• Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
  • However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • APCs process foreign antigen and present the antigen to T cells, the immune cells with kill foreign cells. (labroots.com)
  • Several subsets of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are capable of serving as APCs. (labroots.com)
  • We used the minimal gene regulatory network of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen-presenting cells (tumor-APCs). (lu.se)
  • Within 9 days of reprogramming, tumor-APCs acquired transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cDC1 cells. (lu.se)
  • In addition to acquiring improved antigen presentation, tumor-APCs had impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • In particular, MHC-restricted target epitopes formulated into synthetic long peptides (SLPs) are an effective format for delivering vaccine antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (harvard.edu)
  • Additionally, increases in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were observed in most tissue samples analyzed. (biolinerx.com)
  • We therefore investigated the consequences of exposing two major APCs, macrophages (Mfs) and conventional Dendritic Cells (cDCs) to NETs. (springeropen.com)
  • Our data revealed that at early times (30 min), both Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) showed induction of important costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). (springeropen.com)
  • Unexpectedly, however, at later times (6 and 24 hours) NETs apparently triggered a cell death process in these APCs by a caspase- and Apoptosis induced factor (AIF)-dependent pathway, suggesting mitochondrial damage. (springeropen.com)
  • Our results would suggest that early in inflammation, NETs can activate the two main APCs (Mfs and cDCs), but as the process continues, NETs can then initiate apoptosis of these cells through mitochondrial harm. (springeropen.com)
  • Conceivable, this "late" induction of cell death in these two APCs might start limiting an ongoing inflammatory process to control it. (springeropen.com)
  • Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)
  • They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
  • Chimeric monoclonal antibodies activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells more effectively than murine monoclonal antibodies but can still induce production of human anti-chimeric antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These monoclonal antibodies interact with specific costimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of activated T cells. (acc.org)
  • Reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes and costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of tumor cells, allowing the. (lu.se)
  • Ig-E-mediated food allergy involves the binding of food allergens to Ig-E molecules leading to the activation of effector cells releasing histamine (immediate response) followed by allergic inflammation with increased leukotrienes, platelet activating factor (PAF), and IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Conjugate vaccine technology, where a polysaccharide antigen is coupled chemically to a protein carrier, either by direct linkage or by indirect coupling via diamino spacer molecules, can render the PS specific immune response T cell dependent. (bmj.com)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Eosinophils function as antigen presenting cells as they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (medscape.com)
  • We are currently investing this problem by studying the organisation of key molecules, such as CD45, TCR, CD4 and pMHC, on the surface of T cells and antigen presenting cells during the early stages of an immune response. (lu.se)
  • This is achieved by using artificial cell surfaces, so called supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), and advanced fluorescence microscopy with fluorescence labelling of the studied molecules (see Fig. 1). (lu.se)
  • Examples of this includes measuring the extremely weak interaction between the immune cell proteins CD4 and pMHC class II, 4 and we have also shown how auxiliary binding molecules can both increase and decrease the apparent affinity of TCR to pMHC depending on the relative protein densities. (lu.se)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • LN metastases resist T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and generate tumor-specific immune tolerance that subsequently facilitates distant tumor colonization. (stanford.edu)
  • In the groups (both the initiation and the progression) receiving recombinant IL-27 administration, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques was suspended, and the percentage of regulatory T cells (LAP + or Foxp3 + ) in the spleen and peripheral blood was increased. (hindawi.com)
  • Importantly, recent studies have shown that the importance of type 17 T helper cells (Th17 cells) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of various immune disorders, particularly in atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Most notably, some gut helminths can also downregulate T cell responses to inflammatory stimuli including asthmatic and allergic reactions through stimulation and expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • We will focus on how dendritic cell subsets change the balance between major players in autoimmunity, namely Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cells. (uwo.ca)
