• Indirect methods include detection of antigen or antibody, and measures of cellular reactivity against mycobacterial antigen. (vin.com)
  • The Blood TB Test (BTB) is currently based on two assays, a lymphocyte transformation assay and an ELISA to measure antibody formation against antigens (see below). (vin.com)
  • Culture and assay of serum or cerebrospinal fluid for capsular antigen and antibody (latex agglutination test) may help in diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • This technique is based on biochemical interaction of antigen-antibody or probe DNA-target DNA hybridization. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Notably, vaccination with DREP-GP and DREP-VP40, which produces both GP and VP40 antigens, induced a significantly higher level of anti-GP IgG2a antibody and increased IFN-γ secreting CD8 + T-cell responses relative to vaccination with DREP-GP or DREP-VP40 vector alone. (frontiersin.org)
  • or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • There are currently three methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2: nucleic acid tests, antigen tests and antibody tests. (iso.org)
  • Illness in a person with compelling evidence (e.g., culture, histopathology, seroconversion) of a different fungal infection, such as histoplasmosis or coccidioidomycosis, and meeting only non-confirmatory laboratory criteria for blastomycosis should not be counted as a case of blastomycosis since other fungal infections can cause false positive Blastomyces antigen and antibody test results. (cdc.gov)
  • The technique allows for clear radiographic images of antibody-specific antigens and avoided the use of a second radio-labeled antibody. (thedjournal.com)
  • HBV-DNA was detectable in sera from 3 patients out of the 40 patients who were positive for hepatitis B core antibody. (who.int)
  • The current gold standard methods for diagnosing COVID-19 are antigen testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (norgenbiotek.com)
  • Polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) typing combines the ability to define the finest of HLA specificities, by analysis of the corresponding DNA sequences, with the possibility of study large populations of normal and affected individuals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA by hsp65 amplified probe, and nontuberculous mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium avium complex) by 16s rDNA, hsp65, and rpoB pruner sets were both negative. (bmj.com)
  • 1,2 A novel probe hybridization quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay targeting the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of P. andersoni was developed. (vin.com)
  • Several methods have been devised recently for very sensitive detection of variola virus DNA and to distinguish this DNA from that of other orthopoxviruses, the most promising being analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, multiplex PCR and real-time PCR with fluorigenic probes. (who.int)
  • [ 1 ] The resultant complementary DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)
  • Heterogeneous antigen expression is a key barrier influencing the activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors. (nature.com)
  • Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an immunotherapy which uses genetically modified T cells engineered to express CARs to recognize and kill cells that harbor specific antigens. (bmj.com)
  • The human T lymphocyte antigen CD2 (T11, sheep erythrocyte receptor) is expressed on all peripheral T cells and all but the most immature thymocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • and, in some circumstances, serodiagnosis, which is available for aspergillosis (galactomannan antigen testing) and cryptococcosis (capsular polysaccharide antigen testing). (medscape.com)
  • COVID-19 antigen tests function in the same way and rely on the specific binding of an antigen (a protein displayed on the surface of the virus) in the sample to antibodies (yet more proteins, usually animal-sourced) immobilized in the spots where the indicator lines appear. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • 1 To facilitate detection, secondary antibodies also bind to the antigen and either fluoresce or change color in response. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • Antibodies to somatic antigens and exotoxins also contribute to recovery. (tdmuv.com)
  • 3. Ogunremi O, Lankester M, Loran S, Gajadhar A. Evaluation of excretory-secretory products and somatic worm antigens for the serodiagnosis of experimental Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in white-tailed deer. (vin.com)
  • Species are distinguished by biochemical and DNA hybridization tests. (tdmuv.com)
  • Genetic mapping of HLA susceptibility loci has traditionally relied on the use of phenotypic markers defined by alloantisera, cellular typing reagents and biochemical analysis of histocompatibility antigens. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Lymphocyte transformation is measured by incubating lymphocytes with mycobacterial antigens, typically 1 µg of PPD derived from M. bovis, in the presence of radiolabeled thymidine (a nucleic acid precursor). (vin.com)
