Specific antigenAntibodiesLymphocytesMoleculesDendritic cellsAPCsReceptorsProliferationDifferentiationClonalMacrophagesSuperfamilyBindsProteinsLymphocyteActivateRecognizeMyeloidIsotypePresent antigensForeign antigensPathogensMonoclonal antibodyMucin domainInducesCytokinesTumorCytotoxic T celMechanismsLeukocyteEpitopesBindEpithelialStimulationVitroHelperHumoralPresentationGerminalExtracellularLymphoid organsImmune responsesCognateResponsesBoundCD28LipidSolubleVivoInteractionHematopoietic cellsUptakeSpleenGenesClassSpecificityCellularCollectivelyPathogenicImmunityAdaptiveRegulatory T celAntibody productionGene expression
Specific antigen4
- The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. (referat.ru)
- Burnet's clonal selection theory, formulated in 1957, states that every B-cell clone is characterized by an unique antigen specificity, i.e., it bears a specific antigen receptor. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell? (easynotecards.com)
- Adaptive Defenses The adaptive defenses recognize and destroy the specific antigen that initiated the response Systemic response not limited to the initial infection site After an initial exposure the immune response is able to recognize the same antigen and mount a faster and stronger defensive attack. (slidetodoc.com)
Antibodies20
- The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target. (wikipedia.org)
- a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. (referat.ru)
- Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. (referat.ru)
- When fluorochrome conjugated antibodies are bound to BD® CompBeads, they have spectral properties very similar to cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
- Upon activation, B-cells differentiate and secrete soluble forms of the immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, which mediate humoral adaptive immunity. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Antibodies released by B-cells can have different functions that are induced upon binding their cognate antigens. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Antibodies are secreted immunoglobulins of known specificity. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Blockade of CTLA-4 by antibodies has potentiated antitumor T-cell responses in both preclinical models and clinical trials. (aacrjournals.org)
- The effector functions of the immune system comprise antibodies and complement-dependent mechanisms within body fluids and the mucosa, as well as tissue-bound effector mechanisms executed by T cells and monocytes/macrophages. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Following antigen stimulation, specific B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the surroundings. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
- Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to V protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained accine approaches against respiratory virus infections and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies development of effective vaccines that use these basic fea- that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions tures of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
- Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting a mouse with an antigen, harvesting its spleen to obtain B cells that are producing antibody specific to that antigen, fusing those cells with immortal mouse myeloma cells, growing these hybridoma cells (eg, in cell culture), and harvesting the antibody. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chimeric monoclonal antibodies activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells more effectively than murine monoclonal antibodies but can still induce production of human anti-chimeric antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
- Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
- c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
- When a tumor arises, the body may produce antibodies to fight it by binding to and destroying tumor cells. (medscape.com)
- [ 9 ] For example, antibodies or T cells directed against the tumor may mistakenly attack normal nerve cells. (medscape.com)
- Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them. (easynotecards.com)
- cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)
Lymphocytes12
- CD8 is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. (whispermovie.com)
- Bone marrow derived cells, especially B lymphocytes, have been shown to function as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APC's) both in vivo and in vitro. (usuhs.edu)
- Adaptive immunity is definitely articulated by lymphocytes, more specifically by B- and T-cells, which are responsible for the humoral and cell-mediated immunity. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- The specificity of the recognition is determined by genetic recombination events that happen during lymphocyte development, which lead to generating millions of different variants of lymphocytes in terms of the antigen-recognizing receptors [1]. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- CD8 T-cells become cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) following T CD8 epitope acknowledgement. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- The CD8 α/α homodimer is expressed on a subset of γ/δ TCR-bearing T cells, NK cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lymphoid dendritic cells. (biolegend.com)
- The immune system is comprised of various continuously circulating cells (T and B lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells present in various tissues). (healthtipsdesk.com)