  • This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
  • Their analysis is critical to determining the therapeutic proteins that will fail to induce immune responses while still performing their biological function. (genengnews.com)
  • One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
  • However, cDC1 can be compromised in cancer patients and some cancer cells lack these antigen-presenting proteins on their surface, impacting immunotherapy response. (lu.se)
  • These antigens include organic dusts containing bacteria, fungi,4 animal or plant proteins, or low-molecular-weight chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, lamina propria T cells from the duodenum of these patients proliferated in response to milk proteins and secreted Th2 cytokines (IL-13). (medscape.com)
  • By using SLBs it is possible to replace one of the cells in the contact with an artificial cell membrane, the SLB, which can be made to contain a well-controlled mix of the membrane proteins that are investigated. (lu.se)
  • (A) A schematic illustration showing specific binding between the proteins CD2 on a T cell with fluorescently-labelled CD58 in an SLB. (lu.se)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • Rosa et al, Science Immunology 2022 ) and has shown recently that the same combination of factors can reprogram tumor cells into antigen presenting cells (Zimmermannova et al, In revision). (lu.se)
  • Fig. 4: T reg cells and TGF-β are not major contributors to the paralysis program of alveolar macrophages. (nature.com)
  • Here, we show that successful treatment of cervical carcinoma in mouse models with synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines induced influx of cytokine-producing CD8 T cells that strongly altered the numbers and phenotype of intratumoral macrophages. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Strikingly, complete regressions of large established tumors depended on the tumor-infiltrating macrophages that were induced by this immunotherapy, because a small-molecule drug inhibitor targeting CSF-1R diminished the number of intratumoral macrophages and abrogated the complete remissions. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Moreover, IL-6 secretion induced by FLH was abolished in macrophages deficient for TLR4. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
  • 4-1BB ligand, also known as CD137L, is a 97 kD member of the TNF superfamily present on antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and activated B and T lymphocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • Monocytes and macrophages not only phagocytose pathogens but also act as antigen-presenting cells. (alliedacademies.org)
  • PMNs are rapidly recruited to tissues upon injury or infection, where they likely encounter other cells, for instance local and/or recruited dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages. (springeropen.com)
  • Macrophages are important phagocytic cells that internalize and destroy pathogens and release cytokines. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)
  • The candidate encoding the longest RBD variant (VB2060) demonstrated high secretion of a functional protein and induced rapid and dose-dependent RBD IgG antibody responses that persisted up to at least 3 months after a single dose of the vaccine in mice. (biorxiv.org)
  • T cell responses were detected already at day 7, and were subsequently characterized to be multifunctional CD8 + and Th1 dominated CD4 + T cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
  • The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
  • We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • It has been reported that IL-27 performs an anti-inflammatory function by acting on conventional CD4 + T cells to induce IL-10-producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therapeutic vaccination is a promising modality for inducing antigen-specific immune responses against cellular targets. (harvard.edu)
  • Coupled with adjuvants such as poly(I:C), a potent agonist of the pattern-recognition receptors TLR3 and MDA5, SLPs may be administered cutaneously to induce T cell responses in the context of cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. (harvard.edu)
  • In this review, we will address the nature of the inflammatory response in the context of autoimmune disease, specifically we will discuss the role of dendritic cells following stimulation of their innate pathogen recognition receptors in directing the development of T cell responses. (uwo.ca)
  • Patients with cervical cancer have poor dendritic cell functions, have weak cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and demonstrate an accumulation of myeloid cells in the periphery. (nih.gov)
  • These results established immunosuppressive myeloid cells in lymphoid organs as an HPV + cancer-induced means of circumventing tumor immunity that will require targeted abrogation to enable the induction of efficacious antitumor immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • By comparing responses to different amino acid sequences, a T-cell epitope map can be built up which allows the scientist to predict what modification can be designed into the Factor VIII molecule to make it less immunogenic. (genengnews.com)
