AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Depressive Disorder, MajorDepressive Disorder, Treatment-ResistantDepressive DisorderAntidepressive AgentsBipolar DisorderElectroconvulsive TherapySubstance-Related DisordersSubstance Abuse Treatment CentersResidential TreatmentEating DisordersAntidepressive Agents, Second-GenerationAntidepressive Agents, TricyclicSerotonin Uptake InhibitorsDrug ResistanceTreatment OutcomePsychiatric Status Rating ScalesAntipsychotic AgentsCitalopramCognitive TherapyFluoxetineAnxiety DisordersCyclohexanolsDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersDepressionDysthymic DisorderMood DisordersSertralineMental DisordersAmitriptylineImipramineComorbidityInterview, PsychologicalMianserinDesipramineParoxetineSuicide, AttemptedNortriptylinePersonality InventoryPsychotherapySuicideSeverity of Illness IndexSerotonin Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsBrainAnhedoniaStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAffective Disorders, PsychoticAnxietyAffectGyrus CinguliAdrenergic Uptake InhibitorsClomipramineCase-Control StudiesPsychotropic DrugsRisk FactorsPsychometricsStress, PsychologicalPanic DisorderPrevalencePhobic DisordersPersonality AssessmentEmotionsReceptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1AObsessive-Compulsive DisorderThiophenesQuestionnairesBorderline Personality DisorderPrefrontal CortexChild of Impaired ParentsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivitySwimmingRecurrenceAnalysis of VarianceMagnetic Resonance ImagingDepression, PostpartumHypericumIrritable MoodBrain-Derived Neurotrophic FactorSomatoform DisordersPsychodramaSuicidal IdeationBupropionSex FactorsTime FactorsPsychotic DisordersLongitudinal StudiesLife Change EventsKetamineTrazodonePersonality DisordersAge of OnsetDouble-Blind MethodSerotoninAnti-Anxiety AgentsMonoamine Oxidase InhibitorsHealth SurveysUnited StatesAmygdalaFollow-Up StudiesHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemCross-Sectional Studies
SymptomsDepressionObsessive-compulsiDiagnosis and treatmentBipolar disordersPsychiatric disordersSchizophreniaEpisodesSymptomAdolescentsOnsetMood disorderPersistentClinicalPrevalencePharmacologicalPathophysiologyStimulationOccursIllnessPreventionElectroconvulsiveRecurrentPatientsProcessesMedicationsAffectsFindingsBehaviorEffectiveApproachesPrinciplesBrainCatatonicEvaluationOptimalPsychotherapyMentalAnimalManagementVariety of factorsControl
Symptoms12
  • The emphasis of the treatment of bipolar disorder is on effective management of the long-term course of the illness, which can involve treatment of emergent symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The goal of treatment is not to cure the disorder but rather to control the symptoms and the course of the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment type and duration must be adjusted to characteristics of the patient and the depressive episode, including symptoms, number of previous episodes, comorbidities, and previous treatment response and side effects. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a result, ~50-80% of treated patients are reported to have a recurring episode throughout their lives, with only 30-45% of patients reaching complete remission of symptoms after first-line antidepressant treatment ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Catatonic depression - is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. (illnesshacker.com)
  • A person diagnosed with a persistent depressive disorder may have episodes of major depression along with periods of less severe symptoms, but symptoms must last for two years to be considered a persistent depressive disorder. (illnesshacker.com)
  • This study aims to establish mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) as a non-invasive approach to downregulate the default mode network (DMN) in order to decrease ruminatory processes and depressive symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Secondary analyses will probe changes in depressive symptoms and rumination. (bvsalud.org)
  • DISCUSSION: Results of this study will determine whether mbNF reduces functional connectivity within the DMN among adolescents with MDD, and critically, will identify the optimal dosing with respect to DMN modulation as well as reduction in depressive symptoms and rumination. (bvsalud.org)
  • While systemic autoimmune diseases are well-documented causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, synaptic autoimmune encephalitides with psychotic symptoms often go under-recognized. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Parallel to the link between psychiatric symptoms and autoimmunity in autoimmune diseases, neuroimmunological abnormalities occur in classical psychiatric disorders (for example, major depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders). (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Negative symptoms (NS) are a core symptom domain in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and are associated with poorer social and vocational functioning, and with increased likelihood and durations of hospital admission. (mcgill.ca)
Depression16