- In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
- Furthermore, tumor heterogeneity has a significant impact on both the immune microenvironment and the infiltration of various immune cells within tumors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) ( 5 ), myeloid antigen-presenting cells ( 6 ) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). (theodora.com)
- A slow clearance of leukemic cells by the initial course of chemotherapy, as measured by the morphologic analysis of peripheral blood or bone marrow smears 1 to 3 weeks from diagnosis, predicts a higher risk of relapse, but can be inaccurate because ALL blast cells are remarkably similar in appearance to bone marrow lymphoid precursors (alias hematogones) and, in some instances, to mature lymphocytes. (ashpublications.org)
- The first demonstration that bone marrow samples apparently devoid of ALL cells may, in fact, contain measurable levels of leukemia (ie, "minimal residual disease" or MRD) was provided soon after the advent of polyclonal antisera against leukocyte antigens: combinations of cell markers were used to distinguish T-lineage ALL cells from normal immature and mature lymphocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy. (ashpublications.org)
Molecules23
- The receptor is expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. (thermofisher.com)
- CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. (wikipedia.org)
- The dominant antigens identified were flagellins, molecules known to activate innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), and critical targets of the acquired immune system in host defense. (nih.gov)
- CD8 acts as a co-receptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. (whispermovie.com)
- Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora & Grabowski, 1996). (referat.ru)
- In this review, we discuss the strategies and mechanism of our gene therapy approach mediated by B cells, as well as by bone marrow cells, for tolerance acquisition in various mouse models for autoimmune disease and hemophilia A. Our results show that MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules must be expressed on the tolerogenic antigen presenting cells for efficacy. (usuhs.edu)
- On the other hand, T-cells present on their surface a specific receptor known as T-cell receptor (TCR) that enables the acknowledgement of antigens when they are displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- T-cell epitopes are offered by class I (MHC I) and II (MHC II) MHC molecules that are identified by two unique subsets of T-cells, CD8 and CD4 T-cells, respectively (Number 2). (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
- Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
- The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
- Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
- The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
- Загальні відомості про імунну систему The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
- Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
- After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)
- I have used structural biology to explain pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) self-association in T-cell development, and how the TCR specifically recognises polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules in the context of viral immunity and aberrant T-cell reactivity. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Where are MHC molecules located on a cell? (easynotecards.com)
- Based on their functional outcome, co-signaling molecules can be divided as co-stimulators and co-inhibitors, which positively and negatively control the priming, growth, differentiation and functional maturation of a T-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, the low cytotoxicity of T-cells may be related to the high expression level of inhibitory molecules including programmed death-1 (PD-1), LAG-3 and NKG2A in CD8+T cells [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells5
- T cells, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells all have the potential to invade non-necrotic muscle fibers. (medscape.com)
- T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM)-4, the only TIM protein not expressed on T cells, is found on macrophages and dendritic cells. (bioxcell.com)
- Dendritic cells (DCs) are the central architects of the immune response, inducing inflammatory or tolerogenic immunity, dependent on their activation status. (bioxcell.com)
- Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
- Only dendritic cells produce interleukins. (easynotecards.com)
APCs7
- the latter are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that function as memory cells interacting with type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
- Under these M cells and in close proximity, B cells, CD4 + T cells, and APCs (including dendritic follicular cells [DFCs]) are found. (medscape.com)
- Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller & Renwick, 1994). (referat.ru)
- First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
- B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
- Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
- T-cell anergy is defined as the state in which T-cells fail to respond to previously encountered antigenic stimulation by functional APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Receptors15
- The encoded protein belongs to the subfamily B class of LIR receptors which contain two or four extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain, and two to four cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). (thermofisher.com)