  • From the frontlines of infection to the orchestration of complex immune responses, these remarkable cells tirelessly defend our bodies against invading pathogens. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Evidence has begun to accumulate that these new polysaccharide based conjugate vaccines can also reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and can induce immune responses at the local mucosal level, which may be responsible for these effects. (bmj.com)
  • This article reviews recent studies on mucosal immune responses induced by polysaccharide based vaccines and some protein vaccine antigens against several pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria, and discusses the mechanisms and functions of these immune responses that may help our understanding of mucosal immune responses to both immunisation and infection. (bmj.com)
  • Recent studies show that parenterally administered capsular polysaccharide (PS) based vaccines can induce mucosal immune responses. (bmj.com)
  • To be effective against colonisation, vaccines must induce local immune responses, which promote elimination of the pathogen, break the chain of transmission, and induce herd immunity. (bmj.com)
  • Immunization with a lentivector that targets tumor antigen expression to dendritic cells induces potent CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Lentivectors stimulate potent immune responses to antigen transgenes and are being developed as novel genetic vaccines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
  • In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)
  • Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • Available data also do not indicate whether Tdap-induced transplacental maternal antibodies provide early protection against pertussis to infants or interfere with an infant's immune responses to routinely administered pediatric vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
  • To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
  • The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
  • Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies thus prevent inhibitory signaling to effector T cells, thereby increasing the ratio of effector cells to regulatory cells and augmenting the antitumor immune response. (acc.org)
  • 1 PD-1 binds to PD-L1 (programmed death ligand-1) and PD-L2 (programmed death ligand-2) on antigen-presenting cells to induce anergy in effector T cells. (acc.org)
  • Different subtypes of type IV hypersensitivity are described based on the infiltrating T cells: type IV-a, -b, -c, -d associated with Th1, Th2, T-effector and GM-CSF producing T cells, respectively. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The specific cytokine milieu within the site of inflammation or within secondary lymphatic tissues is important during the priming and effector phases of T cell response. (uwo.ca)
  • Polymorfonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or neutrophils, one of the first effector cells of the innate immune system against infection are the most abundant circulating leukocytes and were discovered by Paul Ehrlich. (springeropen.com)
  • Atherosclerosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is driven by immune cells and cytokines. (hindawi.com)
  • These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
  • Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • Alexandra Gabriela Barros Ferreira defends her Ph.D. thesis "Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies" on Friday, 17 November, 2023. (lu.se)
  • My Ph.D. studies have focused on restoring anti-tumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • White blood cells exhibit a wide range of defence mechanisms to protect the body against invading pathogens. (alliedacademies.org)
  • B cells, on the other hand, produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. (alliedacademies.org)
  • They capture antigens from the pathogens they encounter and display them on their cell surface. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Without functional white blood cells, our bodies would be vulnerable to a wide range of pathogens, leading to severe illnesses and even death. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans. (cdc.gov)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • We have demonstrated for the first time that CD8+CD28- Ts represent a unique subset of regulatory cells that induces the differentiation of tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, initiating a suppressive loop which results in the induction and spreading of Th unresponsiveness. (nih.gov)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • Signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) played a critical role in the establishment of the microenvironment that induced tolerogenic training. (nature.com)
  • I am interested in the mechanisms underlying this Foxp3+ regulatory T cell expansion in vivo and have focused on whether antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells are re-programmed to a tolerogenic, regulatory T cell inducing, phenotype following infection. (cam.ac.uk)
  • When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. (stanford.edu)
  • Here, we illustrated that myeloid cells in K14HPV16/H2b mice possess potent immunosuppressive activity toward antigen-presenting cells and CD8 + T cells, dampening antitumor immunity. (nih.gov)
  • Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
  • To date, development of these agents has focused on two major targets: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway. (acc.org)
