AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
Bone Marrow TransplantationBone MarrowTransplantation, HomologousBone Marrow CellsGraft vs Host DiseaseTransplantation, AutologousWhole-Body IrradiationHematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationHematopoietic Stem CellsBone and BonesTransplantation ConditioningLeukemiaAnemia, AplasticTransplantation ChimeraLiver TransplantationTissue DonorsGraft SurvivalBusulfanHematopoiesisHistocompatibility TestingBone Marrow PurgingHistocompatibilityAntigensCyclophosphamideTransplantation, IsogeneicMice, Inbred C57BLBone Marrow DiseasesKidney TransplantationHematologic NeoplasmsRadiation ChimeraRecurrenceLeukemia, Myeloid, AcuteLeukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL PositiveHLA AntigensCombined Modality TherapyTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeImmunosuppressive AgentsBone Marrow ExaminationT-LymphocytesGraft RejectionRemission InductionPrecursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-LymphomaLeukemia, MyeloidColony-Forming Units AssayHepatic Veno-Occlusive DiseaseTransplantation ImmunologyBone RemodelingBone Marrow NeoplasmsAcute DiseaseImmunosuppressionGraft vs Host ReactionLymphocyte DepletionLymphoma, Non-HodgkinCell DifferentiationStem Cell TransplantationAntigens, SurfaceLeukocyte TransfusionChimeraHeart TransplantationMyelodysplastic SyndromesAntigens, CD34Severe Combined ImmunodeficiencySurvival AnalysisAntigens, NeoplasmRetrospective StudiesAntigens, CDFlow CytometryMice, Inbred BALB CCells, CulturedHematologic DiseasesSpleenCyclosporineLymphocyte TransfusionLung TransplantationAntigens, BacterialActuarial AnalysisBone DensityGraft vs Tumor EffectAntibodies, MonoclonalAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsGraft vs Leukemia EffectCarmustineNuclear FamilyGranulocyte Colony-Stimulating FactorPancytopeniaSurvival RateLeukocyte CountFollow-Up StudiesCytomegalovirus InfectionsOrgan TransplantationGranulocytesMice, KnockoutLymphomaCytarabineBlood CellsHematopoietic SystemDisease-Free SurvivalMultiple MyelomaMelphalan
TransplantHSCTGraft versusDonorsSource of hematopoietic stemReceptorProgenitorHematologyAutologous Stem Cell TransMalignanciesMesenchymalReceptorsChemotherapyImmunologyReconstitutionRelapseEngraftmentUmbilicalAdults with sickle cell diTransplantsAcuteImmuneObtained from human bone mSevere aplastic anemiaMononuclear cellsTissueFlow cytometryTherapiesAbstractHSCsAplasticLymphocytesCellularRemissionLymphomaHumanTumorDonate bone marrowCurativeBloodOutcomesProliferationSickleInduceStromalInfections
Transplant35
  • high-risk patients included male subjects, recipients of stem cells from female donors, patients younger than 10 years, those with nonidentical donors, and those who received radiation therapy in the transplant preparative regimen. (medscape.com)
  • In a study from the United States, long-term survivors of pediatric bone marrow transplantation followed in the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivors Study were compared with survivors of childhood cancer treated without bone marrow transplant from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. (medscape.com)
  • The registry follows the excitement surrounding Nigeria's first bone marrow transplant last October, in which. (the-scientist.com)
  • The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of Iomab-B, in conjunction with a Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) regimen and protocol-specified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT), versus Conventional Care. (mayo.edu)
  • The purpose of this study is to compare relapse-free survival between participants with FLT3/ITD AML in first morphologic complete remission (CR1) who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) and are randomized to receive gilteritinib or placebo beginning after the time of engraftment for a two year period. (mayo.edu)
  • This group etic stem cell transplant (HSCT) (8 allogeneic) and in 15 of patients has also been disproportionately represented patients with malignancy treated at 6 Australian tertiary cen- among those with severe infections from infl uenza A pan- ters during winter 2009. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood Marrow Transplant. (bcm.edu)
  • Ramos CA " Striking the right balance: optimizing conditioning regimens for unrelated donor bone marrow transplant for severe aplastic anemia. . (bcm.edu)
  • Transplant Cell Ther. (stembook.org)
  • Survival Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplants with EBV positive or EBV negative Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD), A CIBMTR Study. (stembook.org)
  • A Simple Prognostic System in Myelofibrosis Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant: A CIBMTR/EBMT analysis. (stembook.org)
  • Risk Factors for Graft-versus-Host Disease in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Using Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide. (stembook.org)
  • Non-GVHD ocular complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation: expert review from the Late Effects and Quality of Life Working Committee of the CIBMTR and Transplant Complications Working Party of the EBMT. (stembook.org)
  • The number of cells in a single UCB can be limiting, but the use of two UCBs for a single transplant shows promise to overcome this obstacle. (duke.edu)
  • This is a prospective, multi-center, Phase II study of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched unrelated donors (MMUD) for peripheral blood stem cell transplant in adults and bone marrow stem cell transplant in children. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • These cells are used for hematopoietic stem cell transplant, or shipment to manufacturers of cellular therapies such as dendritic cell vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. (uiowa.edu)
  • Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 26(7):1247-1256, 2020. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with life-threatening cancers, such as leukemia , lymphoma , and myeloma can be treated with a bone marrow transplant or, sometimes, a stem cell transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Autologous bone marrow transplant is when people donate their own bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Allogenic bone marrow transplant is when another person donates bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But only about 30% of people who need a bone marrow transplant can find a matching donor in their own family. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors can then use the registry to find a matching donor for a person who needs a bone marrow transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the mid-20th century, Dr. E. Donnall Thomas achieved a landmark breakthrough by successfully performing the first bone marrow transplant between identical twins in 1956 (Thomas et al. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • In April 1960, Dr. Álvaro Gómez-Leal, presented during the first meeting of the Agrupación Mexicana para el Estudio de la Hematología, A.C., data on a transplant of allogeneic stem cells in a patient with acute leukemia done in Monterrey, Mexico: the patient received high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cells from the bone marrow of his brother, improving and obtaining remission for months but relapsing and subsequently died. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • It was only until 1988 when the same group could report on their first successful bone marrow transplant (León-Rodríguez et al. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • Patients will receive intensity modulated total marrow irradiation (TMI) at a dose of 9 Gy with standard myeloablative fludarabine/ i.v. targeted busulfan (FluBu) conditioning prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). (mycancergenome.org)
  • Dr. Al Malki is an Associate Professor in the Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Director of the Unrelated Donor Bone Marrow Transplant and Haploidentical Transplant Programs at City of Hope. (tscan.com)
  • An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
  • Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. (lookformedical.com)
  • A bone marrow transplant (BMT) takes a donor's healthy stem cells and gives them to a patient so they can grow their own healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Defibrotide: Real World Management of Veno-Occlusive Disease/ Sinusoidal Obstructive Syndrome after Stem Cell Transplant. (harvard.edu)
  • Real-World Data Showing Trends and Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Report from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. (mcw.edu)
  • DNA Sequencing to Detect Residual Disease in Adults With Acute Myeloid Leukemia Prior to Hematopoietic Cell Transplant. (mcw.edu)
  • Harmonizing Definitions for Diagnostic Criteria and Prognostic Assessment of Transplantation-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Report on Behalf of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Asia-Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group, and Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. (mcw.edu)
  • In addition, the use of CSF-primed PBPC resulted in a significant reduction in median number of antibiotics used, days in the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, and hospital resources used. (johnshopkins.edu)
HSCT16
Graft versus8
  • In addition to complications seen from exposure to chemotherapy and radiation, patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation can experience unique late effects secondary to graft versus host disease (GVHD) and autoimmunity. (medscape.com)
  • Besides modification based on a second-generation CAR, more advanced CAR-immune cell therapeutics are being tested, which utilize precise insertion of genes to circumvent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) or employ a dual targeting approach and adapter CARs in order to avoid therapy resistance caused by antigen loss. (nature.com)
  • Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Non-Relapse Mortality and Disease Relapse in Older versus Younger Adults Undergoing Matched Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A CIBMTR Analysis. (stembook.org)
  • Doubts about whether UCB, containing 10-20x fewer cells than bone marrow, had sufficient cells to durably engraft a myeloablated patient and, after demonstration that engraftment occurred with less graft-versus-host disease, whether it would confer graft-versus-leukemia activity were raised. (duke.edu)
  • Transplantation without full human leukocyte antigen matching is possible and, despite a lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease, graft-versus-leukemia is preserved. (duke.edu)
  • Therapeutic Candidate or Device OSSM007: cryopreserved, interferon-gamma-primed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) Indication acute Graft versus host disease (aGVHD) resulting from hematopoietic cell transplantation Therapeutic Mechanism Immunomodulation of host-reactive T cells to induce operational tolerance of donor HSC-derived lymphocytes through direct cell-to-cell contact and secreted paracrine factors. (ca.gov)
  • Gene delivery through stem cells using specific viral vectors are also utilised to confer lineage specificity of transducedautologous or allogeneic stem cell gene expressionin the recipient while addressing graft versus host disease. (hoajonline.com)
  • Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is a common complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) caused by cellular and inflammatory factors, including those arising from monocytes and dendritic cells as integral parts of the immune system. (magiran.com)
Donors12
  • Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and potential alternative for bone marrow transplantation for patients who lack human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors. (wjgnet.com)
  • Successful stem cell transplantation for patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) from matched family donors without conditioning results in engraftment of T lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
  • And while 70 percent of Caucasian patients are successfully matched, only 17 percent of black people in the United States are as lucky, according to The New York Stem Cell Foundation , likely because only 8 percent of donors in US registries are black. (the-scientist.com)
  • Most CAR-T cell-based gene therapy products that are under clinical evaluation consist of autologous enriched T cells, whereas CAR-NK cell-based approaches can be generated from allogeneic donors. (nature.com)
  • To prove that HSC impairment was a consequence of niche manipulation, a group of mice was treated with bisphosphonates and then subjected to BM transplantation from untreated donors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We also collect hematopoietic stem cells and mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients. (uiowa.edu)
