Antigen organism clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Recombinant antibodies are produced in vitro rather than by infecting living organisms. (labmanager.com)
Optionally, manufacturers can engineer the recombinant antibodies to have specific properties, such as higher binding affinity, improved stability, or the ability to target particular cell types (which is not possible with traditional antibodies). (labmanager.com)
a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. (referat.ru)
Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. (referat.ru)
These antibodies circulate in the blood, lymph and extracellular fluid to reach the site of the invasion of micro-organisms or foreign materials. (elucidate.org.au)
The body's immune system usually responds fairly slowly, often taking several days to build up large amounts of antibodies, and this is as it takes time for the B-cells to multiply and differentiate into plasma cells and then secrete antibodies. (elucidate.org.au)
Once the level of antibodies reaches a peak, it begins to decline - however, the primary response leaves the immune system with a memory of that particular antigen. (elucidate.org.au)
For cells, cell lines and tissues in culture till half confluency.Isotype or positive controls by peptides, antibodies and deactivated samples. (conzort.com)
In the case that the translation products of a gene are cell surface molecules, a method for selectively separating cells which have expressed the specific gene, while being viable, is to make fluorescence labeled antibodies bind to the surface molecules for labeling the cells fluorescently, to identify fluorescing cells by flow cytometry, and to separate the identified cells with a cell sorter (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter, FACS). (justia.com)
In addition, the panning method is also known wherein only the objective cells are absorbed on the bottom surface of a dish over which is covered with antibodies specifically binding to the cell surface molecules. (justia.com)
In this case, it is theoretically possible to fluorescently label the gene-expressing cells by introduction of fluorescence-labeled antibodies that are specific to the molecules localized in the cells into the cells, through microinjection and to separate the objective gene-expressing cells with the cell sorter described above based on the difference in fluorescence intensity of the cells with irradiation of laser beam or the like. (justia.com)
The number of the cells to which the labeled antibodies can be introduced for one experiment is at most ten or less. (justia.com)
This is because, during the process where polypeptide chains generated based on the genetic information are folded and secreted, their structure changes gradually and from time to time to prevent any known antibodies from binding to the polypeptide chains within or on the surfaces of live cells efficiently. (justia.com)
The Koch laboratory used antibodies from model organisms bearing oncorna-virus cancers as tools to identify transformation antigens. (fredhutch.org)
The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, Src, had just been identified by Dr. Ray Erikson's group using antibodies from tumor-bearing model organisms. (fredhutch.org)
In his paper "A Modification of Jerne's Theory of Antibody Production using the Concept of Clonal Selection", in the Australian Journal of Science, Dr Frank Macfarlane Burnet proposed that a large number of cells that can release antibodies already exist in the body and these cells are genetically designed to produce a unique antibody specificity. (oxsci.org)
These proposed that antigens acted as templates for the formation of antibodies. (oxsci.org)
Plasma cells, antibodies and memory cells are created. (oxsci.org)
An autoimmune disorder caused when antibodies-immune system cells that fight off bacteria and viruses-mistakenly attack healthy body tissues and organs. (lupus.org)
Antibodies are made in response to antigens that are considered potentially harmful to the body. (safarivet.com)
Antibodies are manufactured in response to an antigen or foreign substance in the body. (safarivet.com)
The following article describes the structure and function of antibodies, which is essential knowledge for researching biologics, antigen tests, and using them as a tool in Western blots, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. (idtdna.com)
Today, antibodies are utilized in antigen testing kits and biologics. (idtdna.com)
There are a countless number of combinations of these regions to create a diverse pool of antibodies with highly specific antigen-binding sites. (idtdna.com)
The effector functions of the immune system comprise antibodies and complement-dependent mechanisms within body fluids and the mucosa, as well as tissue-bound effector mechanisms executed by T cells and monocytes/macrophages. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Following antigen stimulation, specific B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the surroundings. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B- cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
By contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line. (wikidoc.org)
Antibodies against the NANP repeat of circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites, can protect from malaria in animal models but protective humoral immunity is difficult to induce in humans. (rcsb.org)
To provide an estimate of exposure to this organism, the prevalence of antibodies to cryptosporidium will be measured in NHANES participants aged 6-49 years. (cdc.gov)
In the past, tion, the detection of antigens in patient se- many patients in Sudan died untreated in rum is complicated by the presence of high hospital, with the diagnosis of VL being levels of antibodies, circulating immune made later at autopsy [ 6 ]. (who.int)
These prob- mania antibodies have been described, lems could, theoretically, be avoided by de- including indirect immunofluorescence tecting antigen in the urine [ 20-22 ]. (who.int)

