe the development of novel COVID-19 DNA plasmid vaccines encoding homodimers consisting of a targeting unit that binds chemokine receptors on antigen-presenting cells (human MIP-1α /LD78β), a dimerization unit (derived from the hinge and C H 3 exons of human IgG3), and an antigenic unit (Spike or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) from SARS-CoV-2). (biorxiv.org)
We found that LAG3 binds to T-cell receptors, but it doesn't inhibit them directly," explained Workman. (genengnews.com)
Now that we know LAG3 binds to the T-cell receptor, we might be able to generate optimal blockers that target this interaction," he added. (genengnews.com)
The GK1.5 monoclonal antibody specifically binds to the mouse CD4 (L3T4) differentiation antigen. (bdbiosciences.com)

CDR2s interact with the class II molecules but are not involved in antigen recognition. (pharmacygyan.com)
These antiviral molecules decorated with specific carbohydrates (sugars) present affinity by the receptor used as an entry point to infect the cell and act blocking it, thus inhibiting the infection in a sub-nanomolar range. (wikipedia.org)
Class I MHC molecules include HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C and serve as the antigen-presenting platform for CD8 or suppressor T cells. (medscape.com)
Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells. (medscape.com)
Class II MHC molecules, the HLA-D region, serve as the antigen-presenting cells for CD4 or helper T cells. (medscape.com)
Class I and class II molecules allow antigen presentation to the specific T-cell receptor via a specific structural groove in its tertiary structure. (medscape.com)
Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)
It provides a dominant negative signaling to T cells on binding to the costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
Cell surface CTLA4 has 100-1,000 times higher affinity for the costimulatory molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells, thereby efficiently competing with the positive costimulatory receptor CD28 ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
The engagement of CTLA4 by costimulatory molecules results in decreased T-cell receptor signaling, interleukin 2 transcription ( 3 ), and cell cycle arrest at the G1 stage, with the final result of inducing T-cell anergy ( 4 , 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
The T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (TIM) family, including TIM-1, TIM-2, TIM-3, and TIM-4, is a relatively newly described group of molecules with a conserved structure and important immunological functions, including T-cell activation, induction of T-cell apoptosis and T-cell tolerance, and the clearance of apoptotic cells. (nih.gov)
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4 + ("helper") cells as well as CD8 + ("cytotoxic") T cells . (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
A low level of signaling was also obtained when functionalizing the blocked SLBs with adhesion molecules binding to receptors on the T cell. (lu.se)
In addition, the TCR-pMHC distributed non-homogeneously in the cell-SLB contacts when having height-mismatched adhesion molecules, but homogeneously when having height-matched adhesion molecules. (lu.se)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
These antigens may be cell surface proteins or may be intracellular proteins (eg, TAAs) that are expressed on the surface in combination with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Evidence suggests that class I MHC molecules on the surface of normal cells inhibit NK cells and prevent lysis. (msdmanuals.com)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

Of these, CD23 is, however, not expressed on dendritic cells but is a characteristic surface molecule of B lymphocytes, and LSectin (CLEC4G) is expressed on the sinusoidal endothelium of the liver. (wikipedia.org)
Ly6C low MC manifested activated T-cell signaling pathways and potentially can adapt the function of lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Preclinical models predict that blockade of the coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) on lymphocytes results in the release of a cell cycle inhibitory checkpoint, allowing lymphocyte proliferation, tumor targeting, and regression. (snmjournals.org)
Despite occasional cases of expansion of melanoma-specific T cells ( 14 , 15 ), the bulk of the data suggest that there is no detectable expansion of tumor antigen-specific lymphocytes, in particular when focusing on CD8+ T-cell responses. (snmjournals.org)
The most consistent effects in peripheral blood cells after administering anti-CTLA4 antibodies have been limited to marginal increases in the surface expression of nonspecific activation markers predominantly on CD4+ T lymphocytes ( 16 - 18 ). (snmjournals.org)
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. (bvsalud.org)
Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens on target cells and lyse these cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)