  • In food protein-induced ailments such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIP) and food protein enteropathy (FPE), allergen-specific T cells have been described. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Blocking the interaction of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, using specific antibodies has been a major breakthrough for immune oncology. (snmjournals.org)
  • Whole-body PD-L1 expression PET imaging may potentially allow for a better prediction of response to programmed cell death protein-1-targeted therapies. (snmjournals.org)
  • T-cell and CD4 receptors on the surface of T cells bind to the HLA protein/T-cell epitope complex in order to generate an immune response. (genengnews.com)
  • This lentivector expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures and in human skin-derived Langerhans and dermal dendritic cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 3 We are also using these systems to measure two-dimensional binding kinetics of various protein-protein interactions between cells in the adaptive immune system. (lu.se)
  • These changes of the intratumoral myeloid composition coincided with macrophage recruitment by chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5, and were completely dependent on a vaccine-induced influx of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Subsequently, unbiased single-cell transcriptomic technology was used to dissect the heterogeneity and identities of vaccine-responsive cells following exposure to diverse classes of adjuvants (poly-ICLC, STING agonist, and TLR4 agonist). (harvard.edu)
  • These analyses revealed that multiple cell subsets located at both the cutaneous vaccine site and the skin-draining lymph node are acutely activated by SLP vaccination. (harvard.edu)
  • Furthermore, kinetics of the vaccine response by various immune cell subsets was determined by comparing samples at different timepoints after vaccination. (harvard.edu)
  • Leveraging a transgenic mouse model of HPV-derived cancers, K14HPV16/H2b, we demonstrated that a potent nanoparticle-based E7 vaccine, but not a conventional "liquid" vaccine, induced E7 tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in cervical tumor-bearing mice. (nih.gov)
  • As immunization with the optimal dose of the dectin-2 lentivector was similar to that stimulated by a lentivector containing a strong constitutive viral promoter, targeting antigen expression to dendritic cells can provide a safe and effective vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The vaccine formulations targeting these antigens have caused a relatively weak immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)
  • and an adenovirus vaccine, AZD1222 (under development by University of Oxford spinout Vaccitech, and AstraZeneca, with manufacturing support from Catalent's Cell & Gene Therapy division). (ondrugdelivery.com)
  • Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
  • Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are inappropriate or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (lu.se)
  • These cells have a plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype, a distinct response to TLR ligation and present antigen to T cells far less efficiently on comparison to conventional CD11c(hi) dendritic cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • To characterize the acute cellular response to SLP vaccination in vivo, a mouse model of cutaneous vaccination using C57BL/6J mice and the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was employed. (harvard.edu)
  • As such, they take advantage of the regulatory mechanisms that govern T cell activation to strengthen the immune response against cancer cells and minimize tumor evasion from host immunity. (acc.org)
  • Antigen presenting cells (APC) are a class of immune cells that mediate the immune response. (labroots.com)
  • This is due to the fact that certain amino acid sequences, so-called T-cell epitopes, when presented by antigen-presenting cells and recognized by helper T cells, will stimulate a powerful immune response. (genengnews.com)
  • This triggers an immune response by activating lymphocytes and recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Understanding the different types and functions of white blood cells helps us appreciate the intricacies of our immune system and highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy immune response. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Pre-existing alpha-Gal antibodies bind the alpha-Gal-coated tumor cells and trigger several innate and adaptive immune response cascades against the tumor. (biolinerx.com)
  • AGI-134 is designed to label cancer cells with alpha-Gal, tagging them as foreign tissue to evoke an immune response against patient's tumors. (biolinerx.com)
  • This local tumor cell death promotes a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment, releases tumor antigens to be presented to T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC), and induces a systemic, specific anti-tumoral immune response and memory. (biolinerx.com)
  • Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)
  • when it comes to cancer they are critical as they present tumor antigens to the killer cells of the immune system and orchestrate the anti-tumor immune response. (lu.se)