  • The assay is based on a novel nucleic acid probe that is cleaved by an RNase enzyme specific to the salmonella species. (labmanager.com)
  • Basically, technicians synthesize a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence complementary to the DNA or RNA of a specific pathogen as a probe. (iso.org)
  • If a probe can be complementarily paired with the nucleic acid of the pathogen to be tested, it is possible to observe the signals of the markers, so that the species of the pathogen to be tested can be confirmed. (iso.org)
  • An alternative approach to the identification of the murine homologue was to use cross-species DNA hybridization, employing human CD2 cDNA as a probe. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The authors studied DNA amplification of the HER-2/neu gene on 4-microm sections obtained from 62 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PCs by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (nih.gov)
  • Our study indicates that co-expression of GP and VP40 antigens based on the SFV replicon vector generates EBOV VLPs in vitro , and vaccination with recombinant DREP vectors containing GP and VP40 antigens induces Ebola antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
  • The results were compared with HER-2/neu protein expression as determined by IHC and correlated by logistic regression analysis with Gleason tumor grade, DNA ploidy, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), and pathological stage. (nih.gov)
  • We find that a structurally rigid IgG4H and CD28TM domain brings the two D4 fragments in proximity, driving CAR dimerization and leading to enhanced T-cell signaling and tumor regression in pancreatic cancer models with low antigen density in female mice. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, by investigating the impact of hinge (CD8 and IgG4) and TM (CD8 and CD28) on D4 CAR T cells, we discover that IgG4H-CD28TM mediated D4 CAR dimerization, leading to enhanced T-cell signaling and tumor regression in pancreatic cancer models with low antigen density. (nature.com)
  • CAR T-cell products designed to target the tumor specific antigens have been used for the treatment of relapse and/or refractory of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, myeloma, and solid tumor in clinical trials at our institution. (bmj.com)
  • In conclusion, CD44v6 and ALDH1A1 are candidate stem cell markers for NPC, and the increased formation of DNA lesions by inflammation may result in the mutation of stem cells, leading to tumor development in NPC. (hindawi.com)
  • The authors conclude that HER-2/neu gene amplification status can be determined by FISH on archival prostate cancer specimens, significantly correlates with high tumor grade and nondiploid DNA content, and is more frequently encountered in tumors with advanced pathological stage. (nih.gov)
  • It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. (lookformedical.com)
  • The murine homologue of the T lymphocyte CD2 antigen: molecular cloning, chromosome assignment and cell surface expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • At present, two amplification methods have been FDA approved for detection of M. tuberculosis from sputum in humans: the Amplicor system (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ) and the AMTD system (Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, CA). The Amplicor system has as its target the mycobacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. (vin.com)
  • PNA provides a powerful tool to study the mechanism of transcription and an innovative strategy to regulate target gene expression, antisense, antigen agents, molecular probes, and biosensors. (pr.com)
  • The HER-2/neu gene was localized using the Oncor (Gaithersburg, MD) digoxigenin-labeled unique sequence probe. (nih.gov)
  • The true father of the child must have the gene for the A antigen. (findlaw.com)
  • For the preparation of the colorimetric assay, the inner wall of a pipette tip was first coated with DNA-functionalized nanogold. (labmanager.com)
  • contained 0.5 µL of each primer (10 with serology suggestive of past HBV pmol/µL) and the probe (SP2, 10 infection and clearance of HBsAg [1,2]. (who.int)
  • This reliance on 'pathologically-activated' DNA repair is a new molecular vulnerability of cancer cells and provides opportunities for highly selective targeted therapies. (nih.gov)
  • The discovery of DNA in 1953 enabled a new era in molecular biology, moving pathogen research forward from the morphological level to the molecular level. (iso.org)
  • He also investigated the dynamic role of replication protein A (RPA) in monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen by Rad6/Rad18. (nih.gov)
  • Glycoprotein (GP) is the major protective antigen of EBOV, and can generate virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression with matrix protein (VP40). (frontiersin.org)