Humans possess a repertoire of some 20 million T cell clones with varying specificity to counter the multitude of infectious agents that exist. (chemeurope.com)
In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. (edu.au)
The idea that specificity for diverse antigens already exists, before antigens are encountered, was a radical concept at the time, but became widely accepted and still holds today despite attempts to disprove it. (oxsci.org)
This assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1). (uscnk.com)
The specificity of an antibody is determined by the amino acid sequence of the variable domains of the H and L chains, and this sequence is unique for each corresponding cell clone. (healthtipsdesk.com)
B cells are characterized by antigen specificity. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Burnet's clonal selection theory, formulated in 1957, states that every B-cell clone is characterized by an unique antigen specificity, i.e., it bears a specific antigen receptor. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Thus, only one ABS, or one specificity, derived from a single allele can be expressed on a single cell. (healthtipsdesk.com)
When a given antigen enters an organism, it binds to the B cell which exhibits the correct receptor specificity for that antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)
A normal immune response usually involves the response and proliferation of numerous B cell clones, bearing ABS with varying degrees of specificity for the different epitopes contained within the antigen. (healthtipsdesk.com)

During their maturation in the thymus, they undergo a process called V(D)J recombination which conducts the development of T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
In 1897, Paul Ehrlich proposed that cells had multiple receptors called 'side chains', which were able to bind with whichever antigen came along, but it wasn't until 1955 when Niels Jerne proposed that all antibody specificities already exist in the body that 'selection' theories developed. (oxsci.org)
The result is a diverse population of B cells with different receptors that can connect with a unique antigen. (oxsci.org)
Antigen recognition by T cells bearing αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) is restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). (rcsb.org)
Mouse hepatitis virus utilizes two carcinoembryonic antigens as alternative receptors. (uci.edu)
Like B cells, T cells have receptors that bind specifically to their steric counterparts on antigen epitopes. (healthtipsdesk.com)
The diversity of T-cell receptors is also achieved by means of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Diverse repertoires of hypervariable immunoglobulin receptors (TCR and BCR) recognize antigens in the adaptive immune system. (elifesciences.org)
T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR) are hypervariable immunoglobulins that play a key role in recognizing antigens in the vertebrate immune system. (elifesciences.org)

In light of existing evidence that the mammalian Sm antigen E is a weaker autoantigen than other small nuclear RNA-associated proteins, these results suggest a possible correlation between a protein's capacity to serve as an autoantigen during breakdown of the host's immunological tolerance and its extent of evolutionary conservation, whereas the inverse relationship applies to conventional immunity. (elsevierpure.com)
Antigen Discovery Inc. has developed a high-throughput technology to translate any genome to proteins printed as individual spots on a microarray. (antigendiscovery.com)
Proteins encoded by the cloned ORF plasmids are expressed using a cell free in vitro transcription/ translation ("IVTT") system. (antigendiscovery.com)
Expanded T cells are screened in stimulations with pathogen proteins in the presence of autologous PBMC as antigen-presenting cells (APC). (antigendiscovery.com)
1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes & Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. (referat.ru)
The antigen is also present to helper T - cells , leading to the release of cytokines , small proteins that are released in response to antigens and act as messengers in the immune response - these cytokines cause the helper T-cells to clone themselves to release different cytokines, which activate the B-cells. (elucidate.org.au)
The proteins arethe "work-horses" of the cells and are responsible for carrying out all the functions of the cell. (faqs.org)
The chaperones, special accessory proteins that assist the correct folding of proteins with complex structures in cells, also play a significant role. (chemeurope.com)
In the proposed research, we have used a novel molecular approach to the systematic identification of the recombinant T-cell reactive proteins (RTPs), an evaluation of the immunoprotective properties of these macromolecules in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis. (grantome.com)
Results of our earlier studies have indicated that potent T-cell reactive proteins are expressed during 1) transition of the saprobic to parasitic phase, 2) isotropic growth of spherules, and 3) endosporulation. (grantome.com)
The recombinant polypeptide (rSOWp) was shown to bind to mammalian extracellular matrix proteins in an in vitro assay, suggesting that the parasitic cell surface antigen may function as an adhesion. (kenyon.edu)
Rohrschneider focused initially on cell-surface proteins in cells infected with avian oncorna viruses, identifying the envelope and group-specific antigens (gag proteins). (fredhutch.org)
The isolation of temperature-sensitive transformation-defective mutants of Rous sarcoma virus led to the hypothesis that the viral protein or proteins should be temperature-sensitive in its expression or function, and Dr. John Wyke and Rohrschneider found that expression of some of the cell-surface tumor antigens correlated with transformation, suggesting that they were under control of the transforming gene. (fredhutch.org)
Advances in understanding underlying immune mechanisms are feasibale using a variety of candidate antigens, including attenuated live parasites, crude antigens, pure or recombinant Leishmania proteins, Leishmania genes encoding protective proteins, as well as immune system activators from the saliva of parasite vectors. (ac.ir)
These specialized Y-shaped proteins bind to antigens, which can stimulate an immune response (Figure 1). (idtdna.com)