This group of genes code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. (medscape.com)
The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
In addition to plexins, various other proteins have been implicated either as receptors for semaphorins or as components of the semaphorin receptor complex ( Pasterkamp and Kolodkin, 2003 ). (rupress.org)
2009). Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Direct Delivery of Reprogramming Proteins. (igem.org)
PRRs expressed by these cells, including membrane-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I-like helicase receptors (RLRs), recognize specific, conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present in microbial proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. (rndsystems.com)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy has been utilized for cancer patients, enhancing tumor immunity by inhibiting regulatory T cells, and CTLA-4-based fusion proteins have been used to block autoimmune diseases such as arthritis," says Saito. (riken.jp)
In many T cell activation studies, the SLB contains the nickel-chelating lipid DGS-NTA(Ni) to functionalize the SLB with histidine-tagged proteins. (lu.se)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

Only the mucosa has these T cells, which serve as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. (pharmacygyan.com)
Besides functioning as an adhesion molecule, recent studies have also shown that DC-SIGN can initiate innate immunity by modulating toll-like receptors, though the detailed mechanism is not yet known. (wikipedia.org)
Among the animal C-lectins, a subfamily known as the ASGR (asialoglycoprotein receptors) group contains several sub-sub-families, many of which are important to innate immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Monocytes (MC) are bone marrow (BM) derived mononuclear phagocytes that play an important role in innate immune response and are the major immune cell population in chronic tissue inflammatory ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
type 1 innate lymphoid cells. (nih.gov)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a critical role in the detection of invading pathogens and subsequent activation of the innate immune response. (rndsystems.com)
Therefore, γδT cells are characteristic of the adoptive immune compartment with innate-like response reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors such as membrane bound Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) of surface epithelial cells and antigen presenting cells detect airborne pathogens and activate innate immune response providing the first line of defense against these inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)
There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)
Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (msdmanuals.com)
NKT cells are innate-like T cells that quickly respond to antigenic stimulation and rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines. (msdmanuals.com)

c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)
BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
By contrast, TIM-4, which is expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells and which is a receptor for phosphatidylserine, regulates T-cell activation and tolerance, in part by mediating the uptake and engulfment of apoptotic cells. (nih.gov)
Moreover, we have shown that PorB can enhance both antigen uptake and antigen presenting cell trafficking (especially DCs and macrophages) and these effects are mainly TLR2 dependent. (bu.edu)
Studies to antigen uptake, processing and presentation to T cells, the biology of dendritic cells and the regulation of immunity are aimed to raise our understanding of the immune reactions to tumor cells and improve immunotherapy of cancer. (universiteitleiden.nl)

In 2015 European researchers designed a "giant" molecule formed by thirteen fullerenes covered by carbohydrates which, by blocking DC-SIGN receptor, are able to inhibit the cell infection by an artificial ebola virus model. (wikipedia.org)
Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)
Without accumulating at the cSMAC, CTLA-4 cannot inhibit T cell activation. (riken.jp)
In contrast, suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response against tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

if non-self antigens are found it can signal B cells to produce antibodies that will ultimately cause attack on cells that have the same antigen but have not (yet? (bio.net)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
Blockade of CTLA-4 by antibodies has potentiated antitumor T-cell responses in both preclinical models and clinical trials. (aacrjournals.org)
The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
some cells require the presence of humoral antibodies directed against the tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) to initiate the interactions that lead to the death of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 (Cluster of Differentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD209 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Ly6C high MC presented downregulated co-stimulatory receptors (CD2, GITR, and TIM1) which direct immune cell proliferation, and upregulated co-stimulatory ligands (LIGHT and SEMA4A) which trigger antigen priming and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)
CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) group of glycoproteins on the surface of human antigen-presenting cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

Here, we demonstrate that NK cells (haNKs) engineered to express a PD-L1 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) haNKs killed a panel of human and murine head and neck cancer cells at low effector-to-target ratios in a PD-L1-dependent fashion. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we describe the pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo study of irradiated haNK cells engineered to express a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). (elifesciences.org)
In the subsequent step, the planned plasmids, including the planned chimeric receptors will be created and consequently characterized. (igem.org)
2007). Adoptive Transfer of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Re-directed Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Clones in Patients with Neuroblastoma. (igem.org)

however, it needs to be emphasized that most autoimmune diseases are driven by a dysfunction in the immune network consisting of B cells, T cells, and other immune cells. (hindawi.com)
they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
T h cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
trying to figure out where in the body our immune cells first start presenting antigens during an HIV infection, with the hope of targeting those areas for vaccine development. (scireq.com)
2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)

Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)

DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin receptor present on the surface of both macrophages and dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages and dendritic cells are the important class II antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
This response provides the first line of defense against infectious disease and is primarily mediated by phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. (rndsystems.com)

After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)

MHC class II was expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the ileum at steady state but was absent from the IECs of germ-free mice. (nih.gov)

T cell activation, for example, needs three steps: (1) The lymphocyte T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen-loaded class II molecule in the first phase. (pharmacygyan.com)
NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
On myeloid and pre-plasmacytoid dendritic cells DC-SIGN mediates dendritic cell rolling interactions with blood endothelium and activation of CD4+ T cells, as well as recognition of pathogen haptens. (wikipedia.org)
Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
NK cells express germ-line receptors that are either stimulatory or inhibitory, and the summation of these signals determines activation status ( Caligiuri, 2008 ). (elifesciences.org)
Ly6C high MC exhibited activated neutrophil degranulation, lysosome, cytokine production/receptor interaction and myeloid cell activation pathways, and Ly6C low MC presented features of lymphocyte immunity pathways in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
CD137L is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed on antigen presenting cells (DCs, monocytes/macrophages, B cells) and is upregulated upon activation. (fishersci.com)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
Our data indicate that ErbB-2 is an important component of the plexin-B receptor system and that ErbB-2-mediated phosphorylation of plexin-B1 is critically involved in Sema4D-induced RhoA activation, which underlies cellular phenomena downstream of plexin-B1, including axonal growth cone collapse. (rupress.org)
When using a special dye that measures acidity, the researchers observed accumulation of LAG3 in the synapse creates acidic conditions that disrupt the association between coreceptors-CD4 on helper T cells or CD8 on killer T cells-and a signaling enzyme called Lck, thwarting a key requirement for T-cell activation and signaling. (genengnews.com)
Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a coinhibitory activation-induced surface receptor on T cells that functions as a major negative regulator of anti-self-immune responses. (snmjournals.org)
Once a T cell is activated through its T-cell receptor, downstream T-cell receptor signaling through Src kinases results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CTLA4 and the uncoupling of CTLA4 from AP50, allowing its surface expression, which peaks at 48 h after activation. (snmjournals.org)
Most of the studies have focused on analyzing T-cell activation in peripheral blood. (snmjournals.org)
Our results indicated that CaOx crystals lead to obvious increases in the expression and activation of intrarenal γδT cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Our work suggests the presence of aberrant γδT cell activation and reconstitution of the TCRδ immune repertoire in response to CaOx crystal deposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, the interaction between CaOx crystals and γδT cells and whether exposure to CaOx crystals induces alterations in γδT cell distribution and activation remain unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
TIM-1 costimulates T-cell activation and enhances cytokine production. (nih.gov)
Ultimately, we would like to regulate T cell function and activation in order to overcome autoimmune diseases, allergy, or infectious diseases," explains Takashi Saito, of the RIKEN Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI) in Yokohama. (riken.jp)
We have found that antigen presenting cells, including B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, are activated by PorB in a TLR2, TLR1 and MyD88 dependent manner, inducting upregulation of class II MHC, costimulatory molecule CD86 and other markers of activation. (bu.edu)
An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikidoc.org)
If the interaction is favourable, then T cell activation occurs. (lu.se)
The DGS-NTA(Ni) signaling was argued to be due to TCR-DGS-NTA(Ni) interactions and stressed the importance of adequately blocking these interactions in T cell activation studies. (lu.se)
Thus, the decreased level of class I molecule expression characteristic of many tumor cells may allow activation of NK cells and subsequent tumor lysis. (msdmanuals.com)

An important step in this process is the recognition of endogenous nucleic acids released from dying cells by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other cytosolic receptors. (frontiersin.org)

