Antigen laboratory test neutralization tests. Medical search. Frequent questions

Traditional affinity-based immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) 5 , can quantitatively measure antibody titer, but due to inherent complexity and instrumentation, they require a centralized laboratory for diagnostics. (nature.com)
We aimed to develop a sensor technology that can quantitatively measure nAb responses against different isolates of SARS-CoV-2, be adapted for an all-in-solution multiwell format and provide rapid results in 1 hour, which is faster than established ELISA assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer (~6 hours) or cell-based neutralization assays (~one to several days). (nature.com)
33 Antigen detection assays are not available for MVEV, but have been used for JEV and Dengue fever virus. (mja.com.au)
29 , 37 Most reference laboratories have developed in-house MVEV serological tests that can detect total antibody by haemagglutination inhibition, IgG by immunofluorescence assays (IFA) or enzyme immunoassays (EIA), and IgM by IFA or EIA. (mja.com.au)
The assays will next be evaluated at the NUS and after successful completion of testing will be submitted for review under the FDA EUA program. (umbc.edu)
Despite their widespread use, both assays require standardisation to improve inter-laboratory agreement in testing. (bvsalud.org)
Although nucleic acid-based PCR assays are increasingly available through commercial diagnostic laboratories for the detection of common infectious diseases of dogs and cats (see Table 1-3 and Web Appendix 5 ), other diagnostic techniques still play important roles in diagnosis because of availability, reliability, and cost. (veteriankey.com)
Nineteen national-level public health laboratories performed routine dengue diagnostic assays on a proficiency testing panel consisting of two modules: one containing commercial serum samples spiked with cultured dengue viruses for the detection of nucleic acid and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) (Module A) and one containing human serum samples for the detection of anti-dengue virus antibodies (Module B). A review of logistics arrangements was also conducted. (who.int)
Sixteen of the 18 laboratories using IgM assays in Module B obtained the correct results as did the 13 laboratories that performed IgG assays. (who.int)
In this setting, antigen rapid tests yielded an overall sensitivity of 83.3% (not significantly different between the four assays) while the use of automated antigen dosing would have spared 93.5% of asymptomatic inpatient screening PCRs. (frontiersin.org)
Noting that clinicians' desperation to help critically ill patients drives inappropriate use of many tests, the guideline's senior author, Carol Glaser, MD, said the document can augment the role of laboratorians, who are often "the voice of reason" tasked with advising physicians about suitable assays for encephalitis patients. (aacc.org)
Recently, standard procedures were adopted for conducting neutralization assays. (who.int)

38 Neutralisation tests or an epitope-blocking ELISA can help identify MVEV-specific antibodies. (mja.com.au)
Diagnostic tests for CSFV detection include RT-qPCR, virus isolation, immunofluorescence assay, and detection of antibodies by serologic tests such as ELISA and virus neutralization. (merckvetmanual.com)
Traditionally, laboratory diagnostics for veterinary pathogens have relied on methods of detecting the pathogen by culture or antibodies, using varied techniques, such as neutralization, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion, and complement fixation. (delvepublishing.com)
Conversely, the CPV-antigen ELISA is very good for detecting CPV-associated enteritis, but not sensitive enough to detect CPV in dogs that are subclinically infected. (veteriankey.com)
aegypti ), implicating these species as likely lin (Ig) M-capture ELISA with DENV antigen confi rmed epidemic or enzootic vectors ( 3 - 5 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