This led to the identification of a cDNA clone, p281, containing sequences complementary to mRNA for an Sm autoantibody-reactive, 11,000 M(r) protein. (elsevierpure.com)
This cloned Sm antigen comigrated with the small nuclear RNA-associated protein known as 'E' and reacted with four out of four Sm autoantibodies that precipitate E protein from total mRNA translation products. (elsevierpure.com)
Workflows have been developed for the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells expressing CD137, which can then be used in screens against pathogen protein libraries to identify those that specifically activate T cells (e.g. proliferation or cytokine secretion). (antigendiscovery.com)
ADI uses the same high-throughput cloning and cell-free in vitro transcription and translation methodology employed in the manufacture of protein microarrays (described here ). (antigendiscovery.com)
If the recipes have extra bases or misspelled bases or if some are deleted, the cell can make a wrong protein or too much or too little of the right one. (faqs.org)
This is a highly specific antibody against Cell division control protein septin D1. (conzort.com)
Rohrschneider generated similar antisera and used them to good effect, performing some of the first immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments to identify the Src protein in Rous sarcoma virus-infected model organisms and to localize the protein to the cytoplasm. (fredhutch.org)
Those first immunoprecipitation experiments also revealed a related protein in uninfected cells, one of the first sightings of the Src proto-oncogene product. (fredhutch.org)
Around this time, Dr. Chuck Sherr at St. Jude's and Dr. Richard Stanley at Albert Einstein identified the normal cellular Fms protein as the cell surface receptor for a growth factor known as the macrophage colony-stimulating factor or M-CSF. (fredhutch.org)
Most antigens are protein. (safarivet.com)
The major core protein of LAV is antigenically unrelated to other known retroviral antigens. (pasteur.fr)
These data indicate that this eukaryotic cell-free expression system has a high success rate and that the addition of specific reagents can increase the yield of soluble protein. (iucr.org)
Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikidoc.org)
Most complex protein antigens induce multiple B-cell clones during the immune response, thus, the response is polyclonal. (wikidoc.org)
Immune responses to non-protein antigens are generally poorly or enhanced by adjuvants and there is no system memory. (wikidoc.org)

Adjuvants are used to improve or enhance an immune response to antigens. (wikidoc.org)

In addition, laboratories can produce an antigen-specific recombinant antibody in as few as eight weeks. (labmanager.com)
A cloned LAV complementary DNA was used to screen a library of recombinant phages constructed from the genomic DNA of LAV-infected T lymphocytes. (pasteur.fr)
Matrices listed below were spiked with certain level of recombinant Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1) and the recovery rates were calculated by comparing the measured value to the expected amount of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1) in samples. (uscnk.com)

In traditional antibody production, researchers immunize animals with the target antigen to stimulate antibody production. (labmanager.com)

They also express high levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 and rank among efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, they utilize macroautophagy to load self antigens on MHCII molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, mTECs are capable to present self-generated TRAs on their MHC molecules to select potential autoreactive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
One such autoantibody system, known as Sm, reacts with antigens associated with small nuclear RNA molecules. (elsevierpure.com)
Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora & Grabowski, 1996). (referat.ru)
In the case that the translation products of a gene are not cell surface molecules but localize in the cells (in the cytoplasm or in organella), the method described above cannot be adopted. (justia.com)
In the case that the translation products of the gene are not cell surface molecules, but molecules that are liberated into the extracellular fluid and that do not remain in the cell or near the cell membrane, it is very difficult to selectively trap the molecules to separate the cells expressing the specific gene, from other molecules with the approaches described above. (justia.com)
Also, even in the case that the translation products are present on the surfaces of cells, it is difficult to selectively separate the cells unless the molecules are specifically present on the surfaces of particular cells. (justia.com)
and TH2 (T Helper 2) which has humoral immune functions, e.g., activation of B cells to produce antibody molecules to neutralize foreign matters and (See FIG. 94). (justia.com)
They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen , each recognising a different epitope . (wikidoc.org)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