- These antigens are identified by specific receptors present in the cell surface of B- and T-cells. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Antigen acknowledgement by these receptors is required to activate B- and T-cells but not plenty of, as second activation signals stemming from your activation of the innate immune system are also needed. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- B-cells recognize solvent-exposed antigens through antigen receptors, named as Liquiritin B-cell receptors (BCR), consisting of membrane-bound immunoglobulins, as demonstrated in Number 1. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- a) B-cell receptors encompass cell-bound immunoglobulins, consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Like B cells, T cells have receptors that bind specifically to their steric counterparts on antigen epitopes. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- The diversity of T-cell receptors is also achieved by means of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Current vaccine strategies against influenza focus on Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces generating robust antibody responses. (cdc.gov)
- Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
- 1) Immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind the antigen. (easynotecards.com)
- Memory cells do not require B cell receptors. (easynotecards.com)
- T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
- The genes encoding the components of the T-cell receptors undergo a similar process in T-cell precursors. (ashpublications.org)
- Unlike cytotoxic T cells, they do not require prior sensitization to eliminate tumor cells but mediate cytotoxicity through complex interactions between NK cell surface receptors and their cognate ligands expressed on their respective target cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The inhibitory KIRs 2DL1 (CD158a), 2DL2/3 (CD158b), and 3DL1 (CD158e1) are such surface receptors and allow adoptively transferred donor NK cells to exert potent antileukemic effects if the cognate HLA class I ligands are absent in the recipients [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation14
- Tim-4 binds to Tim-1 to promote T cell proliferation by enhancing cell division and reducing apoptosis. (angioproteomie.com)
- Also, secondary, but not primary, clonal proliferation of antigen-specific B cells is impaired in ICOS-KO mice, and therefore the generation of secondary antibody-secreting cells is also impaired. (biolegend.com)
- B7-H2 interaction costimulates T cell proliferation, development of B cells, plasma cells, follicular helper T cells, and germinal centers. (biolegend.com)
- Comparison of data obtained in meningeal and white matter infiltrates revealed higher expression of genes related to interferonγ production, B cell differentiation, cell proliferation, lipid antigen presentation, and T cell and myeloid cell recruitment, as well as more widespread EBV infection in the meningeal samples. (biomedcentral.com)
- A normal immune response usually involves the response and proliferation of numerous B cell clones, bearing ABS with varying degrees of specificity for the different epitopes contained within the antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
- In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
- TIM-4 is thought to enhance the engulfment of apoptotic cells and play a role in regulating T cell proliferation. (bioxcell.com)
- Such immune dysfunction may be due to a disorder in thymic output function (in particular in young patients), which results in a lower level of naive T-cells in the peripheral blood available for an immune response to the proliferation and abnormal expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
- Patients may alternatively receive lympho-depleting chemotherapy followed by adoptive transfer of purified NK cells from an alloreactive donor, resulting in homeostatic lymphocyte proliferation with transient donor NK cell expansion in recipients [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We hypothesized that, in CBD, failure of IL-10 to modulate the beryllium-specific, cell-mediated immune response would result in persistent, maximal cytokine production and T lymphocyte proliferation, thus contributing to the development of granulomatous lung disease. (cdc.gov)
- bronchoalveolar lavage cells from control and CBD subjects to evaluate the beryllium salt-specific production of endogenous IL-10 and the effects of exogenous human rIL-10 (rhIL-10) on HLA expression, on the production of IL-2, IFN- , and TNF- , and on T lymphocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
- We of both mitogen- and Ag-induced accessory cell-dependent T lym- phocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
Differentiation10
- As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. (wikipedia.org)
- It has unique roles in T cell activation and differentiation, splenic germinal center formation, and immunoglobulin class switching. (biolegend.com)
- The expression of ICOS within the first 48 hours after T cell activation suggests that it may contribute to the differentiation of T cells during the primary response. (biolegend.com)
- These results suggest that this protein plays a pivotal role in T cell activation and Th1/Th2 differentiation. (biolegend.com)
- Genes related to T cell activation, cytotoxic cell-mediated (or type 1) immunity, B cell growth and differentiation, pathogen recognition, myeloid cell function, type I interferon pathway activation, and leukocyte recruitment were found expressed at different levels in most or all MS brain immune infiltrates. (biomedcentral.com)
- Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
- In order to better understand the factors that regulate B cell differentiation upon exposure to antigen, we compares global gene expression profiles from naive B cells with antigen-specific plasma, germinal center, and memory B cells after immunization with the T-dependent antigen, NP-CGG. (omicsdi.org)
- This was correlated with the appearance of CGG-specific B cells and their growth and differentiation to plasma cells. (omicsdi.org)
- The same pattern was seen for the migration, growth, and differentiation of virgin hapten-specific B cells when CGG-primed mice were challenged with hapten protein. (omicsdi.org)
- Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
Clonal4
- Long-term hematopoietic reconstitution by transplantation of kidney hematopoietic stem cells in lethally irradiated clonal gibuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii). (medecinesciences.org)
- The impressive early production of switch transcripts during T cell-dependent antibody responses occurs in cells that are about to undergo massive clonal expansion. (omicsdi.org)
- ALL cells can be recognized by their clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, expression of gene fusions, and leukemia-associated immunophenotypes. (ashpublications.org)
- Because ALL cells arise from the oncogenic transformation of a single lymphoid precursor, they have clonal antigen-receptor (immunoglobulin and/or T-cell receptor) gene rearrangements in most cases, which can be used to distinguish ALL cells from normal lymphoid cells (expressing gene rearrangements with different sequences) and nonlymphoid cells (lacking the rearrangements). (ashpublications.org)
Macrophages3
- The endomysial infiltrates in patients with s-IBM are composed primarily of CD8+ T cells and macrophages in a 2:1 ratio. (medscape.com)
- Type 1 immunity consists of T box expressed in T cells (Tbet)+/Eomesodermin (EOMES)+ interferon (IFN) γ producing CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc1), and group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) (ILC1s and NK cells) that protect against intracellular microbes through direct killing of infected cells and activation of macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
- Kupffer cell loss was compensated by gain of adjacent monocyte-derived macrophages that exhibited convergent epigenomes, transcriptomes, and functions. (bioxcell.com)
Superfamily4
- This gene encodes a type I membrane protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. (dimabio.cn)
- The RMT4-53 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine-binding receptor and member of the Ig superfamily. (bioxcell.com)
- The F31-5G3 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4) a phosphatidylserine-binding receptor and member of the Ig superfamily. (bioxcell.com)
- The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds6
- It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. (wikipedia.org)
- The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
- If an activated TFH cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
- When a given antigen enters an organism, it binds to the B cell which exhibits the correct receptor specificity for that antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)
- 3) The MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell. (easynotecards.com)
Proteins15
- Here we used serological expression cloning to identify commensal bacterial proteins that could contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. (nih.gov)
- 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes & Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. (referat.ru)
- However, most antigens are proteins and those are the subjects for epitope prediction methods. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II mol- peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less ecules. (cdc.gov)
- Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
- Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
- At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
- Several cancers produce proteins that are physiologically expressed in utero by embryonic and fetal cells but not expressed by normal adult cells. (medscape.com)
- Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? (easynotecards.com)
- Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by the helper T-cell? (easynotecards.com)
- molecule 1 (CEACAM1) (9,C12), and Testosterone levels cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing proteins 3 (Tim-3) (4, 12,C14) lead to Testosterone levels cell tiredness, reducing harmful potentially, constant Testosterone levels cell account activation. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- Curiously, while LAG-3 losing enhances expansion of the mother or father cell credited to reduction of surface area inhibitory receptor (inbuilt impact), the shed proteins displays no obvious impact on various other cells of the resistant program (extrinsic impact). (exposed-skin-care.net)
- Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
- Interferons - small proteins produced by virally infected cells that help protect surrounding healthy cells. (slidetodoc.com)
Lymphocyte9
- HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. (referat.ru)
- 1994). The nature of lymphocyte stimulation will determine which class of immunoglobulin will be produced (Waller & Renwick, 1994). (referat.ru)
- CD28 antigen and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. (dimabio.cn)
- Binding of this protein with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 negatively regulates T-cell activation and diminishes the immune response. (dimabio.cn)