To achieve this goal, we designed an assay that focuses on antibodies competing with RBD:ACE-2 interactions as a proxy for antibody neutralization 8 (Fig. 1a,b ). (nature.com)
One assay for COVID 19 antigen detection uses NUS antibodies and a mucin enzyme with the NHD rapid lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) format. (umbc.edu)
The immune status assay measures the mucosal IgA and IgG antibodies in the saliva sample and has demonstrated correlation to the laboratory neutralization assay. (umbc.edu)
Assessment of the ability to produce functional antibodies can be obtained by measuring antibody responses to natural antigens or those antigens to which the population commonly is exposed. (medscape.com)
Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies to ABO blood group antigens that are polysaccharide. (medscape.com)
In children who have completed immunizations with diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) or Hib-conjugated vaccines, the antibody response to protein antigens can be tested in adults and older children by measuring IgG antibodies to tetanus or diphtheria toxoid and H influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide antigen. (medscape.com)
Approximately 80% of children have detectable antibodies to these antigens after 3 immunizations during their first year of life. (medscape.com)
Virus-specific IgM antibodies demonstrated in serum by antibody-capture EIA and confirmed by demonstration of virus-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the same or a later specimen by another serologic assay (e.g., neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition). (cdc.gov)
or 2) serum IgM antibodies detected by antibody-capture EIA but with no available results of a confirmatory test for virus-specific serum IgG antibodies in the same or a later specimen. (cdc.gov)
however, many CRF01_AE viruses are resistant to neutralization mediated by these antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
Our data may provide important information to understand the molecular mechanism regulating the neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE viruses to CD4bs antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
Bio-Techne intends to utilize its vast collection of proteins, antibodies, and technologies to partner with diagnostic companies to develop additional rapid diagnostic tests and offer custom design and development services for lateral flow assay reagents, test development, and manufacturing. (biospace.com)
PRD-0038 S vaccination elicits greater titers of antibodies cross-reacting with vaccine-mismatched clade 2 and clade 1a sarbecoviruses compared with SARS-CoV-2 S due to broader antigenic targeting, motivating the inclusion of clade 3 antigens in next-generation vaccines for enhanced resilience to viral evolution. (uw.edu)
Over the years, veterinarians have incorporated new molecular diagnostic techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Western blot, as well as improved older techniques by using recombinant antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic peptides. (delvepublishing.com)
The neutralization test exhibited produced antibodies' potency to bind the virus proteins. (ajmb.org)
According to the present study, recombinant proteins, either RBD alone or in combination with N adequately stimulated the immune response, and the raised antibodies could neutralize the virus in in vitro test. (ajmb.org)
A novel cELISA was established and optimized based on the strategy that 6B211 can compete with C-strain induced neutralizing antibodies in pig serum to bind capture antigen C-strain E2. (biomedcentral.com)
Simple tests for food-specific IgE antibodies are available, but the clinician must appreciate that a positive test for food-specific IgE primarily denotes sensitization and may not confirm clinical allergy. (medscape.com)
Specific IgE antibodies to foods can be quantified by in vitro laboratory methods. (medscape.com)
Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Acetone-ether and sucrose-acetone extracted mouse brain and serum antigens were prepared and tested for hemagglutination properties according to the method of Clarke and Casals, with negative results. (cdc.gov)
The acetone-ether extracted brain was used as a complement-fixing antigen in a screen test (1:8 dilution of antigen tested against 1:4 dilution of serum in the presence of 2 exact units of complement) against about 70 hyperimmune mouse serum. (cdc.gov)
The biosensor is a switchable, caged luciferase-receptor-binding domain (RBD) construct that detects serum-antibody interference with the binding of virus RBD to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) as a proxy for neutralization. (nature.com)
28 Indeed, by the time neurological symptoms develop, PCR testing of serum or CSF often returns a negative result. (mja.com.au)
The serum test may offer advantages over skin prick testing when skin testing is limited by dermatographism, generalized dermatitis, or a clinical history of severe anaphylactic reactions to a given food. (medscape.com)
However, although the serum test provides information similar to the skin prick test, it is more expensive and results are not immediate. (medscape.com)
Studies have correlated the outcomes of physician-supervised oral food challenges with serum test results. (medscape.com)
An emerging serum test is component resolved diagnosis (CRD). (medscape.com)