Lymphoid tissue contains thousands of types of B - cells , and each type has a receptor for a particular antigen and has the ability to respond to a specific antigen. (elucidate.org.au)
This was one of the initial discoveries that mutations in a cell surface receptor could initiate oncogenesis, just one year after the avian erythroblastosis virus oncogene was found to be a mutant EGF receptor. (fredhutch.org)
The receptor is very specific and very powerful against the antigen it's designed for, but useless against any other antigen. (oxsci.org)
However, the T-cell receptor is never secreted, and instead remains membrane-bound. (healthtipsdesk.com)
The body faces a large number of different antigens in its lifetime, necessitating that a correspondingly large number of different receptor specificities, and therefore different B cells, must continuously be produced. (healthtipsdesk.com)
The development of immunoglobulin receptor repertoire sequencing methods makes it possible to perform repertoire-wide disease association studies of antigen receptor sequences. (elifesciences.org)

In this second defence reaction, specialised cytotoxic T lymphocytes known as killer T cells destroy cells in the body that have been infected and thus prevent damage from spreading. (chemeurope.com)
Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. (edu.au)
These lymphocytes will take antigens from macrophages and process them in a way as to make an antibody which will inactivate the foreign material. (safarivet.com)
The virus is propagated on activated T lymphocytes and has a tropism for the T-cell subset OKT4 (ref. 6), in which it induces a cytopathic effect. (pasteur.fr)
The immune system is comprised of various continuously circulating cells (T and B lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells present in various tissues). (healthtipsdesk.com)
This induces the B- lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. (wikidoc.org)

The technology typically involves obtaining antibody genes from source cells including hybridomas and phage display libraries, amplifying and cloning the genes into an expression vector, introducing the vector into a host (bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cell lines), and achieving adequate expression of the functional antibody. (labmanager.com)
When the genetic material within the living cells, i.e. genes are working properly, the human body can develop and function smoothly. (faqs.org)
Here, we identified the M. leprae genes required for the biosynthesis of the species-specific saccharidic domain of PGL-1 and reprogrammed seven enzymatic steps in M. bovis BCG to make it synthesize and display PGL-1 in the context of an M. leprae-like cell envelope. (bvsalud.org)
The recent identification of M. leprae-unique genes has allowed the analysis of human T-cell responses to novel M. leprae antigens. (bvsalud.org)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

Therefore, mTECs rank among cells relevant for the development of functional mammal immune system. (wikipedia.org)
1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (referat.ru)
We will now tell the same story using the cells of the body to restate the infection of a cell with a virus and the response of the immune system to that infection. (safarivet.com)

Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. (edu.au)
Mice are monitored by ELISA for production of the antibody against crude C. immitis antigen and then sacrificed for evaluation of their T-cell reactivity in ILNP assays. (grantome.com)
The RTP is further tested for reactivity in murine ILNP assays and T-cell lines, an in patient lymphocyte proliferation assays. (grantome.com)
Cloning and transferring of MART-1-specific γδ TCRs restored the specific recognition of the initial antigen MHC/peptide reactivity and conferred antigen-specific functional responses. (rcsb.org)
No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1) and analogues was observed. (uscnk.com)

A read-out assay such as 3 H-thymidine incorporation or cytokine secretion is used to identify the targets of antigen-specific responses. (antigendiscovery.com)
Therefore, determination of which C. immitis antigens stimulate T-cell responses rather than antibody responses is essential for subsequent isolation of macromolecules of the organism that elicit immunoprotection. (grantome.com)
Heterologous immunization with defined RNA and subunit vaccines enhances T cell responses that protect against Leishmania donovani. (ac.ir)

ORF expression clone libraries can be constructed from any genome sequence and corresponding source of genomic DNA using our high-throughput polymerase chain reaction ("PCR")/recombination cloning method. (antigendiscovery.com)
PCR-amplified ORFs of the target organism are cloned into our plasmid expression vector via a high-throughput homologous recombination method. (antigendiscovery.com)
Here we propose a novel computational method to identify clonotypes which are likely to be shared because of selection for their response to a common antigen, instead of convergent recombination. (elifesciences.org)

In 1973, an American biochemist Paul Berg often referred to as the father ofgenetic engineering developed a method for joining the DNA of two different organisms, a monkey virus known as SV40 and a second virus known as lambda phage. (faqs.org)
The mice carry a temperature-sensitive variant of the SV40 large T antigen under control of the IFN-g-inducible H-2kb promoter. (cls.shop)