- The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
- Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
- B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
- Our data demonstrate that beryllium-stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage cells produce IL-10, and the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 does not increase significantly cytokine production, HLA expression, or T lymphocyte pro- liferation. (cdc.gov)
Activate6
- DFCs activate some clones of type 1 THCs, although less potently than B cells do. (medscape.com)
- The role of complement & antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. (referat.ru)
- Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
- Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
- 4) The TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell. (easynotecards.com)
- Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system. (easynotecards.com)
Recognize4
- The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
- We review the literature express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I mol- influenza infection and the available data on the role of ecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens these responses in protection from highly pathogenic such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recognize multiple of reagents and genetically modified mouse models has viral epitopes on target cells and antigen-presenting cells. (cdc.gov)
- They recognize antigens associated with MHC I. (easynotecards.com)
Myeloid4
- Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
- 2020). "Niche-Specific Reprogramming of Epigenetic Landscapes Drives Myeloid Cell Diversity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis" Immunity 52(6): 1057-1074 e1057. (bioxcell.com)
- PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Approximately one-third of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience disease relapse despite risk-adapted intensive multiagent chemotherapy with or without hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Isotype2
- Discovery of a unique Ig heavy-chain isotype (IgT) in rainbow trout: Implications for a distinctive B cell developmental pathway in teleost fish. (medecinesciences.org)
- The observation that most autoantibodies in traditionally autoantibody-mediated diseases are of the IgG isotype and carry somatic mutations strongly suggests T-cell help in the autoimmune B-cell response. (hindawi.com)
Present antigens1
- B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called TFH cells. (wikipedia.org)
Foreign antigens1
- Класифікація реакцій гіперчутливості Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are inappropriate or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathogens4
- B- and T-cells do not identify pathogens as a whole, but molecular parts known as antigens. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
- An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Monoclonal antibody3
- Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. (wikipedia.org)
- ELISA plate pre-coated by 2 μg/ml (100 μl/well) Human B7-2 protein, mFc-His tagged protein ( PME100034 ) can bind Rabbit anti-B7-2 monoclonal antibody (clone: DM86) in a linear range of 1-100 ng/ml. (dimabio.cn)
- Expi 293 cell line transfected with irrelevant protein (A) and human B7-2 (B) were surface stained with Rabbit anti-B7-2 monoclonal antibody 1μg/ml (clone: DM86) followed by Alexa 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody. (dimabio.cn)
Mucin domain3
- Tim-4 is a transmembrane protein known as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing protein-4. (angioproteomie.com)
- 2014). "T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4) signaling in innate immune-mediated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury" Hepatology 60(6): 2052-2064. (bioxcell.com)
- Chronic HIV infection results in a loss of HIV-specific Compact disc8+ Capital t cell effector function, termed exhaustion, which is definitely mediated, in part, by the membrane coinhibitory receptor Capital t cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Induces2
- 2013). "Interruption of dendritic cell-mediated TIM-4 signaling induces regulatory T cells and promotes skin allograft survival" J Immunol 191(8): 4447-4455. (bioxcell.com)
- 2023. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Cytokines7
- We discuss the advantages of develop- ing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses tion is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, problems arising from immune pressure. (cdc.gov)
- We found that in mice that completed OIT successfully, desensitized mast cells (MCs) showed functionally beneficial alterations, such as increased induction of regulatory cytokines and enhanced expansion of regulatory T cells. (bioxcell.com)
- The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
- Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
- These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
- Cytokines are protein-based chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system. (easynotecards.com)
- The ensuing continual antigen amounts travel a procedure known as Testosterone levels cell tiredness, whereby reacting Testosterone levels cells go through hierarchical reduction of their effector features, including their capability to proliferate, their cytotoxic potential, and their capability to generate cytokines (1). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Tumor19