  • An important step is the triggering of T cells to start an immune response, which takes place when a T cell contacts an antigen presenting cell. (lu.se)
  • We here describe the development of novel COVID-19 DNA plasmid vaccines encoding homodimers consisting of a targeting unit that binds chemokine receptors on antigen-presenting cells (human MIP-1α /LD78β), a dimerization unit (derived from the hinge and C H 3 exons of human IgG3), and an antigenic unit (Spike or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) from SARS-CoV-2). (biorxiv.org)
  • IL-27 binds to IL-27ra and gp-130 complex, which is expressed on multiple cell types, including T lymphocytes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Ts recognize MHC class I:peptide complexes and inhibit the reactivity of T helper cells (Th) with cognate antigen specificity. (nih.gov)
  • Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Knockout of the PD-1 receptor in mice causes severe dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by high levels of immunoglobulin G autoantibodies that react specifically to cardiac troponin I. 12,13 In mouse models of lupus and other experimentally induced inflammatory states, inhibition of the PD-1 pathway has been recognized as an essential mediator of autoimmune myocarditis 14-16 and is similarly associated with high-titer autoantibodies against cardiac myosin. (acc.org)
  • In type 1 asthma, the Ig-E bind to mast cells, resulting in the release of histamines and leukotrienes leading to inflammation of eosinophils, which is a hallmark of allergic inflammatory response and a degranulation process. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Th17 cells, once thought to only act as pathogenic effectors through production of IL-17, have been shown to have regulatory properties as well with co-production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by a subset now referred to as regulatory Th17 cells. (uwo.ca)
  • These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)
  • In 2018, our research group identified the three transcription factors that allow us to convert fibroblasts, for example from the skin, into type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). (lu.se)
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • However, cell proliferation and the induction of IFN-γ by arsenic were found to be abolished in DT-treated Langerin-DTR mice. (eur.nl)
  • Meanwhile IL-27 exerts proinflammatory effects by promoting Th1, CD8, natural killer (NK), T follicular helper (Tfh), and B cell proliferation/functions and by inhibiting Treg and Th2 cell generation in parasites infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Signaling through CTLA-4 counteracts CD28-mediated costimulation and induces an inhibitory program that stops T cell proliferation. (acc.org)
  • Enforced expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce the cDC1 phenotype in 36 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. (lu.se)
  • The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)
  • The extent of this effect has been influenced by the fact that Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and induce herd immunity. (bmj.com)
  • In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
  • This may also provide oncologists with targets for vaccines against cancer cells. (oncolink.org)
  • The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
  • The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
  • These regulatory T cell changes could be inhibited with excess antigen or the retinoic acid receptor antagonist LE540 and are enhanced with recombinant TGF -beta. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Flow cytometry data demonstrated a consistent dose-dependent increase of surface expression of the Tcell costimulatory molecule CD86 when cells were dosed with a hapten or prohapten in the presence of S9. (cdc.gov)
  • Expression of the adhesion molecule CD54 (ICAM-1) and the antigen presenting cell costimulatory molecule CD40 were also significantly elevated in both hapten and prohapten (+ S9) treated cells, however S9 alone also upregulated CD54. (cdc.gov)
  • Many studies have indicated that numerous immune cells promote chronic inflammation and progressive plaque growth [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Th1 and Th17 cells are known to be cellular mediators of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. (uwo.ca)
  • They also contribute to allergic reactions by releasing chemicals that induce inflammation. (alliedacademies.org)
  • However, the functional consequences of NETs interacting with other immune cells, either resident or recruited during early inflammation, have not been assessed. (springeropen.com)
  • Histopathological grading indicated that OVA + PM/OVA treatment induced significant inflammation compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study evaluated the effect of hapten and prohapten exposure on cell surface marker expression (CD86, CD54, CD44 and CD40) on THP-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • La interacción de CD86 con el ANTÍGENO CD28 proporciona una señal coestimuladora a los LINFOCITOS T, mientras que la interacción con el ANTÍGENO CTLA-4 puede desempeñar un papel en la inducción de la TOLERANCIA PERIFÉRICA. (bvsalud.org)
  • NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
  • Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
  • Cancers induced by human papillomaviruses (HPV) should be responsive to immunotherapy by virtue of expressing the immunogenic oncoproteins E6/E7. (nih.gov)