The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacterial cell walls and bacterial flagella, acts as ligands to trigger for downstream pathways that release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and interleukins (IL1B, IL2, IL6 and IL18). (cdc.gov)

The first human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype association with human inflammatory disease was discovered in 1972, correlating HLA-B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. (medscape.com)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
Calcium oxalate (CaOx), the major constituent of most kidney stones, induces inflammatory infiltration and injures renal tubular cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In inflammatory-mediated kidney injury, a variety of T cells (γδT cells, NKT cells, regulatory T cells) infiltrate the kidney, and the number and subset composition of infiltrating T cells varies among the different forms of kidney injury [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)

Failed T cell-based immunotherapies in the presence of genomic alterations in antigen presentations pathways may be overcome by NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)
2004). Fcγ receptor signaling in primary human microglia: differential roles of PI-3K and Ras/ERK MAPK pathways in phagocytosis and chemokine induction. (igem.org)
They are part of a much larger group of compounds, the eicosanoids, which, although ubiquitous as a group, are produced by a variety of cell type-, tissue-, and species-specific biosynthetic pathways. (jci.org)

Different studies have demonstrated that the ebola virus infection process starts when the virus reaches the cellular DC-SIGN receptor to infect the dendritic cells (of the immune system). (wikipedia.org)
Nevertheless, there is evidence that the individual subtypes differ pathophysiologically, for example, with respect to their cellular composition as recently shown for B cells ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
CD4 is a co-receptor in the cellular immune response. (rcsb.org)
CD4 also serves as the high-affinity receptor for cellular attachment and entry of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (rcsb.org)
We have found that PorB induces a genetic program consisting of genes and gene sets needed for immunoglobulin synthesis and cellular proliferation after only one or two immunizations as opposed to a greater number of immunizations of antigen alone to induce a similar response. (bu.edu)
The observation that the immune system can also attack malignant cells has been known for many years but the cellular and molecular mechanisms have become clear in the last decades. (universiteitleiden.nl)
Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) manipulated ex vivo have potential as cellular therapeutics in autoimmunity and transplantation. (lu.se)
Cytokines The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)

in essence, they lose most of their ability to further swallow pathogens, and they develop an increased ability to communicate with T cells. (wikidoc.org)

Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Not only the molecular differences leading to the different clinical presentations need to be better understood, but also the pathogenic mechanisms of CLE in general: the precise role of involved cell types, the impact of different cytokines described in the disease, and their interaction and regulation in a complex network need further exploration. (frontiersin.org)
Secretion of these cytokines at the site of an infection promotes the recruitment of neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells, which eliminate pathogenic microbes and infected cells. (rndsystems.com)
As an undergraduate at Duke University, I did three years in a brain tumour immunology lab, mainly studying dendritic cells, macrophages, and cytokines, so that was my gateway into the world of immunology. (scireq.com)

We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
One immunotherapy that revitalizes T cells by blocking an immune checkpoint protein called LAG3 was recently approved by federal regulators. (genengnews.com)
1997). Degradation of Amyloid β-Protein by a Metalloprotease Secreted by Microglia and Other Neural and Non-neural Cells. (igem.org)
The engineered BV-2s will be equipped to locate the specific GBMs and label the targeted cells with a tat-GFP fusion protein. (igem.org)
Most naïve T cells do not express surface CTLA4 because of its binding to AP50, a subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP-2 protein ( 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
Compared to cells exposed to T1-LPS, the IL-1B, IL-6, TNF-alpha, iNOS mRNA and protein expression will be significantly higher in than cells exposed to PM1-LPS. (cdc.gov)
We have found that the major outer membrane protein of these organisms, the Neisserial porin PorB, can work as an immune adjuvant due to it recognition by the pattern recognition receptor TOLL-like receptor (TLR) 2. (bu.edu)
Exposure to 367.0 µg/L BPAF showed an increasing trend in the transcript levels of lipid synthesis and transport-related genes such as fatty acid synthase (fasn), sterol regulatory element binding protein (srebf), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat), solute carrier family 27 member 4 (slc27a4), fatty acid-binding protein (fabp), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparÎ³) in the liver. (bvsalud.org)
This indicates that TCR-pMHC binding in cell contacts depends significantly on the local environment and not only on the protein-protein interaction per se. (lu.se)
19 normal healthy in- receptor protein (CD117) that is structurally dividuals were recruited as a control group. (who.int)

Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
The main target and effector cells of the CTLA-4 blockade treatment in the studied tumor models are tumor-specific endogenous CD8 + T cells that are capable of eradicating also distant tumors, whereas CD4 + T cells do not play a prominent role in the antibody-mediated tumor eradication. (aacrjournals.org)
Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
Without further manipulation or selection, the resultant population delayed skin allograft rejection mediated by polyclonal CD4(+) effectors or donor-reactive CD8(+) T cell receptor transgenic T cells and inhibited both effector cell proliferation and T cell priming for interferon-γ production. (lu.se)
Despite the activity of effector cells, host immunoreactivity may fail to control tumor occurrence and growth. (msdmanuals.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are another population of effector cells with anti-cancer activity. (msdmanuals.com)

For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)

Accumulating evidence suggests that inhibiting adenosine-generating ecto-enzymes (CD39 and CD73) and/or adenosine A2A or A2B receptors (R) stimulates antitumor immunity and limits tumor progression. (figshare.com)
Deletion of A2BR profoundly enhanced anticancer T-cell immunity. (figshare.com)
The HLA system is genetically encoded in humans by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is found on chromosome 6, and plays a determining role in immunity and in self-recognition in virtually all cells and tissues, with the exception of erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
Therefore, it is not surprising that GI disorders are common manifestations, and often the initial presenting symptom, in patients with dysfunction in humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)

To create a repertoire of antigen-specific TCRs, alternative forms of genes present in somatic cells are rearranged in a process, called somatic cell recombination, by using RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinase activating enzymes showing in above figure. (pharmacygyan.com)
Simple recombination in the α-chain can result in approximately 4.9 × 103 antigen-specific TCRs. (pharmacygyan.com)
CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)
These antigens can subsequently be recognized and bound by T cell receptors (TCRs), and the interaction between a T cell and an antigen-bearing APC eventually triggers the onset of an immune response against the antigen. (riken.jp)

The dendritic cell then migrates to the cognate lymphoid organ, whereupon recycling of the DC-SIGN/HIV virion complex to the cell periphery facilitates HIV infection of CD4+ T cells by interaction between DC-SIGN and ICAM-3. (wikipedia.org)
Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
The galectin lattice is a multi-valent interaction of galectins with glycoproteins at the cell surface that displays rapid exchange of binding partners with properties of liquid-liquid phase transitions, thereby acting as an intermediary between freely diffusing glycoproteins and stable complexes in the membrane. (gr.jp)
The interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on a contacting T cell and APC, is widely accepted to be the key interaction. (lu.se)
A large pool of research has been aimed at characterizing this interaction by measuring the binding kinetics and relating it to the T cell response. (lu.se)

Both continue their development in the bone marrow through an antigen-independent process called primary lymphopoiesis (PL). Recognized stages of PL are pro-B cell, pre-B cell, immature B cell, and mature B cell. (medscape.com)
Here we demonstrate that stimulation of mouse CD4(+) T cells by immature allogeneic dendritic cells combined with pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE) resulted in a functional enrichment of Foxp3(+) T cells. (lu.se)
immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
Patients typically have recurrent infections and presentation and complications can vary depending upon where the defect has occurred in B-cell development or the degree of functional impairment. (medscape.com)
Metabolic regulation of UDP-GlcNAc supply to Golgi N-glycan remodeling regulates glycoprotein affinities for galectins -and in turn, trafficking and presentation at the cell surface. (gr.jp)
Dendritic cells , which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. (wikidoc.org)

We have recently begun investigating the effect of PorB on germinal center formation and have found that this molecule is extremely potent in inducting germinal centers and proliferating B cells. (bu.edu)
The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikidoc.org)
Any molecule capable of being recognized by the immune system is considered an antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

Here, we show that plexin-B family members stably associate with the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2. (rupress.org)