Serological antibody tests (ideally home-based diagnostics) are critical to evaluate the response to vaccination and viral infection 2 . (nature.com)
We then established a diagnostic algorithm by approaching median viral loads in target populations and evaluated the limit of detection of each test using the PCR cycle threshold values. (frontiersin.org)
Thanks to their high sensitivity, ranging from 73.9 to 89.5% for high viral load samples [10 5 -10 7 RNA copies/swab ( 3 )], and their overall specificity ( 4 , 5 ), antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests have been integrated in several countries' testing strategies ( 6 - 10 ) 1 , 2 . (frontiersin.org)
The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on the detection of specific viral genetic material or antigens in respiratory specimens or blood samples using laboratory tests. (stemcelldaily.com)

WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has tested negative for Marburg virus. (who.int)
As stated by Kuno & Chang [ 15 ], "The three commonly used data for identifying vertebrate reservoirs for arboviruses have been (i) virus isolation from suspected animals, (ii) relatively high antibody prevalence in the animals captured in the field and (iii) demonstration of viraemia (of higher virus titre and duration) in the suspected animals typically obtained under laboratory conditions" [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use. (aarogya.com)
Pneumococcal (unconjugated) or meningococcal vaccines are commercially available polysaccharide antigens. (medscape.com)
This figure included the cost of vaccines for humans and dogs, immunoglobulin, laboratory diagnosis, medical and veterinary staff, training of staff and dog vaccination campaigns [3]. (scielo.br)
Virus neutralization test (VNT) is widely used for serological survey of classical swine fever (CSF) and efficacy evaluation of CSF vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus neutralization test (VNT) is considered as the gold standard for serological monitoring and efficacy evaluation of CSF vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

Diagnosis involves serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (msdmanuals.com)
Because closely related arboviruses exhibit serologic cross-reactivity, positive results of serologic tests using antigens from a single arbovirus can be misleading. (cdc.gov)
Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: Poliovirus vaccination. (who.int)

20 , 29 - 32 The use of PCR in conjunction with serological tests can increase the sensitivity of WNV diagnostic tests to 94% compared with 45% for serological tests alone. (mja.com.au)
Early diagnosis can eliminate the expense of unnecessary diagnostic tests and inappropriate medical treatment [9]. (scielo.br)
Our objective was to elaborate a diagnostic algorithm combining antigen rapid diagnostic tests, automated antigen dosing and rapid molecular tests and to assess its performance under routine conditions. (frontiersin.org)
During the 2022-23 influenza season, the included clinical laboratories tested 4,023,390 respiratory specimens for influenza viruses using clinical diagnostic tests. (cdc.gov)

Additional information on adenovirus testing at CDC is available at Submitting Specimens to CDC . (cdc.gov)
Before collecting any specimens, discuss with a laboratory and a clinician familiar with adenovirus. (cdc.gov)
See Recommendations for Collection of Laboratory Specimens Associated with Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis (cdc.gov). (cdc.gov)
The percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza each week ranged from 0.7% to 26.3% and peaked during the week ending December 10, 2022 (week 49) (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
Public health laboratories tested 283,440 specimens and reported 30,993 positive specimens, with 29,552 (95.4%) positive for influenza A and 1,441 (4.6%) positive for influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)

Positive serology tests for hepatitis B or C with detectable hepatitis B HBsAg or DNA, or hepatitis C RNA 19. (who.int)

We used an RT-PCR, with primers targeted to the 3' terminal portion of the nucleoprotein gene (N), to test neck-skin samples of nine patients who had rabies in order to validate a diagnostic method that could serve as an additional tool for rabies diagnosis, particularly in antemortem samples. (scielo.br)
Schematic depicting three primary reasons for making a laboratory diagnosis. (veteriankey.com)
Using tests not considered the "gold standard" for COVID-19 diagnosis on well-defined target populations allowed for the optimization of their intrinsic performances, widening the scale of our testing arsenal while sparing molecular resources for more seriously ill patients. (frontiersin.org)
Proper specimen collection is the most important step in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. (stemcelldaily.com)

1) describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, management and prevention of Zika virus disease, 2) discuss diagnostic testing for Zika virus infection and interpretation of test results, 3) articulate the importance of early recognition and reporting of cases, 4) state the recommendations for pregnant women and possible Zika virus exposure, and 5) discuss evaluation of infants with microcephaly and relationship of Zika in microcephaly. (cdc.gov)
Rapid Antigen Tests (ART) have become a common way to test for COVID-19 infection, at home and for travel, due to their simple to use format. (umbc.edu)
In this manuscript, Bio-Techne scientists demonstrate a method for developing an inexpensive alternate test for diagnosing active COVID-19 infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 with a minimally invasive anterior nares swab sample. (biospace.com)
Detection of ongoing/recent dengue virus infection by both molecular (RT-PCR) and serological methods (IgM) was available in 15/19 participating laboratories. (who.int)
The type of specimen collected when testing for current or past infection with SARS-CoV-2 is based on the test being performed and its manufacturer's instructions. (stemcelldaily.com)

Interpretation depends on the level of clinical inquiry and types of laboratory tests used. (veteriankey.com)
Singapore, Australia) include only laboratory-confirmed cases, while others include all clinical diagnoses with only a subset (e.g. paediatric patients) being laboratory-confirmed. (who.int)
This report describes the extent and timing of influenza activity in the United States during the 2022-23 influenza season (October 2, 2022 - September 9, 2023) as reported to CDC by clinical and public health laboratories, outpatient providers, emergency departments, hospitals, vital statistics offices, and public health departments. (cdc.gov)
U.S. World Health Organization (WHO) collaborating laboratories and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) laboratories, which include both clinical and public health laboratories throughout the United States, contribute to virologic surveillance for influenza (1). (cdc.gov)
Healthy subjects, as concluded from the medical history, physical examination test including normal vital signs, and clinical judgment, without the need for medication. (who.int)

11 The use of molecular diagnostics has allowed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to be applied at a screening test where several infectious agents are probed for simultaneously. (veteriankey.com)
This first round of external quality assessment of dengue diagnostics was successfully conducted in national-level public health laboratories in the WHO Western Pacific Region, revealing good proficiency in both molecular and serological testing. (who.int)

These tests do not provide immune status, as individuals are concerned over their level of immune protection and whether multiple booster vaccinations are needed. (umbc.edu)
The other test for immune status uses the NHD proprietary peptides in a LFI assay. (umbc.edu)
Hepatitis B is not a reliable antigen for testing immune competence because of the high frequency of nonresponders in the population, particularly in persons older than 40 years. (medscape.com)

Serological tests remain the mainstay of confirmatory diagnostic testing. (mja.com.au)

The LFI strength of the test line significantly increased post second dose of a vaccine with a gradual decline after 6 months. (umbc.edu)
Therefore, antibody responses should be measured to polysaccharide antigens that are not present in the protein-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. (medscape.com)
Alternatively antibody response to typhoid-Vi antigen can be measured following typhoid vaccine administration. (medscape.com)
Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of this study was to compare a surface plasmon resonance-based assay and two different enzyme linked immunoassays against the current potency assay, SRID, and against mouse immunogenicity when haemagglutinin antigen of the A(H1N1)pdm09 component of an inactivated influenza vaccine is stressed by elevated temperature, low pH and freezing. (bvsalud.org)

Since the first wave of COVID-19 in Europe, new diagnostic tools using antigen detection and rapid molecular techniques have been developed. (frontiersin.org)
An analytical performance evaluation of four antigen rapid tests, one automated antigen dosing and one molecular point-of-care test was performed on samples sent to our laboratory for a SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription PCR. (frontiersin.org)
Our diagnostic algorithm proposed to test recently symptomatic patients using rapid antigen tests, asymptomatic patients using automated tests, and patients requiring immediate admission using molecular point-of-care tests. (frontiersin.org)
Since then, a new set of diagnostic tools have been developed, such as antigen detection immunoassays or molecular point-of-care tests. (frontiersin.org)