  • Immunotherapy can fail in patients with cancer when certain cancer cells can hide from the immune system. (lu.se)
  • This project will aim to test a cancer immunotherapy approach based on in-vivo dendritic cell reprogramming of tumor cells to reinstate anti-tumor immunity. (lu.se)
  • Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by Ig-M and Ig-G antibodies that bind to cell surface antigens inducing activation of complement cascades and phagocytosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The present study had aimed to evaluate the effect of a feeder layer of irradiated MSCs in the in vitro expansion of NK cells. (springer.com)
  • Afterward, an independent in vitro study was performed on human skin explants from a donor to evaluate the effect of the melon concentrate at different levels including on the sunburn cells formation and on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and its influence on melanin. (mdpi.com)
  • Lymph node cells from arsenic-treated WT mice were found to proliferate more than lymph node cells from control PBS-treated mice after OVA challenge in vitro. (eur.nl)
  • Recent efforts have been directed at the development of non-animal based alternative tests for the identification of skin sensitizers including the use of in vitro cell activation assays. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, modification of in vitro cell culture assays to include co-incubation with microsomes enhances identification of prohaptens and allows them to be clearly distinguished from haptens. (cdc.gov)
  • Human CD8+CD28- suppressor T cells (Ts) are a subset of T cells generated in the course of in vitro and in vivo immunizations. (nih.gov)
  • Experiments in our lab have shown that Foxp3+ regulatory T cell expansion in vitro can be linked to a TGF -beta-like activity present in the excretory/secretory products of the rodent gut helminth Heligmosomoides Polygyrus. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. (frontiersin.org)
  • Binding of pre-existing anti-Gal antibodies to the alpha-Gal-coated tumors activates innate immune system elements, such as complement and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, which destroy the cancer cells. (biolinerx.com)
  • We focused particularly on harnessing reprogramming, or direct cellular reprogramming, to induce antigen presentation in cancer cells. (lu.se)
  • Vaccination alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA4 did not elicit tumor regression nor increase CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), suggesting the presence of immune-suppressive barriers. (nih.gov)
  • Our data highlighted a link between HPV-induced cancers, systemic amplification of myeloid cells, and the detrimental effects of myeloid cells on CD8 + T-cell activation and recruitment into the TME. (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an uncommon non-immunoglobulin E (IgE), T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)-mediated inflam- matory pulmonary disease with systemic symptoms resulting from repeated inhalation and subsequent sensitization to a large variety of aerosolized antigenic organic dust particles. (cdc.gov)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
  • We show that an epigenetically instilled tumor-intrinsic interferon response program confers enhanced LN metastatic potential by enabling the evasion of NK cells and promoting LN colonization. (stanford.edu)
  • CVO and DMBA, but not BaP, induced inconsistent increases in the adhesion molecule CD44. (cdc.gov)
  • Fully human monoclonal antibodies are produced using transgenic mice that contain human immunoglobulin genes or using phage display (ie, a bacteriophage-based cloning method) of immunoglobulin genes isolated from human B cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)
  • Yet, NOX2 can also be recruited to the plasma membrane of phagocytes leading to the generation of extracellular H 2 O 2 ( Aviello and Knaus, 2018 ), and NOX2-derived ROS participate in major signaling pathways, both within the individual phagocyte and surrounding cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Meanwhile, the number of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells was decreased. (hindawi.com)
  • CD11c(lo) cells polarise naive T cells to distinct T cells lineages, encouraging the expansion of antigen-specific Foxp3 T cells and polarisation away from Th17 cells. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Microbial agents such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Freund's adjuvant (CFA) that induce a Th17 response are protective in models of autoimmune diseases particularly EAE and type 1 diabetes (T1D). (uwo.ca)
  • Immunological and translational aspects of NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapies. (springer.com)
  • Incubation of tumor cells with T cell-derived IFNγ and TNFα recapitulated the chemokine profile observed in vivo , confirming the capacity of antitumor CD8 T cells to mediate macrophage infiltration of tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • On histopathology, this fibroinflammatory disease is characterized with specific findings such as lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, obliterative phlebitis, and storiform fibrosis, in most cases accompanied by increased levels of serum IgG4 [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 19 Endomyocardial biopsy demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration with predominantly CD8-positive cells, findings that have been previously observed in tumor samples from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. (acc.org)