- The main target and effector cells of the CTLA-4 blockade treatment in the studied tumor models are tumor-specific endogenous CD8 + T cells that are capable of eradicating also distant tumors, whereas CD4 + T cells do not play a prominent role in the antibody-mediated tumor eradication. (aacrjournals.org)
- Injecting CTLA-4 blocking antibody in a slow-release formulation close to the tumor is an effective way of activating the antitumor T-cell response. (aacrjournals.org)
- Further insights on the roles of CD8 + specificities and TCR avidity of naturally arising tumor-specific T cells, where both high and low avidity T cells recognizing the same peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) coexist in the same tumor, are crucial for understanding T cell exhaustion and resistance to PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
- Tetramer staining was performed to determine the frequency and avidity of CD8 + T cells targeting the tumor-specific epitope GSW11 and confirmed with tetramer competition assays. (bmj.com)
- Tumor-specific neoantigens, which are expressed on tumor cells, can induce an effective antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response and mediate tumor regression. (wjgnet.com)
- The heterogeneity of glioblastoma can suppress immune cell function and lead to immune evasion, which presents a challenge in developing effective molecular therapies for tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity among tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- This heterogeneity is referred to as 'polymorphism', as tumor cells rapidly undergo mitosis, resulting in the formation of numerous subclones and uncertainty regarding the state of the genome. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Tumor cells are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental elements in the microenvironment, resulting in a complex regulation process ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- In addition, intrinsic differences in subclonal tumor cells that arise from random mutations can create distinct niches within limited lesions. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Various subclonal tumor cells have the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment in order to obtain adaptations. (spandidos-publications.com)
- However, rather than actively modifying the environment, multiple mechanisms guide the evolution of tumor cells through the selection of subclones with the most adaptive phenotype by environmental factors ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- It has been discovered that the genetic structure of tumor cells and the components of the immune microenvironment interact with each other. (spandidos-publications.com)
- This interaction results in a more complex alteration of both the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Consequently, the heterogeneity of tumor cells is constantly evolving. (spandidos-publications.com)
- High-throughput sequencing methods are utilized to analyze the mutational spectrum and evolutionary trajectories of tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Active specific immunotherapy is attempted by the immunization of a tumor-bearing patient with autochthonous altered (radiation, chemical) tumor cells. (womenshealthsection.com)
Cytotoxic T cel3
- Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body. (easynotecards.com)
- How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together? (easynotecards.com)
- What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells? (easynotecards.com)
Mechanisms5
- 1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (referat.ru)
- Because of the high effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly pro- degree of antigenic drift among circulating influenza strains mote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)
- Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
- I have unearthed structural mechanisms of HLA polymorphism impacting on drug and food hypersensitivities, as well as Natural Killer cell receptor recognition. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- 2023. CD1 lipidomes reveal lipid-binding motifs and size-based antigen-display mechanisms . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Leukocyte4
- This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chromosomal region 19q13.4. (thermofisher.com)
- 2023. Complimentary electrostatics dominate T-cell receptor binding to a psoriasis-associated peptide antigen presented by human leukocyte antigen C∗06:02 . (cardiff.ac.uk)
- We determined if adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells from haploidentical killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors may prolong event-free survival in children with intermediate-risk AML who were in first complete remission after chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
- The first evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of natural killer (NK) cells in AML was established in a study of 57 adult patients, in which none of the 20 individuals who received haploidentical cell transplantation from a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donor experienced disease relapse [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Epitopes4
- In addition, it is well established that immunoglobulins can function as potent tolerogenic carriers for associated epitopes. (usuhs.edu)
- B-cell epitopes are solvent-exposed portions of the antigen that bind to secreted and cell-bound immunoglobulins. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- These epitopes identified by B-cells may constitute any revealed solvent region in the antigen and may become of different chemical nature. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- Subsequently, you will find CD8 and CD4 T-cell epitopes. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