  • Dr. George Mathé explored the transplantation of bone marrow cells from healthy donors to treat patients accidentally irradiated at high dose, expanding the possibilities of this life-saving technique (Mathé et al. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • fludarabine 40 mg/m2 IVBP daily for day -5 (5 days before stem cell infusion) through Day -2, IV busulfan targeting a 4800μM/min/ day from day -5 through day -2, and ATG ( Thymoglobulin ®) at 0.5 mg/kg IV on day -3, and 2 mg/kg on days -2 and day -1 (Only for recipients of stem cells from unrelated or mismatched donors). (mycancergenome.org)
  • The CXCL12-3'A allele is associated with a higher mobilization yield of CD34 progenitors to the peripheral blood of healthy donors for allogeneic transplantation. (cdc.gov)
  • Donor CTLA-4 genotype influences clinical outcome after T cell-depleted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors. (cdc.gov)
  • Most donors give stem cells that are harvested from the bloodstream before the blood is returned to the body. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The donation may require two to three sessions, and donors don't report pain, although the growth factor can cause temporary headaches, joint pain or bone pain. (discovermagazine.com)
Source of hematopoietic stem2
Receptor14
  • Ramos CA, Dotti G " Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes for cancer therapy. . (bcm.edu)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies are on the verge of becoming powerful immunotherapeutic tools for combating hematological diseases confronted with pressing medical needs. (nature.com)
  • Classical " CARs consist of an extracellular binding domain mostly derived from a monoclonal antibody fragment (single-chain variable fragment-scFv), which is linked to intracellular binding domains of the T-cell receptor complex. (nature.com)
  • The chimeric antigen receptor-intensive care unit (CAR-ICU) initiative: Surveying intensive care unit practices in the management of CAR T-cell associated toxicities. (stembook.org)
  • Contemporarily, basic research has provided new tools, if imperfect, to monitor thymic function, that is, T-cell receptor excision circles, markers for lymphocytes recently emigrated from the thymus and new imaging techniques. (transhumanist.ru)
  • PTPRC/CD45: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C, CD45 antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is important in maintaining the integrity of endothelial monolayers, in monocyte migration into the extracellular tissues, and it also provides a co-stimulatory signal to T cells and enhances receptor and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. (exbio.cz)
  • This phase I trial studies the best dose and side effects of CD19/CD22 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells when given together with chemotherapy, and to see how well they work in treating children or young adults with CD19 positive B acute lymphoblastic leukemia that has come back or does not respond to treatment. (stanford.edu)
  • A CAR is a genetically-engineered receptor made so that immune cells (T cells) can attack cancer cells by recognizing and responding to the CD19/CD22 proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • WALTHAM, Mass., Nov. 09, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- TScan Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: TCRX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cell therapies (TCR-T) for the treatment of patients with cancer, today reported financial results and provided a corporate update for the third quarter ended September 30, 2023. (tscan.com)
  • or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Consolidative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: who? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows good efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL), it fails to improve long-term leukemia-free survival (LFS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
Progenitor11
  • 2 Evaluation of harvest adequacy requires the use of reliable progenitor cell assays and this is usually achieved by CD34 cell counting using flow cytometry. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CD34, a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein, is present on immature hematopoietic precursor cells and all hematopoietic colony-forming cells in bone marrow and blood, including unipotent and pluripotent progenitor cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • For many hematopoietic malignancies, collection and infusion of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells following chemotherapy is critical. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Flow cytometric enumeration of CD34+ HSCs and progenitor cells is an established method for the evaluation of bone marrow and stem cell grafts. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Flow cytometric applications for CD34+ cell identification and enumeration provide a rapid, quantitative and reproducible method to evaluate the progenitor cell population. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The impact of pre-apheresis Health Related Quality of Life on peripheral blood progenitor cell yield and donor's health and outcome: Secondary analysis of Patient-Reported Outcome Data from the RDSafe and BMT CTN 0201 Clinical Trials. (stembook.org)
  • Therapeutic Candidate or Device Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells collected from X-CGD patients modified with a highly regulated lentiviral vector Indication X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease Therapeutic Mechanism Lentiviral vector (LV) modification of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to restore physiologic gp91phox expression. (ca.gov)
  • This reduced differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor stem cells could occur due to both infectious and non-communicable diseases and also due to their drug induced treatments. (hoajonline.com)
  • or BM with G-CSF or GM-CSF and G-CSF or GM-CSF primed peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The use of CSF-primed PBPC led to a highly significant reduction in the duration of leukopenia with a white blood cell (WBC) count under 100 and 200 cells/mL, and neutrophil count under 100 and 200 cells/mL with both GM- and G-CSF primed PB progenitor cells, compared with the use of the CSF with BM or with historical controls using BM alone. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Phenotypic analysis of the CSF-primed PBPC indicated the presence of cells bearing antigens associated with both early and late hematopoietic progenitor cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