In 2008, PAHO / WHO Member States established a Network of Dengue Laboratories of the Americas (RELDA), to strengthen technical capacities for diagnosing dengue. (paho.org)
Accurate laboratory testing is a critical component of dengue surveillance and control. (who.int)
The objective of this programme was to assess dengue diagnostic proficiency among national-level public health laboratories in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
Further comprehensive diagnostic testing for dengue virus and other priority pathogens in the Region will be assessed during future rounds. (who.int)

All 16 laboratories testing Module A performed reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for both RNA and serotype detection. (who.int)

Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. (bvsalud.org)
Genomic Epidemiology of Treponema pallidum and Circulation of Strains With Diminished tprK Antigen Variation Capability in Seattle, 2021-2022. (amedeo.com)

Additionally, the antigen detection assay demonstrated significant improvement in sensitivity compared to the currently available ART "Nasal Sample" test. (umbc.edu)
The test rapidly produces results after 15 minutes with a limit of detection of 2.0 x 10 2 TCID 50 /mL, 87.5% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. (biospace.com)
A test with high sensitivity has few false-negative results. (veteriankey.com)

tory testing to the Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory at the Over the next 20 years, several ZIKV isolates were Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Fort obtained from Aedes spp. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

In some circumstances (e.g., in areas where two or more closely related arboviruses occur, or in imported arboviral disease cases), it may be epidemiologically important to attempt to pinpoint the infecting virus by conducting cross-neutralization tests using an appropriate battery of closely related viruses. (cdc.gov)

The algorithm in question lists routine studies and tests that should be performed on all suspected encephalitis patients, as well as conditional studies based on host and geographic factors, season and exposure, specific signs and symptoms, and both laboratory and neuroimaging features (See chart, p. 4). (aacc.org)
This stratified approach of performing a clutch of routine tests plus conditional studies-based on patient-specific circumstances-is a pragmatic approach to the diagnostic work-up of encephalitis, given that many of the recommended tests use precious cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), said James Sejvar, MD, a neuroepidemiologist in the Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology at CDC's National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Atlanta. (aacc.org)

Many laboratories can test for human adenoviruses, but the extent of testing capability can vary. (cdc.gov)

Positive result on a screening test for HIV antibody (e.g., repeatedly reactive enzyme immunoassay), followed by a positive result on a confirmatory (sensitive and more specific) test for HIV antibody (e.g. (cdc.gov)

The C-strain antibody can be tested in pigs as early as 7 days post vaccination with the cELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
The 'gold standard' method to assess humoral antibody responses fol owing vaccination is the neutralization assay. (who.int)

Here, we investigated whether this principle remains applicable when there are large genetic and antigenic differences between primary and secondary influenza virus antigens. (bvsalud.org)

This assessment can also be done by measuring antibody responses following active immunization with protein or polysaccharide antigens. (medscape.com)

Based on further analysis of ongoing research, WHO recommends that male survivors of Marburg virus disease practise safer sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen twice tests negative for Marburg virus. (who.int)
Ebola virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in a man who was infected in a laboratory. (aarogya.com)
take a blood sample 4 weeks after the last injection and determine antibody level (usually by virus neutralization). (medscape.com)
Since the previous report,1 the WHO Biosafety Inspection Team visited the biosafety level 4 laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States of America in March 2009 and found the facility safe and secure for work with live variola virus. (who.int)

Injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels are leveraged as a depot technology for the sustained delivery of a nanoparticle antigen (RND-NP) displaying multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and potent adjuvants including CpG and 3M-052. (uw.edu)

The globalization of trade in animals and animal products is a major driver for the improvement of the analytical and diagnostic quality of tests. (delvepublishing.com)