The fully assembled peptide loading complex machinery of antigen processing is formed by the antigen transport complex TAP1/2, the chaperones calreticulin, ERp57, and tapasin, and the heterodimeric MHC I (heavy and light chain in teal and green). (chemeurope.com)
During the loading process, an MHC I-peptide epitope complex thus forms, and this is the road sign that is then transported to the surface of the cell and presented in a readily accessible form to the killer T cells - we could almost say that it is handed to them on a silver platter. (chemeurope.com)

Dysfunction of murine Aire gene results in comparable scenario and therefore mouse is used as the model organism for investigation of APECED. (wikipedia.org)
We have identified a novel gene, gtcA , involved in the decoration of cell wall teichoic acid of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b with galactose and glucose. (asm.org)
The technique required three elements: the gene to be transferred, a host cell in which the gene is to be inserted, and a vector for transferring the gene to the body. (faqs.org)
Suppose, for example, that one wishes to insert the insulin gene into a bacterial cell. (faqs.org)
This invention relates to a method for selectively separating live cells which have expressed a specific gene. (justia.com)
The parasitic cell surface glycoprotein encoded by the SOWgp gene appears to function as an adhesion and contributes to the virulence of C. immitis. (kenyon.edu)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

The libraries will be screened with existing antiserum raised against cell wall and whole cell preparations which have been shown to be T-cell reactive in immune lymph node proliferation (ILNP) assays. (grantome.com)
Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays): 3 samples with low, middle and high level Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1) were tested on 3 different plates, 8 replicates in each plate. (uscnk.com)
Furthermore, because of the antigenic and genetic diversity of 'Norwalk-like viruses'* (NLVs) and the inability to cultivate these viruses in cell lines, developing assays to detect the full spectrum of NLVs associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis was not possible. (cdc.gov)
During the early 1990s, breakthroughs in cloning and sequencing of Norwalk virus and Southampton virus ( 15--18 ) led to the development of sensitive molecular assays (e.g., reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]), nucleotide hybridization probes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that used baculovirus-expressed viral antigens ( 19--33 ). (cdc.gov)

As for many other gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall of L. monocytogenes contains large amounts of the anionic polymer teichoic acid (TA), covalently linked to peptidoglycan. (asm.org)
This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack. (referat.ru)
Memory cells are the basis of active immunisation against bacteria (Downie et. (referat.ru)

Here, we took advantage of an in vitro system to generate antigen-specific human T cells and show that melanoma-associated antigens, MART-1 and gp100, can be recognized by γδ T cells in an MHC-restricted fashion. (rcsb.org)
Our work shows that antigen-specific and MHC-restricted γδ T cells can be generated in vitro and that MART-1-specific γδ T cells can also be found and cloned from the naïve repertoire. (rcsb.org)
Expansion of MSCs was shown to be limited to a few passages of in vitro culture and the cells underwent replicative senescence [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Changes in the differentiation potential of MSCs after in vitro expansion were noted and chondrogenic clones especially disappeared early on [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, available in vitro protocols for expansion of MSCs do not yield true stem cells. (hindawi.com)
Thus, eukaryotic in vitro systems, specifically the wheat germ cell-free system, hold significant promise. (iucr.org)

Reactive clones are isolated and the C. immitis cDNA of each is ligated into the pCMV mammalian expression vector. (grantome.com)
As epimastigotes (depicted in the first image below) move to the hindgut, they differentiate into metacyclic trypomastigotes (depicted in the second image below), which are nondividing forms resistant to mammalian complement that have the capacity to infect mammalian cells. (medscape.com)

Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller & Renwick, 1994). (referat.ru)

Inocculate T75 cell culture flasks with 1x 10^4 cells/cm^2 (about 60.000 cells/ml, 12ml medium in one T75) for the proliferation process. (cls.shop)
Human bmMSCs were described in the late nineties as well [ 6 ] and at the same time a breakthrough study investigated the expression of typical cell surface markers and the proliferation and differentiation properties of human MSCs in more detail [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

Insulin produced by β cells of the pancreas) to subsequently present these so-called "tissue restricted antigens" (TRAs) from almost all parts of the body to developing T cells in order to test which TCRs recognize self-tissues and can be therefore harmful to the body. (wikipedia.org)
Using improved immunofluorescence microscopy, Rohrschneider soon realized that most of the Src oncoprotein is actually concentrated in small regions of the cell membrane where the internal cytoskeleton sticks to the external matrix that makes up the glue of connective tissue. (fredhutch.org)
He predicted that an organism could be prepared for the introduction of foreign tissue thereby preventing an immune response and rejection. (oxsci.org)
Most stem cells intended for regenerative therapy and generally isolated either from the patient's bone marrow or from adipose tissue. (stem-cells-therapy.com)
The mechanism and function of heterochromatin disruption in FSHD muscular dystrophy is another area of research, in which we perform single cell/nucleus analyses to isolate and characterize a small number of disease-driving cells and are developing 3D and tissue on a chip to measure intrinsic defects of FSHD and CRISPR-engineered mutant myocytes. (uci.edu)