  • Bipolar Disorder is a serious and debilitating mental health disorder, which causes patients to experience extreme highs and lows, such as mania and major depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary treatment for bipolar disorder consists of medications called mood stabilizers, which are used to prevent or control episodes of mania or depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Guidance about treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in Portugal is very limited, even though depression prevalence is among the highest in European countries. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR * D) study is the most comprehensive assessment of MDD treatment outcomes, consisting of a randomized controlled trial that ran between July 2001 and September 2006, and providing a demonstration of the latter point ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • [ 9 ] In the 1960s, randomized clinical trials of the efficacy of ECT versus medications in the treatment of depression showed response rates that were significantly higher with ECT. (medscape.com)
  • Although single drugs in one or two classes were available for the treatment of depression several decades ago, multiple therapeutic modalities now exist, often with many agents within each class. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Unipolar or major depression is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or a lack of interest in outside stimuli. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Between 2-7% of adults with major depression die by suicide, and up to 60% of people who die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Postpartum depression - or mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium, not elsewhere classified, refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Avery DH, Claypoole K, Robinson L, Neumaier JF, Dunner DL, Scheele L, Wilson L, Roy-Byrne P: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of medication-resistant depression: preliminary data. (emtr.com.br)
  • A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. (emtr.com.br)
  • Grisaru N. Magnetic stimulation of the brain in animal depression models responsive to ECS. (emtr.com.br)
  • Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, Miano AP, Hoffman RE, Hu XS, Charney DS, Boutros NN: A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. (emtr.com.br)
  • Out on PubMed, from authors in Spain, is this case report: Catatonic postpartum paternal depression as a first debut of a bipolar disorder: a case report. (blogspot.com)
  • PMID: 37729655 The abstract is copied below: Paternal postpartum depression (PD) is considered an affective disorder that affects fathers during the months following childbirth. (blogspot.com)
Obsessive-compulsi1
  • BACKGROUND: The main aim of the present study is to determine the role of metabolites observed using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). (bvsalud.org)
Diagnosis and treatment4
  • TRD diagnosis and treatment are mostly decided by psychiatrists at public hospitals. (frontiersin.org)
  • The illness should be treated with the same respect as is given to the early diagnosis and treatment of a malignancy, with the same skills brought to bear in choosing targeted and, at times, multimodal therapeutics. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Thus, diagnosis and treatment should be approached with the knowledge that the patient is experiencing a potentially recurrent, disabling medical illness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Despite its evidence-base for multiple areas relevant to diagnosis and treatment few psychiatrists have adopted SPECT or other functional neuroimaging techniques in clinical practice. (openneuroimagingjournal.com)
Bipolar disorders2
Psychiatric disorders6
  • Depressive disorders are among the most frequent psychiatric disorders, with a prevalence of 4.4% worldwide ( 1 ), and around 7-9% in Portugal, which is one of the most affected European countries ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been demonstrated to be an effective and safe treatment for many psychiatric disorders. (medscape.com)
  • We review the link between autoimmunity and neuropsychiatric disorders, and the human and experimental evidence supporting the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in selected classical psychiatric disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As biological abnormalities are increasingly identified among patients with psychiatric disorders, the distinction between neurological and psychiatric illness fades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Separation of neurological and psychiatric disorders, supported by Descartes's conception of the 'mind' as an ontologically distinct entity and by the reproducibility of neuropathological abnormalities, dominated medicine in the 19th and early 20th centuries [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, neuroinflammatory and immunological abnormalities have been documented in patients with classical psychiatric disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Schizophrenia1
  • Inclusion criteria were: 1) individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, first episode psychosis or clinical high risk 2) assessed all six MATRICS neurocognitive domains (processing speed, attention, working memory, verbal learning & memory, visual learning & memory, reasoning & problem solving), 3) reported correlations between all six MATRICS neurocognitive domains and global NS. (mcgill.ca)
Episodes6
  • Lithium levels should be above 0.6 mEq/L to reduce both manic and depressive episodes in patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • In daily practice, TRD can be defined as moderate to severe MDD episodes with insufficient clinical improvement after two antidepressant treatments, taken in adequate doses and duration. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lifelong treatment is required for recurrent or more chronic TRD episodes, but patient adherence is also poorer in these cases. (frontiersin.org)