Hematology1
  • 8 The BD ® Stem Cell Enumeration Kit incorporates BD Trucount™ tubes to determine the absolute cell count, thereby eliminating variability associated with hematology-derived absolute counts. (bdbiosciences.com)
Autologous Stem Cell Trans4
Malignancies5
  • RECENT FINDINGS: Transplantation with UCB is effective in the treatment of children with hematological malignancies, marrow failure, immunodeficiencies, hemoglobinopathies and inherited metabolic diseases. (duke.edu)
  • Thus homeostasis of T regulatory cells is an overbearing requirement for prevention of autoimmune disorders arising from uncontrolled self-tolerance which also permits malignancies to occur. (hoajonline.com)
  • We have developed a genetically modified tumor cell vaccine for the treatment of myeloid malignancies. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • Heme Malignancies Program: TScan's two lead TCR-T cell therapy candidates, TSC-100 and TSC-101, are designed to target HA-1 and HA-2, respectively, to treat residual disease and prevent relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients undergoing allogeneic haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). (tscan.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a major treatment option for patients with hematopoietic malignancies and immune deficiencies. (cdc.gov)
Mesenchymal5
  • Ramos CA, Asgari Z, Liu E, Yvon E, Heslop HE, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Dotti G " An inducible caspase 9 suicide gene to improve the safety of mesenchymal stromal cell therapies. . (bcm.edu)
  • The hypothesis tested in these projects is that the development of TID may be halted at diagnosis by the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). (uu.se)
  • The bone marrow contains not only hematopoietic cells, but also mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). (uu.se)
  • mesenchymal stem cells - placenta) differentiate into multipotency as precursors to formation of the cellular components. (hoajonline.com)
  • These CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells can be isolated from mesenchymal stem cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. (hoajonline.com)
Receptors4
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • One way to achieve this is to genetically modify immune cells, mainly T cells and recently also natural killer (NK) cells, to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). (nature.com)
  • These 2 members mediate leukocyte adhesions to endothelial cells but they also serve as receptors for iC3b (inactivated C3b). (medscape.com)
  • The urgent need for novel treatments inspired me to pursue a research project in adoptive immunotherapy, genetically modifying Tcells to express artificial T cell receptors, termed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), that target AML specific antigens. (stanford.edu)
Chemotherapy13
  • A Phase II Study of Daratumumab-Hyaluronidase for Chemotherapy-Relapsed/Refractory Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) in T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL Rochester, Minn., Jacksonville, Fla. (mayo.edu)
  • Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (mayo.edu)
  • Stem cell transplantation is performed after high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) to restore a cancer patient's blood and immune cell production capacity. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 3 Following exogenous stimulation, such as chemotherapy or using growth factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and filgrastim, the number of HSCs in the peripheral blood increases, either becoming on par or even exceeding the number in the bone marrow. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Chemotherapy, radiation, or both are initiated prior to transplantation to enable engraftment of the transplanted cells, decrease tumor size, and reduce immunoreactivity of the recipient. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • An environment for GVHD is formed when antigen-presenting cells are activated by the patient's disease and the pretreatment destruction of cells caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • using cells from bone marrow, blood, or less often, umbilical cord blood cells are given after high- or moderate-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as fludarabine phosphate and cyclophosphamide, work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. (stanford.edu)
  • Giving CD19/CD22-CAR T cells and chemotherapy may work better in treating children or young adults with B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (stanford.edu)
  • Two hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors, granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), have been shown to accelerate leukocyte and neutrophil recovery after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow (BM) support. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • We collected large numbers of peripheral blood (PB) progenitors after CSF administration using either G- CSF or GM-CSF and tested their ability to affect hematopoietic reconstitution and resource utilization in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous BM support. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The use of CSF-primed PBPC can significantly improve hematopoietic recovery after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous BM support. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Because of the patient's risk status, the physicians intended to perform allogeneic stem cell transplantation after induction and consolidation chemotherapy, which was scheduled to end in January 2013, and a conditioning chemotherapy regimen, which was planned to be given in March. (cdc.gov)
Immunology1
  • Martin Raff is a Canadian-born neurologist and research biologist who has made important contributions to immunology and cell development. (webofstories.com)
Reconstitution3
  • MTOR inhibition by rapamycin treatment in vivo was able to rescue autophagy-deficient HSC loss and bone marrow failure and resulted in better reconstitution after transplantation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and reconstitution: Different species and including primates and humans for studies are being used for development, localization, and therapeutic strategies. (hoajonline.com)
  • Hematopoietic reconstitution, as well as resource utilization, was monitored in these patients. (johnshopkins.edu)
Relapse7