They display differentiation capacities and therefore qualify as multipotent progenitor cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Overview on self-renewal or differentiation of stem cells in their respective stem cell niche. (hindawi.com)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)

Organisms are constantly invaded by pathogens such as viruses. (chemeurope.com)
When an infection enters the body, dendritic cells eat some of the pathogens by phagocytosis then process and present the antigen to T helper cells in the lymphatic system using a MHC-II molecule. (oxsci.org)
PLOS Pathogens publishes Open Access research and commentary that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they interact with host organisms. (plos.org)

Memory cellsOnce the antigens have been destroyed the plasma cells disappear leaving a few as memory cells which enable a swift response upon second exposure to the antigen (Trounce, 1997). (referat.ru)
With a second or subsequent exposure to the same antigen, the response is much faster due to memory cells recognising the antigen more quickly. (elucidate.org.au)

The antigen-specific activation of B and/or T cells involves their staggered interaction with other cells in a contact-dependent manner and by soluble factors. (healthtipsdesk.com)

A cell of the body consists of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm which is contained by the cell membrane. (safarivet.com)
Infected cell starting to manufacture viruses which are seen in the cytoplasm of the cell. (safarivet.com)

The role of complement & antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. (referat.ru)
How do killer T cells recognise cells in the body that have been infected by viruses? (chemeurope.com)
How do they recognise that something is wrong inside a cell in which viruses are lurking? (chemeurope.com)
When B cells encounter a pathogen, they recognise the antigen and internalise, process and present it. (oxsci.org)
T helper cells recognise the presented antigen and activate B cells via Interleukin 4 causing the B cells to clone. (oxsci.org)

These antigens are recognized as being foreign, and antibody production is initiated. (safarivet.com)

Cells of Coccidioides immitis in the hyphal stage have thin, structure-less walls and a cytoplasmic membrane. (kenyon.edu)

These cells then migrate to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, and lie in wait until they encounter their specific antigen. (oxsci.org)
Most adjuvants provide for an injection site, antigen depot which allows for a slow release of antigen into draining lymph nodes. (wikidoc.org)

This includes the expression of distinct antigens on subsets of MSCs, which was utilized recently to define and separate functionally different subsets from bulk MSCs. (hindawi.com)
We therefore briefly discuss differences found in subsets of human bmMSCs and in MSCs isolated from some other sources and touch upon how this could be utilized for cell-based therapies. (hindawi.com)
or from functionally distinct subsets such as CD4 and CD8 T-cells. (elifesciences.org)

Insome cases, a single misspelled base is sufficient to cause a disease, suchas sickle cell anemia. (faqs.org)
INTRODUCTION: Although most patients with rare diseases like sickle cell disease (SCD) are treated in the primary care setting, primary care physicians may find it challenging to keep abreast of medication improvements and complications associated with treatment for rare and complex diseases. (cdc.gov)

T cell precursors rise in bone marrow and migrate through the bloodstream to the thymus for further development. (wikipedia.org)
B cells in the bone marrow divide to create new cells, but what's special here is that each daughter cell is different from its parent as well as from all its siblings. (oxsci.org)
Today, more than 50 years after the first successful bone marrow transplantation, clinical application of hematopoietic stem cells is a routine procedure, saving the lives of many every day. (hindawi.com)
However, transplanting other than hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is still limited to a few applications, and it mainly applies to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow. (hindawi.com)
Recently, MSCs isolated from bone marrow (bmMSCs) were shown to be a blend of distinct cells and MSCs isolated from different tissues show besides some common features also some significant differences. (hindawi.com)
The MSCs have been described for the first time as colony forming fibroblasts (CFU-F), a rare population of cells residing in the bone marrow of guinea-pigs or mice [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Nowadays, experts agree that MSCs may generate upon appropriate stimulation quite different mature cells including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, tenocytes, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and stromal cells of the bone marrow [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
T and B cells develop from a common stem cell type, then mature in the thymus (T cells) or the bone marrow (B cells), which are called primary (or central) lymphoid organs. (healthtipsdesk.com)

Cell wall: Like most pathogenic fungi, the cell wall of Coccidioides immitis is rich in chitin and chitin metabolism is a reasonable target for the design of antifungal agents. (kenyon.edu)
Use of such animals can dramatically reduce morbidity and mortality due to pathogenic organisms, especially Pasteurella multocida in rabbits. (wikidoc.org)