If all cats have seronegative test results, then PCR would be used to confirm the negative status and certification would be granted. (veteriankey.com)
All nine laboratories performing NS1 antigen detection obtained the correct results. (who.int)
However, these tests are not 100% accurate and may have false negative or false positive results. (stemcelldaily.com)
A specimen that is not collected correctly may lead to false or inconclusive test results. (stemcelldaily.com)
Test systems vary with regard to measurements, and similarly reported results may not be equivalent. (medscape.com)

This paper demonstrated that lateral flow immunoassay could be a rapid and effective tool for antibody characterization, including epitope classification and surrogate antibody neutralization kinetics. (biospace.com)

However, the unprecedented high volume of samples reaching laboratories led to global scarcities of reagents and delays making prolonged containment measures less acceptable by the population ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)

Building upon previous collaborative studies to harmonise the HAI, in this study the FLUCOP consortium carried out a head-to-head comparison of harmonised HAI and MN protocols to better understand the relationship between HAI and MN titres, and the impact of assay harmonisation and standardisation on inter-laboratory variability and agreement between these methods. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: In this paper, we present two large international collaborative studies testing harmonised HAI and MN protocols across 10 participating laboratories. (bvsalud.org)
The term RAST (radioallergosorbent test) is antiquated because modern methods do not use radiation. (medscape.com)

Assessment of responses to polysaccharide antigens is important in patients older than 18-24 months because these responses may be deficient in some patients who can respond normally to protein antigens. (medscape.com)

the revised HIV criteria apply to AIDS-defining conditions for adults (18) and children (17,19), which require laboratory evidence of HIV. (cdc.gov)
The guideline also specifies which tests are appropriate for children, and which should be used in adults only. (aacc.org)

We anticipate that this algorithm can lead to rational, as opposed to shotgun, testing in cases of suspected encephalitis," said the guideline's first author, Arun Venkatesan, MD, PhD, assistant professor of neurology and director of the Encephalitis Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. (aacc.org)

The Key Components of Veterinary Diagnostic System are Vet Laboratory, Vet Devices and Veterinary Diagnostic Test Kits. (delvepublishing.com)

For diagnostic testing for current SARS-CoV-2 infections, CDC recommends collecting and testing an upper respiratory specimen. (stemcelldaily.com)

By testing pig sera ( n = 139) in parallel, the cELISA showed excellent agreement (Kappa = 0.957) with VNT. (biomedcentral.com)

The website does not endorse any specific products, services, tests, or treatments mentioned on this website. (stemcelldaily.com)

Some of the specimen types listed above will not be appropriate for all tests. (stemcelldaily.com)

As a consequence, the process of diagnosing encephalitis is highly variable among clinicians and institutions, and fraught with inappropriate testing. (aacc.org)

Lateral-flow antigen tests have been introduced, but they are used primarily as binary qualitative tests and report only binding between antibody and antigen rather than neutralization 7 . (nature.com)
The paper discusses a proof-of-concept lateral flow-based test that identifies the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen with no equipment or laboratory infrastructure to administer. (biospace.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms53

Diseases39

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment48

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science6

Named Groups2

Health Care18

Geographicals1

Assays12

ELISA5

Antibodies20

Serum8

Viral4

Isolation2

Vaccines5

Serologic3

Diagnostic tests4

Specimens5

Detectable1

Diagnosis4

Infection5

Clinical5

Diagnostics2

Immune3

Serological tests1

Vaccine5

Molecular4

Dengue4

Polymerase chain re1

Strains2

Sensitivity3

Arbovirus1

Viruses1

Routine2

Capability1

Confirmatory1

Vaccination2

Antigenic1

Antibody responses1

Virus4

Potent1

Analytical1

Results5

Surrogate1

Reagents1

Methods3

Responses1

Adults2

Algorithm1

Veterinary1

Infections1

Sera1

Specific1

Specimen1

Encephalitis1

Lateral flow2