  • A fourth type of hypersensitivity is classified as delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) and is characterized by infiltration of antigen-specific T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In vivo , CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. (biorxiv.org)
  • The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
  • Direct reprogramming strategies with cDC1-specific factors can induce antigen-presentation in cancer cells, making cancer cells visible to the immune system and easier to fight. (lu.se)
  • Lymphocytes, particularly T cells, play a crucial role in cellmediated immunity. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • These Ig-E bind to mast cells and basophils and induce the release of histamine-containing granules. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Basophils release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow to the site of infection or injury, facilitating the arrival of other immune cells [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are human monoclonal antibodies that block ligand binding to PD-1, leading to T cell activation. (acc.org)
  • In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
  • Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting a mouse with an antigen, harvesting its spleen to obtain B cells that are producing antibody specific to that antigen, fusing those cells with immortal mouse myeloma cells, growing these hybridoma cells (eg, in cell culture), and harvesting the antibody. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mechanisms leading to T-cell activation in drug hypersensitivity. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The earliest forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis were related to farming and, each year, new antigens causing occupational disease are described. (cdc.gov)
  • They are part of a much larger group of compounds, the eicosanoids, which, although ubiquitous as a group, are produced by a variety of cell type-, tissue-, and species-specific biosynthetic pathways. (jci.org)
  • Upon discovery of ROS, their radical function was primarily considered to damage exposed cells and tissue structures. (frontiersin.org)
  • The expression and secretion of RNase T2 can be induced in response to a variety of tissue injury stimuli or oxidative stress ( 10 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • At multiple timepoints over 72 hours after vaccination, tissue samples were extracted and a tissue digestion protocol was developed to enable the preparation of single-cell suspensions for further analysis. (harvard.edu)
  • The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
  • A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Microbial products such as adjuvants that function as TLR ligands may stimulate the immune system by interacting with Toll-like receptors (TLR) on antigen presenting cells. (uwo.ca)
  • To do this, we patch-sensitized Balb/c mice or DT-treated Langerin-DTR mice (conditional depletion of Langerin + cells) with OVA or PBS, and fed them water containing 300 ppb arsenic or regular water for 200 μl for five days. (eur.nl)
  • Ninety-six hours after OVA sensitization, Langerin +EpCAM + cells in arsenic-treated WT mice were significantly increased in draining lymph nodes and decreased in epidermis without changes in the dermis. (eur.nl)
  • In mice GFP expression was detected in splenic dectin-2(+) cells after intravenous injection and in CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A dectin-2 lentivector encoding the human melanoma antigen NY-ESO-1 primed an NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell response in HLA-A2 transgenic mice and stimulated a CD4(+) T-cell response to a newly identified NY-ESO-1 epitope presented by H2 I-A(b). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Understanding of molecular mechanisms in natural killer cell therapy. (springer.com)
  • however, mechanisms through which these bioactive compounds act on epithelial cells have not been identified. (biorxiv.org)
  • Experience in dendritic cell biology and antigen presentation mechanisms is a merit, T cell biology is also attractive. (lu.se)
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease is a rare autoimmune disorder in which circulating antibodies are directed against an antigen normally present in the GBM and alveolar basement membrane, specifically the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen. (medscape.com)
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease is a rare autoimmune disorder in which circulating antibodies are directed against an antigen normally present in the GBM and alveolar basement membrane. (medscape.com)
  • New immunomodulators known as "immune checkpoint inhibitors" are being increasingly used for the treatment of common malignancies such as metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. (acc.org)
  • 8 In addition to its use in melanoma, recent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated an increase in overall survival with nivolumab compared with standard therapies for advanced non-small cell lung cancer 9 and renal cell carcinoma. (acc.org)