  • Burnett was looking to identify specific antigens within a protein mixture. (thedjournal.com)
  • Understanding the mechanism of T cell antigen recognition and triggering is key to the regulation of T cell activity and it can lead to potential strategies for optimizing immunotherapies in treating autoimmune diseases. (gatech.edu)
  • A small aliquot of mycobacterial antigen is injected intradermally and the induration palpated or measured at 48 h (humans) or 72 h (humans, animals). (vin.com)
  • In the ABO blood typing system, humans can possess the A antigen (A blood type), the B antigen (B blood type), both the A and B antigen (AB blood type), or neither of these antigens (O blood type). (findlaw.com)
  • Recent technological advances have seen the introduction of methods that detect mycobacteria by amplification of mycobacterial nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) followed by detection of the amplification product. (vin.com)
  • Both amplification products are detected through fluorescent probes against the generated nucleic acids. (vin.com)
  • The objective of the study was to develop a rapid method to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples and the applicability of DNA amplification techniques to a developing country like Sri Lanka. (who.int)
  • In conclution, DNA amplification is a rapid, reliable and accurate method with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA sequences and it can replace the conventional culture method in the diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis except in the situation when antibiotic sensitivity results are required. (who.int)
  • A mixture of reagents composed of nanogold-DNA and the DNA-RNA probe were then sucked up into the pipette tip, causing a double layer of nanogold to form on the walls, because the DNA-RNA hybrid probe links both layers. (labmanager.com)
  • Contamination of reagents or specimens with target DNA from the environment must be avoided because such contamination can produce false-positive results. (medscape.com)
  • A rabbit antiserum raised against purified human CD2, precipitated from surface-labeled mouse thymocytes a glycoprotein of Mr 55,000-66,000 which decreased to Mr 35,000 on digestion with endo-beta-acetylglucosaminidase F. These sizes are consistent with those predicted for the murine CD2 antigen from the cDNA sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To better understand the role of force in T cell activation, we propose (1) to investigate the kinetics of extracellular TCR-CD3 interaction and its role in T cell antigen recognition, (2) to investigate how force levels can affect T cell functions when antigens are presented on DNA-based force probes, and (3) to determine the effect of force manipulation on the first step of T cell intracellular signaling events. (gatech.edu)
  • The aptamer is a kind of short DNA or RNA sequence that can specifically bind to target molecules, and could be widely used as the active targeting agents of nanoplatforms to achieve active-targeted therapy of tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • T cell receptors (TCR) recognize antigen presented in the form of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (gatech.edu)
  • In the case of COVID-19, the genetic material is comprised of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) which is relatively fragile, as opposed to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), which is far more stable. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material present in every cell of the human body. (findlaw.com)
  • The objective here is to define signaling mechanisms by which cancer cells activate TLS and HR. Our central hypothesis is that pathological DNA repair activity sustains cancer cell growth and confers resistance to therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Antigens are proteins or other substances sometimes present on the surface of red blood cells. (findlaw.com)
  • The study enrolled 162 chronic HCV patients from Ismailia Fever Hospital, Egypt, who were HBV surface antigen- negative. (who.int)
  • Diagnosis is by identification of the organism or antigen in stool. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The point-of-care diagnostic platform, dubbed miSHERLOCK for "minimally instrumented specific high sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking," uses CRISPR technology to cut out specific sections of the viral genome and single-stranded DNA probes that fluoresce. (the-scientist.com)
  • Although not fully understood at this point in time, some theories believe that the erythrocytes could acquire trypaonosomal antigen, resulting in a negative immunological reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests the antigens were stage-specific. (alr-journal.org)
  • Using a multi-round selection process, the McMaster team uncovered an artificial DNA-RNA hybrid probe that is a substrate for a salmonella-specific form of an RNase H enzyme. (labmanager.com)