The main challenge for the success of this approach is to obtain a great quantity of activated NK cells for adoptive transfer. (springer.com)

T cell responses were detected already at day 7, and were subsequently characterized to be multifunctional CD8 + and Th1 dominated CD4 + T cells. (biorxiv.org)
IFNγ responses are characteristically driven by IL-12 secretion from myeloid cells. (nih.gov)
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
Inappropriate responses by this system, however, can give rise to disastrous medical consequences, and there is keen interest in developing more sophisticated ways to modulate how T cells react to perceived threats. (riken.jp)
In addition to illuminating a mechanism by which T cell responses get fine-tuned, these findings could ultimately yield benefits for patients suffering from a variety of conditions. (riken.jp)
By contrast, photoallergic reactions are cell-mediated immune responses to a light-activated compound. (medscape.com)

B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
In addition, CD4 has also been reported to be detectable on pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow myeloid and B-lymphocyte precursors, intrathymic lymphoid precursors, and a subset of splenic dendritic cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Germinal centers where B cells proliferate and differentiate are poorly developed in all lymphoid tissue, including the spleen. (medscape.com)
Molecular imaging with the PET probe 18 F-FLT allows mapping and noninvasive imaging of cell proliferation in secondary lymphoid organs after CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. (snmjournals.org)

The findings are published in the journal Nature Immunology in a paper titled, " LAG3 associates with TCR-CD3 complexes and suppresses signaling by driving co-receptor-Lck dissociation . (genengnews.com)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)

DC-SIGN together with other C-type lectins is involved in recognition of tumors by dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy may overcome genetic mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy through antigen- and MHC-independent recognition of malignant cells. (elifesciences.org)
The T cell is the primary cell responsible for direct recognition and killing of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system , although there are known rare exceptions. (wikidoc.org)
All of the latter CD4 + T cell groups are not considered T helper cells, and are beyond the scope of this article. (wikidoc.org)
Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
The importance of helper T cells can be seen from HIV , a virus that infects cells that are CD4 + (including helper T cells). (wikidoc.org)
MHC class II-restricted T cells, including most T helper cells), and a subset of NK-T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
As dramatically demonstrated in AIDS patients, without helper T cells we cannot defend ourselves even against many microbes that are normally harmless. (nih.gov)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)

As originally described by Lancefield, beta-hemolytic streptococci can be divided into many groups based on the antigenic differences in group-specific polysaccharides located in the bacterial cell wall. (medscape.com)
OVA, and more relevant antigens, i.e. bacterial capsular polysaccharide. (bu.edu)

CD4 has also been reported to be expressed on the plasma membrane of mouse egg cells and is involved in adhesion of the egg to MHC class II-bearing sperm. (bdbiosciences.com)

Positive regulation by CD28 and negative regulation by CTLA-4 are induced at the same place in the cell," says Saito. (riken.jp)

Here, we showed that A2BR expression by hematopoietic cells was primarily responsible for promoting tumor growth. (figshare.com)
Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)
To date, it has been difficult to overcome primary brain cancer resulting from GBM, primarily because the cancer-initiating cells are suspected to be highly resistant to current cancer therapies. (igem.org)
γδT cells, consisting of a gamma (γ) and delta (δ) T cell receptor (TCR) chain, are primarily CD4 − /CD8 − negative T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
Activated T cells also express CD137, and engagement with CD137L enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion, survival, and cytotoxic activity. (fishersci.com)
B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
A clear example of the critical role of CTLA4 on tolerance is the striking phenotype of CTLA4 knock-out mice, which develop rapid T-cell proliferation and autoimmune infiltration of multiple organs shortly after birth ( 6 , 7 ). (snmjournals.org)
These cells inhibited T cell proliferation in a standard in vitro mixed lymphocyte assay and, moreover, attenuated the development of vasculopathy mediated by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a functionally relevant humanized mouse transplant model. (lu.se)

A2BR deletion also intrinsically favored accumulation of myeloid and CD11bdim antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the tumor microenvironment. (figshare.com)
Thus, addressing the presence of immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the periphery and tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer is likely to be required for effective NK cell-based immunotherapy. (elifesciences.org)