  • As knowledge of the classification, course, and mechanisms underlying acute episodes and their recurrences has increased, so also has the array of effective psychopharmacotherapeutic modalities and related somatic treatments. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Correspondingly, in major depressive disorder there is a new appreciation for the recommendation of prophylaxis after the third episode or two closely occurring episodes. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • This pro-inflammatory state is even more intense during mood episodes, especially manic episodes, and less intense in depressive episodes (Lu et al. (springeropen.com)
Symptom1
Adolescents1
  • BACKGROUND: Adolescence is characterized by a heightened vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) onset, and currently, treatments are only effective for roughly half of adolescents with MDD. (bvsalud.org)
Onset1
  • For example, it is estimated that the average woman with onset of a bipolar disorder at age 25 will lose 14 years of effective lifetime functioning as a result of the illness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Mood disorder1
  • Thus, a variety of factors and guidelines shape the physician's approach to the patient with an acute episode of mood disorder. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Persistent1
Clinical2
  • A questionnaire was conducted, followed by two advisory boards with seven Portuguese psychiatry experts, to characterize and discuss MDD and TRD epidemiology, diagnosis, patient journey, treatment options, and unmet clinical needs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, treatment requires the utmost in clinical management skills. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Prevalence1
  • In addition to the high prevalence and associated burden, treating major depressive disorder (MDD) presents several challenges due to its heterogenous manifestations, existence of comorbidities, and the variability and unpredictable nature of response to treatment ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pharmacological2
  • Treatment methods include pharmacological and psychological techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychotherapy should be considered in parallel to pharmacological treatment. (frontiersin.org)
Pathophysiology1
Stimulation1
  • [ 9 ] In 2000, Sarah Lisanby and colleagues from Columbia University induced convulsive treatment with magnetic stimulation. (medscape.com)
Occurs2
  • Regarding pharmacotherapy, antidepressant switch occurs more frequently with non-response, while optimization, combination, and augmentation are considered for patients with partial response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1 percent of the population, that percentage translates into 2.5 million people in the United States alone. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Illness6
  • The descriptive and diagnostic aspects of the illness have been explicated, and it is recognized that in most cases the mood disorders are recurrent and have the potential for severe morbidity and even mortality. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Thus, the treating physician should be aware of the nuances in the management of patients with acute and recurrent mood disorders so that treatment can be optimized from the outset and the impact of the illness on patients, their lives, and their families can be minimized. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Such an approach holds promise for reducing the morbidity of the illness and for altering favorably its subsequent course and treatment responsiveness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • There is increasing consensus that a patient with a first episode of bipolar disorder is a candidate not only for continuation therapy following the resolution of that episode, but also for long-term prophylaxis, particularly if the patient has a family history of bipolar illness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Major depressive disorder is a common illness, occurring in 7 to 12 percent of male patients and 20 to 25 percent of female patients during their lifetimes. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • If it holds up, it would be good data about the inflammatory hypothesis of psychiatric illness and ECT as an immune modulator/anti-inflammatory treatment. (blogspot.com)
Prevention3
  • There is strong evidence for its effectiveness in acute treatment and prevention of recurrence of mania. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mania prevention and antidepressant effects of valproic acid have not been well demonstrated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most relevant objectives of TRD treatment are reaching response and remission, prevention of suicide, and improvement of quality of life, functionality, and wellbeing. (frontiersin.org)
Electroconvulsive4
Recurrent3
  • A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of long-term prophylactic management of recurrent mood disorders. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • Early institution of long-term prophylaxis is now recognized as a critical approach for the patient with recurrent mood disorders. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • The recurrent mood disorders should be conceptualized not as trivial, mental, or illusory phenomena that can easily be modified by patients' acts of will, but as serious and potentially life-threatening medical illnesses that have clearly defined mood, cognitive, motor, somatic, and neurobiological concomitants. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Patients11