  • Antigen detection is sensitive, specific, rapid, easy to perform and can distinguish between E. histolytica and E. dispar. (wikitropica.org)
  • The Stark group also used a radio-labeled DNA probe, but to detect a specific RNA molecule within an RNA sample. (thedjournal.com)
  • Specific DNA present in small amounts in a clinical specimen are amplified by PCR so they become detectable. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, DNA is taken from the clinical specimen, as well as certain sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and buffer. (medscape.com)
  • The amplified segment may be observed using electrophoretic gel or can be identified by Southern blot analysis, using specific DNA probes for that segment. (medscape.com)
  • Primers give the start points and are short segments of DNA with the opposing sequence of base pairs on the template strand at the beginning of the segment of interest. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • Reverse transcription is the synthesis of a complementary DNA sequence from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
  • In autoimmune disease, T cells respond to healthy body tissues in the same way they would treat foreign antigens, resulting in a hypersensitive reaction that destroys healthy tissues and compromises organ functions, such is the case of Type-1 diabetes. (gatech.edu)
  • Blood typing by antigen reaction allows healthcare providers to provide blood transfusions to patients in need of blood safely. (findlaw.com)
  • Other "in-house" PCRs have been developed at individual laboratories to diagnose infections (eg, testing of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] for herpes simplex virus to diagnose herpes encephalitis and testing of nasopharyngeal wash fluid to diagnose Bordetella pertussis infection ), particularly if traditional culture and antigen detection techniques have failed. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory criteria for confirmation: Clinical diagnosis is confirmed by · Culture, DNA probe, or by visualizing the fungus in Giemsa- or Wright-stained smears of the ulcer exudates, bone marrow, blood, sputum. (cdc.gov)
  • Although acid fast smears of clinical specimens or histologic examination of tissues can detect mycobacteria, species identification requires either confirmation by culture or DNA probes. (vin.com)
  • DNA lesions such as 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxodG with mutagenic properties occur in several types of inflammation-related cancer tissues [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Results obtained from Restriction fragment length polymorphism typing show that the mahority of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Sri Lanka belong to a limited number of families, but the degree of IS6160 DNA polymorphism among strains were high. (who.int)
  • DNA probes are available for several species. (medscape.com)
  • Immunodiagnostic data indicate that Parelaphostrongylus species excretory-secretory L 3 larvae antigens are serologically cross-reactive, leading to the belief that a prior infection of one species could grant adaptive immunity to other. (vin.com)
  • Samples examined for P. andersoni included 1,178 DNA extracts of aquatic and terrestrial gastropods, which represented 24 species from 15 counties throughout Florida. (vin.com)
  • Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transplantation between genetically identical individuals, i.e., members of the same species with identical histocompatibility antigens, such as monozygotic twins, members of the same inbred strain, or members of a hybrid population produced by crossing certain inbred strains. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cross-reactivity is a known problem with the EIA antigen test, and cases known to be infected with another fungal infection should not be counted as blastomycosis cases. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA is composed of two complementary strands of linked nucleotides in matched pairs of A/T and C/G. Thus if one strand is present, the polymerase can produce the opposite strand. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • This probe is yet another short segment of complementary DNA that adheres to the template and is destroyed when the copy is made. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • Finally, nucleotides complementary to the target DNA are added extending each primer by the thermostable DNA polymerase. (medscape.com)
  • Thus a DNA probe rather than immunohistochemical tests may be more useful in investigating the life cycle of this parasite. (alr-journal.org)
  • Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most diagnostic tests are rapid antigen tests. (the-scientist.com)
  • There are several ways to establish whether an alleged father is the natural and legal father of the minor child, such as the use of paternity blood tests and DNA paternity tests. (findlaw.com)
  • Paternity blood testing can use RBC antigen systems because there are genes that code for the antigens. (findlaw.com)