Bind2
- Tim-4 bind to phosphatidylserine through its FG-CC' binding cleft in the N-terminal IgV domain to facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells or bodies. (angioproteomie.com)
- Mast cells - ability to bind with, ingest, and kill a wide range of bacteria. (slidetodoc.com)
Epithelial3
- Mucosal epithelial surfaces contain M cells, specialized cells that are so named because they exhibit microfolds on their luminal surface and have a membranous appearance. (medscape.com)
- CD8 is an antigen co-receptor on T cells that interacts with MHC class I on antigen-presenting cells or epithelial cells. (biolegend.com)
- This distinction is of epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic consequence since many viruses rapidly mutate their coat acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
Stimulation1
- Stimulation of B cells leads to the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) within the Peyer patches, preventing adherence of bacteria and viruses to the epithelium and thus blocking entry to the subepithelial layers of the intestine. (medscape.com)
Vitro2
- Studies in non-human primates and with human T cell clones in vitro are in progress to transition this approach to the clinic. (usuhs.edu)
- In this study, we demonstrate that Ab blockade of DC-expressed TIM-4 leads to increased induction of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from naive CD4(+) T cells, both in vitro and in vivo . (bioxcell.com)
Helper5
- CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells). (wikipedia.org)
- Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function. (wikipedia.org)
- Meanwhile, primed CD4 T-cells become helper (Th) or regulatory (Treg) T-cells [1]. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
- A helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
- When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells? (easynotecards.com)
Humoral3
- The evidence for an autoimmune etiology includes pathological findings of infiltrating T cells, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in affected cartilage, cellular and humoral responses against collagen type II and other collagen antigens, and the observation that immunosuppressive regimens most often suppress the disease. (medscape.com)
- The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
- T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Presentation4
- The roles of the M cells include absorption, transport, processing, and presentation of antigens to subepithelial lymphoid cells. (medscape.com)
- The 53-6.7 antibody has been reported to block antigen presentation via MHC class I and inhibit T cell responses to IL-2. (biolegend.com)
- Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
- Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens? (easynotecards.com)
Germinal1
- The continued production of transcripts after day 3 indicates that switching also occurs in germinal centers, but in a relatively small proportion of their B cells. (omicsdi.org)
Extracellular1
- What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
Lymphoid organs2
- T and B cells develop from a common stem cell type, then mature in the thymus (T cells) or the bone marrow (B cells), which are called primary (or central) lymphoid organs. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
Immune responses2
- This property gives vaccines a well-developed experimental system to analyze T that induce protective cellular immune responses the cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)
- Reciprocal roles of T-cell help for B cells during adaptive immune responses and B-cell help in CD4+ T-cell activation are being increasingly recognized. (hindawi.com)
Cognate2
- Within 12 h of secondary immunization, antigen-specific memory B cells appeared in the outer I zone and by 24 h entered S phase, presumably as a result of cognate interaction with primed T cells. (omicsdi.org)
- It is argued that Ig class switching at this time, which is associated with cognate T cell-B cell interaction in the T zone, has a major impact on the class and subclasses of Ig produced during the response. (omicsdi.org)
Responses6
- Multiple strains of colitic mice had elevated serum anti-flagellin IgG2a responses and Th1 T cell responses to flagellin. (nih.gov)
- Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
- Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
- Conclusions Targeting subdominant T cell responses with lower avidity against pMHC affinity neoepitopes showed potential for improving PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
- Importantly, these regulatory-T-cell-mediated inhibitions of allergic responses were dramatically decreased in mice lacking OIT-induced desensitized MC. (bioxcell.com)
- Robust SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses with common TCR? (cardiff.ac.uk)
Bound2
- However, the T-cell receptor is never secreted, and instead remains membrane-bound. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- The type of B-cell response induced is determined by the amount and type of bound antigen recognized. (healthtipsdesk.com)
CD282
- The interaction of human B7-H2 and CD28 can costimulate both human mouse naïve T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg). (biolegend.com)
- Binding of this protein with CD28 antigen is a costimulatory signal for activation of the T-cell. (dimabio.cn)
Lipid2
- Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- I have pioneered our molecular understanding of lipid-based immunity by T cells, revealing that it can differ fundamentally from peptide-mediated adaptive immunity. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Soluble3
- The antigen-specific activation of B and/or T cells involves their staggered interaction with other cells in a contact-dependent manner and by soluble factors. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Right here, we present that a soluble type of Testosterone levels cell tiredness linked coinhibitory molecule 3, sTim-3, is normally shed from the surface area of Testosterone levels cells. (exposed-skin-care.net)
- While LAG-3 can be shed from the surface area of the Capital t cell by the matrix metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 (15), soluble CEACAM1 (sCEACAM1) creation can be 3rd party of matrix metalloproteinase activity, recommending the existence of an on the other hand spliced isoform (16). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Vivo1
- Immunoglobulin switch transcript production in vivo related to the site and time of antigen-specific B cell activation. (omicsdi.org)
Interaction1
- It was demonstrated that ICOS-B7H2 interaction plays an important role in the generation of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs, and mediates the suppressive functions of CD4+ Tregs by regulating CTLA-4 expression on cell surfaces induced by allogeneic CD40-activated B cells. (biolegend.com)
Hematopoietic cells1
- In our system, we engineered target peptide-IgG constructs into retroviral vectors and transduced hematopoietic cells to create tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. (usuhs.edu)
Uptake2
- This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)
- BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
Spleen1
Genes2
- To test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression of viral and cellular genes in brain-infiltrating immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- During B-cell development, the V, D, and J segments of the immunoglobulin genes are rearranged, with deletion and random insertion of nucleotides at the junctional sites, generating a unique gene sequence for each cell and its progeny. (ashpublications.org)
Class8
- A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- These results identify flagellins as a class of immunodominant antigens that stimulate pathogenic intestinal immune reactions in genetically diverse hosts and suggest new avenues for the diagnosis and antigen-directed therapy of patients with IBD. (nih.gov)
- CD8 identifies cytotoxic/suppressor t-cells that interact with MHC class I bearing targets. (whispermovie.com)
- Cuesta A, Angeles Esteban M, Meseguer J. Cloning, distribution and up-regulation of the teleost fish MHC class II alpha suggests a role for granulocytes as antigen-presenting cells. (medecinesciences.org)
- Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination is associated with the production and splicing of germline IgCH messenger RNA transcripts. (omicsdi.org)
- Recently my team has provided a structural basis of how vitamin B metabolites can be presented and recognised by the immune system, revealing a new class of antigen. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- 2) An antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface. (easynotecards.com)
- If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first? (easynotecards.com)
Specificity3
- The specificity of an antibody is determined by the amino acid sequence of the variable domains of the H and L chains, and this sequence is unique for each corresponding cell clone. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- B cells are characterized by antigen specificity. (healthtipsdesk.com)
- Thus, only one ABS, or one specificity, derived from a single allele can be expressed on a single cell. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Cellular2
- It is strongly recommended that when using a reagent for the first time, users compare the spillover on cells and BD CompBead to ensure that BD® CompBeads are appropriate for your specific cellular application. (bdbiosciences.com)
- 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
Collectively1
- Collectively, these findings show that the desensitization process modulates the activation of MCs, leading directly to enhanced induction of regulatory-T-cell expansion and promotion of clinical allergic unresponsiveness. (bioxcell.com)
Pathogenic2
- We conclude with a discussion of novel therapies aimed at the selective targeting of pathogenic B cells. (hindawi.com)
- B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)
Immunity6
- Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
- This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
- How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
- 2023. CD4+ T cell-mediated recognition of a conserved cholesterol-dependent cytolysin epitope generates broad antibacterial immunity . (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity? (easynotecards.com)
Adaptive1
- Natural killer cells - lyse and kill cancer cells and virally infected cells before the adaptive immune system has been activated. (slidetodoc.com)
Regulatory T cel1
- This therapy requires regulatory T cells for both the induction and maintenance of tolerance. (usuhs.edu)
Antibody production1
- in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. (theodora.com)
Gene expression1
- The NASH diet induced significant changes in Kupffer cell enhancers and gene expression, resulting in partial loss of Kupffer cell identity, induction of Trem2 and Cd9 expression, and cell death. (bioxcell.com)