RNA gel blot hybridization with clone p281 DNA revealed a poly(A) + mRNA of ≃600 nucleotides in human and marmoset (New World primate) cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Southern blot hybridization of HeLa cell and human lymphocyte DNA indicated the presence of 6-10 copies of p281-homologous sequences. (elsevierpure.com)
Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. (edu.au)
PGL-1 production also promoted bacterial uptake by human dendritic cells and dampened their infection-induced maturation. (bvsalud.org)
These viruses, called human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type III (HTLV-III) and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), seem to have many characteristics in common with LAV and probably represent independent isolates of the LAV prototype. (pasteur.fr)
But the fetal cells do not contain antigens, so through sheep stem cells therapy they will work properly and try to congregate with the human body, from where they were taken. (stem-cells-therapy.com)
He says stem cells made from human clones are much better than quality and are very effective for such treatment, even sheep stem cells therapy is also very effective. (stem-cells-therapy.com)

It was published that mTECs mediate clonal deletion (recessive tolerance), via presentation of TRAs, which leads to the apoptosis of autoreactive T cells, as well as they are competent to skew autoreactive T cells into TRegs, also through the presentation of TRAs, which then migrate to the periphery to protect tissues against autoreactive T cells that occasionally avoid selection processes in the thymus (dominant tolerance). (wikipedia.org)
The remaining B-cells of the clone become memory B cells , which spread to all body tissues to allow for the response to occur more rapidly, should the antigen enter the body again. (elucidate.org.au)

Some clones will be effector cells, providing the primary immune response, and some will be memory cells, providing the secondary immune response. (oxsci.org)
At the same time, by asymmetric cell division or after specific activation, stem cells must be able to generate more mature progenitor cells or differentiated effector cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

This first identification of an oncoprotein interacting with adhesion sites had a major impact on the field, since it provided an explanation for how Src and other oncoproteins could have such dramatic effects on cell morphology. (fredhutch.org)
Control the cell morphology and confluency under the microscope. (cls.shop)

Antigen Discovery Inc., in collaboration with David Koelle's laboratory Laboratory at the University of Washington in Seattle, has developed a high-throughput screening methodology for identification of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell specificities in cellular samples. (antigendiscovery.com)
10 8 pathogen-specific enriched T cells. (antigendiscovery.com)
The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. (referat.ru)
When an antigen-presenting cell presents the antigen to the specific B-cells, the B-cells are activated. (elucidate.org.au)
When the B-cells are activated, they enlarge and divide into a group of cells called a clone - most of the clone becomes plasma cells, which secrete the specific antibody capable of attaching to the active site of the antigen. (elucidate.org.au)
A typical example, in which there is a situation described above and it is difficult to separate the objective live cells selectively, includes the case where cells secreting a specific cytokine are selectively separated using the cytokine as a selection marker. (justia.com)
The cDNA of reactive clones is subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (e.g., pSE40), and the RTP is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using the corresponding specific murine antiserum obtained as sacrifice, as above. (grantome.com)
SOWgp encodes an immunodominant, spherule outer wall glycoprotein that is presented as a component of a parasitic phase-specific, membranous layer at the cell surface. (kenyon.edu)
Put very simply, clonal selection is when one specific cell is selected and cloned to fight infection. (oxsci.org)
The result is a collection of genetically different B and T cells that are designed randomly for very specific antigens. (oxsci.org)
The viruses are usually very specific for the cell type they will infect. (safarivet.com)
The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1). (uscnk.com)
Standards or samples are then added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated antibody specific to Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1). (uscnk.com)
Correspondence with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, Prof. Dr. Stefan F. Martin, Allergy Research skin-homing CD8+ Tc1/Tc17 and CD4+ Th1/Th17 cells. (cdc.gov)

A yeast-like organism of the Candida genus that causes the infection Candidiasis, commonly referred to as "thrush. (innvista.com)
Virus - A virus is shown in Figure 12 approaching a cell for infection. (safarivet.com)
The organism T cruzi and infection in humans were first described in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos R. J. Chagas. (medscape.com)

Both flagellar and somatic (mostly carbohydrate) surface antigens contribute to the serotypic designation of the organism ( 36 ). (asm.org)