  • Cancer stem cellsand their susceptibility over their expected to be "downstream or progeny" cancer cells represent a target for therapeutic interventions to prevent latency and consequently relapse or metastasis of the malignant disease. (hoajonline.com)
  • Transient activation of CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells is required for autoimmune disease containment since their chronic activation leads to deleterious self-tolerance and infection or disease reactivation or tumour development as well as occurrences of relapse. (hoajonline.com)
  • On the other hand, elimination or escape of Treg cells also causes the reactivation and induction of tumors and relapse. (hoajonline.com)
  • Influence of molecular subgroups on outcome of acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype in 141 patients undergoing salvage allogeneic stem cell transplantation in primary induction failure or beyond first relapse. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent clinical data indicate that patients with complex karyotypes, adverse genes, and high pre-infusion minimal residual disease (MRD) by flow cytometry in the bone marrow, were at high risk of relapse after CAR T-cell therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High pre-lymphodepletion lactate dehydrogenase, low pre-lymphodepletion platelet count, absence of fludarabine in lymphodepletion, persistent leukemic sequence by high throughput sequencing in bone marrow after CAR T-cell infusion, and early loss of CAR T cells have also been linked to relapse after CAR T-cell therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early loss or exhaustion of CAR T cells, selection of CD19-negative clones, downregulation of CD19 expression, lineage switch of leukemia, and tumor microenvironment are important factors contributing to relapse after CAR T-cell therapy [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Engraftment5
  • Full hematopoietic engraftment was reported in one case after bone marrow transplantation without conditioning for a SCID patient. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to the expected mixed chimerism that usually occurs in the absence of conditioning, we found in our patients 100% donor cell engraftment based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite techniques. (nih.gov)
  • Kamble RT, Guo S, Ramos CA, Carrum G " Acute gout at engraftment following hematopoietic transplantation. . (bcm.edu)
  • Prior to infusion of the CAR-modified immune cells, lymphodepletion is performed in most therapeutic settings to allow efficient cell engraftment [ 10 ]. (nature.com)
  • In competitive transplantation assays, the engraftment of treated BM cells was inferior to that of controls, confirming a decrease in HSC numbers. (ox.ac.uk)
Umbilical6
Adults with sickle cell di1
  • In 1999 there were 2 major obstacles for curing adults with sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
Transplants2
  • Bone marrow transplants work best if the HLAs from the donor and the patient are a close match. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At the time they performed the first transplants surprisingly little was known about hematopoietic stem cells, immune responses to transplants or the complex human leucocyte antigen system. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
Acute9
  • A Multicenter, Pivotal Phase 3 Study of Iomab-B Prior to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Versus Conventional Care in Older Subjects With Active, Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (SIERRA) Jacksonville, Fla., Rochester, Minn. (mayo.edu)
  • Risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after autotransplants for lymphomas and plasma cell myeloma. (stembook.org)
  • I have expertise in novel therapies for acute myeloid leukemia, stem cell mobilization and homing, as well as stem cell transplantation. (rochester.edu)
  • Use of peripheral blood instead of bone marrow to monitor residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (smw.ch)
  • Sampaio AL, Zahn G, Leoni G, Vossmeyer D, Christner C, Marshall JF, Perretti M: Inflammation-dependent alpha 5 beta 1 (very late antigen-5) expression on leukocytes reveals a functional role for this integrin in acute peritonitis. (exbio.cz)
  • Although the disease can evolve toward acute leukemia, morbidity and mortality most frequently result from a marrow failure syndrome. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • Patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL) often have clinicopathological characteristics associated with poor prognosis, such as high tumor burden and high-risk gene mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Impact of Donor Age in Haploidentical-Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide versus Matched Unrelated Donor Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. (mcw.edu)
  • A serum sample test showed a weak positive result for dengue virus by using IgM and IgG antibody tests, and a strong positive result for dengue virus nonstructural protein-1, or NS1, antigen, demonstrating acute dengue virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Immune12
  • Normally, potentially malignant cells are continuously eliminated by the immune system, but cancer cells can accumulate certain mutations, which allow them to escape these mechanisms [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapies aim to support or boost the patient's immune system to enable the effective clearance of cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, the so-called adapter CARs have been developed by splitting antigen recognition and CAR-immune cell activation. (nature.com)
  • The addition of separate adapter molecules (AMs) specific for tumor antigens and CAR-immune cells targeting these AMs allows a more precise and temporally limited therapy. (nature.com)
  • CAR-modified immune cells are expanded until sufficient cell numbers are attained and are adoptively transferred into the patient to fight malignant cells. (nature.com)
  • Such cell-based therapy is likely to simultaneously target several different immunological pathways, thereby utilizing numerous physiological mechanisms for re-establishing immune tolerance and induction of cellular repair mechanisms. (uu.se)
  • Therapeutic Candidate or Device Autologous hematopoietic stem cells transduced with a HexA/HexB expressing lentiviral vector Indication Tay-Sachs disease Therapeutic Mechanism The transplanted gene modified autologous hematopoietic stem cells will engraft in the bone marrow and start producing HexA/HexB expressing immune progeny. (ca.gov)