Now, new research by a team at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine reveals how LAG3 regulates T-cell activity, and may pave the way for other LAG3-blocking therapies for cancer and autoimmune disorders. (genengnews.com)
TIM-3, expressed on T cells and dendritic cells, regulates T-cell apoptosis and immune tolerance. (nih.gov)

Crucial cells in CLE pathogenesis comprise plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as major producers of type I IFN, T cells exerting cytotoxic effects, and B cells, previously believed to contribute via secretion of autoantibodies. (frontiersin.org)

MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)

2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
Switchable targeting of solid tumors by BsCAR T cells. (yale.edu)
Treatment of syngeneic tumors resulted in CD8 and PD-L1-dependent tumor rejection or growth inhibition and a reduction in myeloid cells endogenously expressing high levels of PD-L1. (elifesciences.org)
Therapeutic vaccination has the major advantage that the induced immune response selectively attacks tumors while leaving the healthy cells untouched. (universiteitleiden.nl)

Here, we show that LAG3 moved to the immunological synapse and associated with the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the absence of binding to major histocompatibility complex class II-its canonical ligand. (genengnews.com)
We are investigating the use of this TLR2 ligand, PorB, as a vaccine adjuvant using classic antigens i.e. (bu.edu)
In the second part of the thesis, a new method to measure the two-dimensional dissociation constant (2D Kd) of ligand-receptor interactions on single cells is presented. (lu.se)
For this purpose, a SLB functionalized with TCR and an adhesion ligand, was allowed to bind cell with pMHC and the corresponding adhesion receptor. (lu.se)

Human MC were initially divided into three subsets based on the cell surface expression of CD14 and CD16, and recently classified based on CD40 expression ( 2 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Murine MC are divided into three subsets based on surface expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C) ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Surface display of IgG Fc on baculovirus vectors enhances binding to antigen-presenting cells and cell lines expressing Fc receptors. (igem.org)
In the absence of functional Btk, mature B cells that express surface Ig and the marker CD19 are few to absent. (medscape.com)
Template:Seealso An antigen-presenting cell ( APC ) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. (wikidoc.org)
Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)

The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)
However, B cells are increasingly considered to have additional functions, supported by studies finding them to occur in highest numbers in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), a subtype in which autoantibodies are often absent. (frontiersin.org)

Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
The stronger binding affinity allows the complex to remain kinetically stable long enough to be recognized by T cells. (wikidoc.org)
This is measured on individual cell-SLB contacts, providing an accurate new means of measuring binding affinity and to study differences in the 2D Kd in the cell population. (lu.se)

LAG3 is an inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed on exhausted T cells. (genengnews.com)

Its receptor, CD137/4-1BB, is found on a variety of cells, including inflamed endothelial cells, where its expression enhances extravasation of CD137L expressing monocytes. (fishersci.com)

Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)
1990). Characterization and Expression of the Gene for the Human Fc Receptor γ Subunit. (igem.org)
B29), and the -subunit of the E-mail: [email protected] interleukin (IL)-7 receptor [5, 6]. (lu.se)

Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)

Anatomy25

Organisms10

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs144

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

APCs18

Binds7

Molecules22

Lymphocytes11

Proteins12

Innate14

Uptake6

Inhibit4

Antibodies8

Differentiation6

Chimeric4

Immune cells6

Present antigen1

Macrophages and dendritic cells3

Dendritic cells or macrophages1

Epithelial1

Activation25

Pattern recogniti1

Pathogen-associat2

Inflammatory5

Pathways3

Cellular8

Pathogens1

Cytokines5

Protein12

Effector10

Suppressor T cel1

Immunity5

TCRs4

Interaction5

Immature3

Presentation5

Molecule3

Tyrosine1

Adoptive transfer1

Responses6

Lymphoid6

Complexes3

Recognition3

Helper8

Bacterial2

Membrane1

CD281

Primarily4

Proliferation5

Tumor microenvironment2

Regulates2

Secretion1

Bone marrow3

Tumors4

Ligand4

Surface6

Autoantibodies2

Affinity3

Inhibitory1

Endothelial cells1

Subunit3

Populations1