In this paper we report the use of Sm autoantibodies to isolate a cDNA clone for the mRNA of one of these nuclear antigens. (elsevierpure.com)
Similar copy numbers were observed with genomic DNA from baboon, cat, and mouse, indicating that the Sm antigen mRNA sequence represented in p281 is conserved across three classes of the Mammalia (primates, carnivores, and rodents). (elsevierpure.com)
and a third step of detecting said labeled mRNA to identify the live cells having the labeled mRNA and separating the identified live cells selectively from said live cell group obtained in said second step. (justia.com)

The mechanism of this stochastic process enables on one hand the generation of vast repertoire of TCRs, however, on the other hand causes also origin of so called "autoreactive T cells" which recognize self antigens via their TCRs. (wikipedia.org)
Although γδ T cells can recognize nonclassical MHC, it is generally thought that recognition of antigens is not MHC restricted. (rcsb.org)

LymphokinesThe antigen on the surface of the APC triggers TH-cells to produce hormone-like lymphokines (Lessof, 1993). (referat.ru)
Matter foreign to the body is presented on the surface of these cells as antigens that act as a kind of road sign. (chemeurope.com)

Our results therefore suggest that M. leprae produces PGL-1 for immune-silent invasion of host phagocytic cells. (bvsalud.org)

For the first time, scientists have created a new type of hybrid embryo in the mixture of sheep and humans, which they use for stem cells therapy. (stem-cells-therapy.com)
In view of organ donation, scientists established stem cells of the sheep in the embryo. (stem-cells-therapy.com)

The molecular barcode is "processed" or assembled in the cell - in the endoplasmic reticulum, to be exact. (chemeurope.com)
In addition, it is not easy to introduce the solution of a polymer with the molecular weight greater than 120,000 like an antibody with high concentration into the cell because of its high viscosity. (justia.com)
We have sought to characterize LAV by the molecular cloning of its genome. (pasteur.fr)
Molecular cloning and characterization of dTAFII30a and dTAFII30ß: two small subunits of Drosophila TFIID. (uci.edu)

The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. (edu.au)
The genetic variety contained within the B-cell population is ensured by a process of continuous diversification of the genetically identical B-cell precursors. (healthtipsdesk.com)

Blood was taken just prior to vaccination and 3 weeks after and serum antibody levels (IgG) were assayed using inactivated antigen from the mycoplasma vaccine culture. (octagon-services.co.uk)

T helper cells cannot identify the antigen, but when presented to them, activate and start to clone. (oxsci.org)

An antibody that binds to the nuclei of the body's own cells. (lupus.org)

Finding the most effective antigen-binding sequences can be used to research potential therapies and/or new diagnostic tests. (idtdna.com)

T6080The Stable Bcl-x Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Line was generated from embryos of a pregnant mouse heterozygous for. (topsan.org)
He also says stem cell embryos can play a role in a new life like a full-charged battery and stem cell replacement for replacing any decayed or sick cell in the body of an even 90-year-old man. (stem-cells-therapy.com)

This copy can be obtained from a natural source (like DNA in islets of Langerhans cells), or it can be manufactured artificially in the laboratory. (faqs.org)
When germ-free cell cultures became a laboratory routine, hopes were high for using this novel technology for treatment of diseases or replacement of cells in patients suffering from injury, inflammation, or cancer or even refreshing cells in the elderly. (hindawi.com)
Al- direct demonstration or cultivation of the though a number of papers have reported causative organism, remain the definitive the existence of circulating antigens and laboratory diagnostic method for VL, sero- immune complexes in VL [ 16-19 ], none of diagnostic methods are needed to over- them has led to a useful antigen detection come the diagnostic difficulties assay for VL. (who.int)

Scientists believe that it can be possible by using stem cells as a substitute for humans. (stem-cells-therapy.com)

To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

Anatomy21

Organisms18

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs131

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care4

Antibodies32

Specificity10

Receptors9

Proteins15

Protein15

Response to antigens1

Recombinant3

Target antigen1

Molecules11

Receptor6

Lymphocytes6

Genes5

Immune system3

Reactivity5

Responses3

Recombination3

SV402

Peptide2

Gene8

Assays4

Bacteria3

Vitro6

Mammalian2

APCs1

Proliferation2

Tissue5

Differentiation5

Pathogens3

Exposure2

Soluble1

Cytoplasm2

Recognise5

Antibody production1

Membrane1

Lymph nodes2

Subsets3

Sickle2

Bone marrow8

Pathogenic2

Human7

Tissues2

Effector2

Morphology2

Specific14

Infection3

Somatic1

MRNA3

Recognize2

Surface2

Phagocytic1

Embryo2

Molecular4

Genetically2

Vaccine1

Activate1

Binds1

Sequences1

Embryos2

Laboratory3

Humans1

Stem and progenitor cells1