  • Indications for hematopoietic cell transplantation and immune effector cell therapy: Guidelines from the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1957). This pioneering work laid the foundation for the exploration of hematopoietic stem cells and their role in treating diseases of the blood and immune system. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • Evidence exists that immune activation against hematopoietic elements frequently occurs in MDS patients, based on the identification of lymphocytic infiltrates in the marrow, oligoclonal expansion of T cells, and excessive production of tumor necrosis factor alpha. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • As an intergenic lncRNA, the lncDC was shown to regulate the human monocytes differentiation and antigen presenting cells (APCs) activation during immune responses. (magiran.com)
  • An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. (lookformedical.com)
Obtained from human bone m1
  • In mice treated with daily low doses of the beta-cell toxin streptozotocin, MSC obtained from human bone marrow were found to home to and promote repair of pancreatic islets, thereby ameliorating the level of diabetes. (uu.se)
Severe aplastic anemia1
Mononuclear cells1
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient from the blood samples collected at days 0, 7, 14, 28, and final day of transplantation. (magiran.com)
Tissue9
  • But such treatment often requires the matching of strangers for their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue type. (the-scientist.com)
  • In the future, it may emerge as a source of cells for cellular therapies focused on tissue repair and regeneration. (duke.edu)
  • Extracorporeal photopheresis inactivates antigen-presenting cells and T cells, whereas TNF antagonists decrease cellular activation and local tissue damage. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside your bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The work of Jean Dausset, whose discovery of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system revolutionized our understanding of tissue compatibility for transplantation (Dausset J, 1958). (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • Therapeutic regeneration of molecularly engineered and transplanted autologous stem cells in neurological and cardiovascular diseases due to inability of self-regeneration or repair of endogenous stem cells at sites of inflammation or disease at various stages of progress for regeneration of the damaged tissue depending upon the sites and nature of degeneration. (hoajonline.com)
  • Tissue antigens 2004 Apr 63 (4): 293-325. (cdc.gov)
  • Tissue antigens 2006 Jan 67 (1): 30-7. (cdc.gov)
  • It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (lookformedical.com)
Flow cytometry4
  • 6 Fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies directed against CD34 molecule can be used to identify CD34+ cells by flow cytometry. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Flow cytometry surface staining pattern of murine bone marrow using anti-mouse CD49e (5H10-27(MFR5)) purified antibody (concentration in sample 0.56 μg/ml, DAR APC). (exbio.cz)
  • Separation of murine bone marrow cells stained using anti-mouse CD49e (5H10-27(MFR5)) purified antibody (concentration in sample 0.56 μg/ml, DAR APC) from murine bone marrow cells unstained by primary antibody (DAR APC, black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining). (exbio.cz)
  • If patients have recurrent infections and lymphopenia, lymphocyte phenotyping using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies to T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells is indicated to check for lymphocyte deficiency. (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)
Therapies3
  • Lately, CAR-NK cell therapies have also come into focus as novel therapeutic options to address hurdles related to CAR-T cell therapies, such as therapy-induced side effects. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we are going to take a closer look at the commercial CAR-T cell therapies, as well as on CAR-T and CAR-NK cell products, which are currently under evaluation in clinical trials, that are being conducted in Germany. (nature.com)
  • In this proposal, we seek to evaluate the integration of K562/GM-CSF vaccination with systemic therapies for MDS that alter host immunity and/or hematopoietic cellular differentiation. (acgtfoundation.org)
Abstract3
  • abstract = "The lack of donor availability is a major limitation to the widespread use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and therefore it would be beneficial to identify less immunogenic HLA mismatches. (elsevierpure.com)
  • abstract=In the field of organ transplantation, the state of thymic function has not been a major concern but data from bone marrow transplantation studies have unravel the persistence of some thymopoiesis in the adult and, more importantly, the possibility of reinducing it. (transhumanist.ru)
  • ABSTRACT This study examined haematopoietic stem cells of 19 high-risk cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) for apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals and cellular proliferation and correlated these with clinical and cytogenetic subtypes, particularly trisomy 8. (who.int)
HSCs7
  • 2 HSCs are primarily found in bone marrow niches, but a small fraction of HSCs can also be found in the peripheral blood. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This pharmacologically induced egress of HSCs into peripheral blood, called mobilization, is utilized as the preferred strategy for generating HSCs for transplantation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 4 CD34 expression is historically related to hematopoietic cells and it is considered as the marker of HSCs. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Because a larger fraction of LKS in the BM of treated mice was found in the S/M phase of the cell cycle, osteoclast impairment makes a proportion of HSCs enter the cell cycle and differentiate. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using inducible deletion of autophagy specifically in adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and in mice chimeric for autophagy-deficient and normal HSCs, we demonstrate that the stem cell loss is cell-intrinsic. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mechanistically, autophagy-deficient HSCs showed higher expression of several amino acid transporters (AAT) when compared to autophagy-competent cells, resulting in increased amino acid (AA) uptake. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This was followed by sustained MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) activation, with enlarged cell size, glucose uptake and translation, which is detrimental to the quiescent HSCs. (ox.ac.uk)