  • Using RBC antigen systems for paternity blood testing did not provide for a very powerful test because the frequencies of the genes that coded for the antigens are not very low. (findlaw.com)
  • The detection and identification of contaminants in food involve various techniques and technologies, including chromatography, spectroscopy, immunoassays, and DNA-based methods. (inventiv.org)
  • The most common antigen test is likely quite familiar to just about everyone as it resembles a pregnancy test. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • In the case of the COVID-19 antigen test, the sample comes from the patient's upper respiratory tract, usually through an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swab, as pictured to the right. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • 3 In order to perform the test, which can only be performed on DNA, a conversion from the former to the latter must be performed. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • The standard tuberculin test is the simplest measure of cellular reactivity against mycobacterial antigens. (vin.com)
  • A team of researchers led by Yingfu Li, Tohid Didar, and Carlos Filipe of McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, have now developed a novel test system based on a hybrid DNA-RNA probe that specifically and rapidly detects salmonella, without the need for microbiological diagnostics or expensive analytical equipment. (labmanager.com)
  • Colloidal gold is a common color reagent familiar to many of us from its use in SARS-CoV-2 antigen test strips. (labmanager.com)
  • In the 1970s, a more powerful test was developed using white blood cell antigens or Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), resulting in a test that could exclude about 95 percent of falsely accused fathers. (findlaw.com)
  • This detection is accomplished through the use of fluorescent markers attached to a probe in a process known as quantitative PCR, or qPCR. (norgenbiotek.com)
  • It used electrophoresis to separate fragments of DNA by size and transfer them to a membrane. (thedjournal.com)
  • SUMMARY There are fundamental gaps in our understanding of how neoplastic cells tolerate the oncogenic stress and intrinsic DNA damage that arises during tumorigenesis, while simultaneously accumulating mutations that fuel cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Filling the current gaps in our knowledge of DNA damage tolerance will allow us to harness intrinsic and therapy-induced DNA damage to kill cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • CAR T-cell potency is highly dependent on target antigen expression, and CARs often fail to exert their antitumor activities when antigen expression is low or below a certain threshold. (nature.com)
  • In PCR, a thermostable DNA polymerase is used to amplify target DNA 2-fold with each temperature cycle. (medscape.com)
  • The temperature of these is increased to 90-95°C in order to separate (denature) the 2 strands of target DNA. (medscape.com)
  • In the second step, the temperature decreases (45-60°C), depending on the primers, to permit annealing (strengthening) of the target DNA primers. (medscape.com)
  • The target DNA segment is amplified in the range of 10 5 - to 10 6 -fold by repeating this cycle no less than 30-40 times. (medscape.com)
  • We recently discovered that cancer cells commonly depend on aberrant activation of two major genome maintenance pathways (Trans-Lesion Synthesis or TLS, and Homologous Recombination or HR) for DNA damage tolerance. (nih.gov)
  • Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (lookformedical.com)
  • If the DNA patterns between the mother, child, and the alleged father match on every DNA probe, the likelihood of paternity is 99.9 percent. (findlaw.com)
  • 13 Differences include the tuberculin preparation used, antigen strength, injection site and interpretation of results. (vin.com)
  • Correlate population genetics and antigen frequency differences within indigenous groups and apply this knowledge to compatibility testing and the application of DNA probing to parentage testing and forensic science. (bristolcc.edu)
  • Before joining NCATS in May 2018, Aitha was a postdoctoral fellow in the chemistry laboratory of Professor Stephen J. Benkovic at Penn State University, conducting research on understanding DNA replication and DNA damage repair pathways. (nih.gov)
  • The main components consist of the Taq DNA polymerase, the template, the primers, and loose nucleotides in the form of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). (norgenbiotek.com)
  • Except for identical multiples (such as twins or triplets), each individual's DNA is unique. (findlaw.com)
  • The sensitivity of the PCR method is largely dependent on the efficiency of the DNA extraction procedure which, could probably be improved by modifications of the lysis technique. (who.int)
  • The western blotting technique today is a staple of DNA analysis and is performed in labs worldwide. (thedjournal.com)