  • It has been proven that patients with bipolar disorder have less total brain volume, grey and white matter, and more cerebral spinal fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • In ancient times, doctors would send their mentally ill patients to drink from "alkali springs" as a treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also effective in reducing the risk of suicide in patients with mood disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • These aspects highlight that conventional pharmacotherapy does not lead to remission in many patients and that optimization strategies are frequently necessary to achieve satisfactory treatment outcomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, up to 15 to 20 percent of patients with inadequately treated mood disorders commit suicide. (beatcfsandfms.org)
  • These patients are often erroneously diagnosed with refractory primary psychotic disorders, delaying initiation of effective immune therapy (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is increased in patients with bipolar disorder in plasma samples, imaging studies and postmortem tissue and is an indicator for an inflammatory state. (springeropen.com)
  • 2016 ). Different serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, might be a potential biomarker to distinguish between major depressive disorder (MDD) and BD, whereby IL-6 was elevated in BD but not in MDD patients compared to healthy controls (Lu et al. (springeropen.com)
  • This article lays out the evidence-based argument for the addition of SPECT for patients with complex presentations or who are treatment resistant. (openneuroimagingjournal.com)
  • 093 - What Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments Are My Patients Using? (sclivelearningcenter.com)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the association between early ECT and LOS in three main groups of patients with bipolar, depressive and primary psychotic disorders. (blogspot.com)
Processes1
  • Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) mediates behavior related to anxiety, reward and memory, and is involved in inflammatory processes, all of which are affected in bipolar disorder. (springeropen.com)
Medications1
  • Bipolar disorder medication information includes other topics such as cost of treatments, mode of administration , polypharmacy , switching medications , and placebo response . (edu.au)
Affects1
  • This disorder affects the brain in many different ways such as, in the prefrontal cortex, which plays a big role in planning, attention, problem-solving, and memory, along with the hippocampus, which is essential for storing memories. (wikipedia.org)
Findings1
  • The Committee requested from the NAMHC an additional report on its findings from emerging health services research data that would, where possible "…address both employer direct costs, and the impact of indirect cost savings from successful treatment of employees. (nih.gov)
Behavior1
  • We could previously show that lentiviral overexpression of D1R in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male adult rats and its termination induces bipolar disorder-like behavior. (springeropen.com)
Effective1
  • As we gain better understanding of the directionality of the NS-cognition relationship, it could suggest that NS, particularly in the expressive domain, could be improved by targeting cognition globally or that neurocognitive treatments could be more effective if NS are addressed first. (mcgill.ca)
Approaches1
  • More careful assessment of the efficacy of an agent at early and regular intervals, with early revision of the treatment modality if it is not optimal, is an important new guideline that applies not only to somatic treatments, but also to psychotherapeutic approaches and combination psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy when treatment is not proceeding optimally. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Principles1
  • There is also increasing consensus on several new treatment principles. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Brain2
  • Bipolar disorder is often stigmatized as causing "crazy" behaviors, and physically alters the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is increasing recognition that mood disorders have a prominent genetic component with well-documented neurobiological alterations that have been elucidated on biochemical, neuroendocrinological, and functional brain imaging measures. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Catatonic1
  • [ 9 ] In 1938, Italian psychiatrist Lucio Bini and neurologist Ugo Cerletti performed the first electrical induction of a series of seizures in a catatonic patient and produced a successful treatment response. (medscape.com)
Evaluation1
  • Following diagnostic evaluation, the treating clinician must determine the optimal treatment setting in order to ensure the patient's safety. (wikipedia.org)
Optimal1
  • Treatment setting should regularly be re-evaluated to ensure that it is optimal for the patient's needs. (wikipedia.org)
Psychotherapy1
Mental2
  • Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. (nih.gov)
  • It is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. (illnesshacker.com)
Animal1
Management1
  • In Portugal, TRD management is limited by lack of access to specialist care and to many treatment options. (frontiersin.org)
Variety of factors1
Control1
  • Animals over-expressing the gene (mania-like state), after termination of the expression (depressive-like) and their respective control groups were investigated. (springeropen.com)