Aplastic1
Lymphocytes5
  • Most of the identifiable cells are lymphocytes or plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • Subset analysis of the engrafted cells using a multiparametric system enabling a combined analysis of morphology, immunophenotyping and FISH showed that both T and B lymphocytes and myeloid cells were of donor origin in two patients, while T lymphocytes and myeloid cells were of donor origin in the third. (nih.gov)
  • CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) expressed on lymphocytes is known to play an important role in lymphocyte trafficking (adhesion to vascular endothelium), as well as interactions to antigen presenting cells (APC). (medscape.com)
  • Phenotypical analysis of lymphocytes and their antigen-specific cellular responses will be performed to identify immunological changes (immunological footprint) that could mark progression of beta cell specific autoimmunity. (uu.se)
  • The detailed analysis of circulating lymphocytes and their antigen-specific cellular responses will be instrumental in the understanding of the mechanisms behind the autoimmune progression towards TID and to monitor the effect of the transplanted MSC in clinical trials. (uu.se)
Cellular2
Remission1
  • Minimal residual disease (MRD) refers to the small number of malignant cells that remain after therapy when the patient is in remission and shows no symptoms or overt signs of disease. (smw.ch)
Lymphoma6
  • This is a Phase I dose-finding study of FT596 as monotherapy and in combination with Rituximab or Obinutuzumab in subjects with relapsed/refractory B-cell Lymphoma or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • This is a single arm, open-label, multi-center, Phase 1 study to determine the safety and tolerability of an experimental therapy called NKX019 (allogeneic CAR NK cells targeting CD19) in patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic. (uchicagomedicine.org)
  • The versatile drug is now also approved for the treatment of B-cell Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and rheumatoid arthritis in the adult population. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in the mantle region of secondary follicles. (medscape.com)
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is recognized in the Revised European-American Lymphoma and World Health Organization classifications as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. (medscape.com)
  • it was frequently categorized as diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (by the International Working Formulation) or centrocytic lymphoma (by the Kiel classification). (medscape.com)
Human6
  • The deployment of these new tools is already changing some paradigms and has now established that re-enactment of thymic activity in the course of bone marrow transplantation or in patients with human immunodeficiency virus on highly active anti-retroviral therapy is beneficial and that can be achieved in the adult. (transhumanist.ru)
  • van der Loo JC, Xiao X, McMillin D, Hashino K, Kato I, Williams DA: VLA-5 is expressed by mouse and human long-term repopulating hematopoietic cells and mediates adhesion to extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. (exbio.cz)
  • The cells or blood is then tested for special proteins, called human leukocytes antigens (HLAs). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The human erythroleukemia cell line K562 has been stably transfected to secrete GM-CSF. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • If major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen deficiency is suspected, serologic (not molecular) human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is indicated. (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)
  • Patients received unmodified bone marrow from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling or an unrelated donor matched for 8 of 8 HLA loci. (ashpublications.org)
Tumor7
  • CAR-expression on T or NK cells allows them to specifically target cancer cells via recognition of tumor associated antigens. (nature.com)
  • Binding of a tumor antigen via the scFv activates the T cell in a major histocompatibility-independent manner which leads to a cytotoxic response [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
  • Thereby, several antigens can be targeted at once and the therapy can be adapted in case antigen-loss tumor variants appear. (nature.com)
  • Tumors contain a minority population of cancer stem cells that maintain the tumor. (hoajonline.com)
  • In marked contrast to the cancer stem cells, the tumor cells without "stemness" have either no capacity or a markedly diminished capacity, to form new tumors. (hoajonline.com)
  • The tumor will rapidly recur if the therapy eliminates cancer cells but spares a significant population of the cancer stem cells. (hoajonline.com)
  • TSC-203-A0201 is TScan's fourth TCR-T cell product cleared for use in its solid tumor program. (tscan.com)
Donate bone marrow2
Curative2
  • Nevertheless, MDS are thought to be immunologically responsive diseases, as immunomodulatory drugs can induce remissions, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can be curative in the small fraction of patients for whom this is an option. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for sickle cell disease (SCD) is potentially curative, yet applied sparingly in adults due in part to limited donor availability and to concerns about safety. (ashpublications.org)
Blood31
  • With as little as $75,000, we could build [a cord blood bank] in Nigeria by the end of this year instead of discarding this valuable source of stem cells," he said in a Lancet press release. (the-scientist.com)
  • NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood (PB) of healthy volunteers. (springer.com)
  • First, T or NK cells are isolated from patient's or donor's blood. (nature.com)
  • Patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency II manifest the Bombay phenotype (ie, negative for O and H blood group antigens with potential production of anti-H antibody). (medscape.com)
  • Peripheral blood leukocytes undergo a sequence of activation that leads to migration of cells into the site of inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • SUMMARY: Cord blood transplantation is now an established field with enormous potential. (duke.edu)
  • Therapeutic Candidate or Device Autologous blood stem cells edited to restore iduronidase expression Indication Severe Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 1 (MPS1/ Hurler's syndrome) Therapeutic Mechanism Autologous blood stem cells undergo genome editing to restore the production of the missing enzyme. (ca.gov)
  • The morphological examination of peripheral blood or bone marrow smears, although still an indispensable part of routine laboratory testing, is clearly insufficient for patient management, and clinicians should not ask themselves whether to look for MRD or not, but how and when. (smw.ch)
  • Bone marrow contains stem cells, which are immature cells that become blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bone marrow donation can be done either by collecting a donor's bone marrow surgically, or by removing stem cells from a donor's blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Peripheral blood stem cell collection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • First, the donor is given 5 days of shots to help stem cells move from the bone marrow into the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The part of white blood cells that contains stem cells is then separated in a machine and removed to be later given to the recipient. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The red blood cells are returned to the donor through an IV in the other arm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1989). Hematopoietic stem cells could be harvested easier from peripheral blood after mobilization with G-CSF (Sheridan et al. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • 1992). Since then, hematopoietic stem cells, with their unique ability to differentiate into various blood cell types, have proven to be a revolutionary tool in the treatment of numerous hematological disorders. (revistadehematologia.org.mx)
  • Inhibition of hematopoiesis results in reduced populations of blood forming cells. (hoajonline.com)
  • Dr. Keith Hoots, the Division Director at the Division of Blood Diseases and Resources (DBDR) opened the meeting by greeting the Sickle Cell Disease Advisory committee (SCDAC) members. (nih.gov)
  • Patients must have a related or unrelated peripheral blood stem cell donor as follows: 1. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2012 Jan 18 (1): 100-5. (cdc.gov)
  • Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (lookformedical.com)
  • Advocates are calling for more people - especially people of color - to join bone marrow registries to help the 18,000 patients each year who are diagnosed with blood diseases and need donated stem cells. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Historically, blood stem cells were harvested from the bone marrow. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The second and more common option is to take stem cells from the donor's blood. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The donor's blood is taken from a vein in the arm and travels up a tube into an apheresis machine, removing the stem cells and returning the blood to the donor. (discovermagazine.com)
  • In addition, we are committed to graft engineering and vaccine development to enhance the ability of transplantation to control blood diseases. (harvard.edu)
  • Unrelated Donor Cord Blood Transplantation in Children: Lessons Learned Over 3 Decades. (mcw.edu)
  • Patients receiving G-CSF primed PBPC also experienced a reduction in the median number of days in the hospital, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, platelet transfusions, days on antibiotics, and discounted hospital charges. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • If the type or pattern of infections suggests complement deficiency, the serum dilution required to lyse 50% of antibody-coated red blood cells is measured. (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)
  • Here, we report transmission of dengue virus to a peripheral blood stem cell recipient by a donor who had recently traveled to an area to which the virus is endemic. (cdc.gov)
Outcomes2
Proliferation5
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • They reduce the generation and differentiation of dendritic cells and B-cells, and down regulate NK cell cytotoxicity and proliferation. (uu.se)
  • Moreover, they increase the percentage of regulatory T-cells, and suppress effector T-cell proliferation in response to nominal antigens or alloantigens. (uu.se)
  • The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal neoplastic hematologic disorders characterized by varying degrees of bone marrow failure, abnormal hematopoiesis, and proliferation of myeloid blast cells. (acgtfoundation.org)
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased proliferation of the granulocytic cell line without the loss of their capacity to differentiate. (medscape.com)
Sickle2
  • For instance, the mutation for sickle-cell anemia is more often found in people with ancestry from certain sub-Saharan African, south European, Arabian, and Indian populations, due to the evolutionary pressure from mosquitos carrying malaria in these regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • BMT also treats various life-threatening conditions , including sickle cell disease, bone marrow diseases and inherited metabolic disorders. (discovermagazine.com)
Induce2
  • The maternal and fetal antigens that are transmitted through the bidirectional transplacental passage during pregnancy may induce tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMAs) in offspring and to inherited paternal antigens (IPAs) in the mother. (elsevierpure.com)
  • When CD20 antagonists decrease the amount of circulating B cells, the body may not produce as many cytotoxic T cells that can potentially induce GVHD. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Stromal2
  • Effects of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion on marrow stromal cell cytokine p. (rochester.edu)
  • Association of stromal cell-derived factor-1-3'A polymorphism to higher mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells CD34+ in Tunisian population. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
  • The patients will receive autologous MSC, although substantially expanded in vitro prior to transplantation, thereby avoiding potential risk of HLA immunization, transfer of viral infections and other diseases. (uu.se)
  • Despite their use, a prolonged period of absolute leukopenia persists during which infections and other complications of transplantation occur. (johnshopkins.edu)